The DOI matches its Crossref record; 95 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 46 of the 108 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research
Open accessAbstract
Purpose of Review: Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent conditions that have a detrimental impact on quality of life (QOL), particularly when left untreated. In the present review, we summarize recent literature, published within the last 3 years, on QOL in anxiety disorders, with a focus on factors that may play a role in the relationship between anxiety and QOL. Recent Findings: We organize our findings into four categories: (1) subjective distress, (2) behavioral responses, (3) functional impairment, and (4) clinical factors. Results indicate that greater anxiety symptom severity is linked with poorer QOL, and cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety yield positive effects on QOL. Additional transdiagnostic mechanisms are highlighted, including anxiety sensitivity, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and avoidant coping. We examine the role of functional impairment, and we discuss factors related to treatment, including comorbidity and longitudinal effects. We also consider early research from the COVID-19 pandemic. Summary: Understanding the underlying factors that contribute to QOL detriments provides important insight into the impact of anxiety disorders and identifies targets for enhancing QOL through treatment. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
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27 No full text of the sources · 20 Partly supported · 10 Supported · 10 Sources not found · 4 Own interpretation · 2 Couldn’t confirm · 1 Supported so far · 1 Mixed support · 1 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Additionally, a network analysis of individuals with GAD demonstrated strong connections between GAD and two areas of QOL: satisfaction with working ability and ability to engage in daily activities [54].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Behavioral Responses > Occupational Functioning
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [54] Barthel AL, Pinaire MA, Curtiss JE, Baker AW, Brown ML, Hoeppner SS, et al. Anhedonia is central for the association between quality of life, metacognition, sleep, and affective symptoms in generalized anxiety disorder: a complex network analysis. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:1013–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.077. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says the strongest connection was between the two quality-of-life areas—satisfaction with working ability and ability to engage in daily activities—not between GAD and each area. It explicitly distinguishes that connection from anxious symptom relationships. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“whereas individuals with current and remitted anxiety disorders reported poorer QOL than healthy controls [24].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Subjective Distress > Symptom Severity
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [24] Seidl E, Venz J, Ollmann TM, Voss C, Hoyer J, Pieper L, et al. How current and past anxiety disorders affect daily life in adolescents and young adults from the general population-an epidemiological study with ecological momentary assessment. Depress Anxiety. 2021;38:272–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23133. source
Section 3.2 reports significantly lower quality of life for the remitted-anxiety group than for healthy controls and says the current-anxiety group differed significantly from controls on almost all measures. The Discussion (Section 4) identifies quality of life among those differences. The study concerns adolescents and young adults. (LLM, conf=0.93)
correlational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Specifically, anxiety symptom severity was inversely associated with QOL among adolescents with anxiety [12–14], adults with anxiety [15–21], and older adults with anxiety [22].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Subjective Distress > Symptom Severity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Alsamghan AS. Social anxiety symptoms and quality of life of secondary school students of Abha. Saudi Arabia J Genet Psychol. 2021;182:18–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2020.1837065. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Jenkins PE, Ducker I, Gooding R, James M, Rutter-Eley E. Anxiety and depression in a sample of UK college students: a study of prevalence, comorbidity, and quality of life. J Am Coll Health 2020:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1709474. source
- Supportedcites [14] Raknes S, Pallesen S, Himle JA, Bjaastad JF, Wergeland GJ, Hoffart A, et al. Quality of life in anxious adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2017;11:33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-017-0173-4. source
This source is cited for the adolescent portion of the sentence, not the adult or older-adult portions, which have separate citations. The Results report that overall health-related quality of life decreased as anxiety symptom levels increased in a community sample of adolescents aged 12–17. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [15] Fidry M, Zugliani MM, do Valle CR, Martins RM, Cabo MCD, Nardi AE, et al. Quality of life in panic disorder: the influence of clinical features and personality traits. Trends Psychiatry Psychother 2019;41:387–93. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0008. source
The Conclusion (page unavailable) states that anxiety symptoms negatively affect quality of life in patients with panic disorder. This supports the adult-with-anxiety portion of the citing sentence, to which this paper is cited; the adolescent and older-adult portions have separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Hempel ME, Taylor JE, Connolly MJ, Alpass FM, Stephens C v. Scared behind the wheel: what impact does driving anxiety have on the health and well-being of young older adults? Int Psychogeriatr 2017;29:1027–34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610216002271. source
- Partly supportedcites [17] Holubova M, Prasko J, Ociskova M, Kantor K, Vanek J, Slepecky M, et al. Quality of life, self-stigma, and coping strategies in patients with neurotic spectrum disorders: a cross-sectional study. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2019;12:81–95. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S179838. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “QOL will correlate negatively with severity of disorder” (page unavailable), the paper reports that disorder severity correlated negatively with most quality-of-life domains in a sample with a mean age of about 48. This supports the adult portion of the citing sentence, but the sample included several neurotic-spectrum diagnoses and the reported measure was overall disorder severity, not specifically anxiety symptom severity. The citation is in the adult group [15–21], so it need not support the separate adolescent and older-adult claims. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Joseph N, Rasheeka VP, Nayar V, Gupta P, Manjeswar MP, Mohandas A. Assessment of determinants and quality of life of university students with social phobias in a coastal city of south India. Asian J Psychiatr. 2018;33:30–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2018.02.008. source
- Partly supportedcites [19] Politis S, Bellos S, Hadjulis M, Gournellis R, Petrikis P, Ploumpidis D, et al. Epidemiology of panic disorder and subthreshold panic symptoms in the Greek general population. Psychiatriki. 2020;31:201–15. https://doi.org/10.22365/jpsych.2020.313.201. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Comorbidity, quality of life and use of health services” (page unavailable), adults with full panic disorder had lower quality-of-life scores than those with subclinical panic disorder (0.52 versus 0.64), supporting the adult portion of the association. The paper compares panic-disorder categories rather than measuring anxiety symptom severity across anxiety disorders; it does not establish the association separately for adolescents or older adults. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Stephens AN, Collette B, Hidalgo-Munoz A, Fort A, Evennou M, Jallais C. The impacts of anxiety over driving on self-reported driving avoidance, work performance and quality of life. J Transp Health. 2020;19: 100929. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Yu W, Singh SS, Calhoun S, Zhang H, Zhao X, Yang F. Generalized anxiety disorder in urban China: prevalence, awareness, and disease burden. J Affect Disord. 2018;234:89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.012. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Research within community-based samples underscores the severity of QOL impairments for individuals with moderate to high levels of anxiety symptoms (e.g., [14])”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Subjective Distress > Symptom Severity
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [14] Raknes S, Pallesen S, Himle JA, Bjaastad JF, Wergeland GJ, Hoffart A, et al. Quality of life in anxious adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2017;11:33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-017-0173-4. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion and ‘HRQoL and high anxiety level’ sections report poor health-related quality of life among adolescents with medium and high anxiety symptoms in a community sample. The cited study supports the finding for adolescents, but the claim’s unqualified reference to ‘individuals’ extends beyond the population studied. Page numbers were not provided in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Individuals with anxiety disorders endorsed greater perceived QOL detriments in the social domain, reporting a smaller social network, fewer social activities, and less social support than non-anxious individuals [51].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Behavioral Responses > Social Functioning
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [51] Saris IMJ, Aghajani M, van der Werff SJA, van der Wee NJA, Penninx B. Social functioning in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;136:352–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12774. source
The Introduction states that patients with anxiety disorders have lower quality of life than healthy controls, especially in social interactions. The Method identifies network size, social activities, and social support as measures, and the Results report that anxiety patients differed from healthy controls on all social-functioning indices. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Depression symptoms demonstrated a strong inverse correlation with QOL among individuals with GAD and PD [15, 54].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Clinical Factors > Comorbidity
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [15] Fidry M, Zugliani MM, do Valle CR, Martins RM, Cabo MCD, Nardi AE, et al. Quality of life in panic disorder: the influence of clinical features and personality traits. Trends Psychiatry Psychother 2019;41:387–93. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0008. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not supplied) reports moderate-to-strong associations between depressive symptoms and quality-of-life domains in patients with panic disorder, and the Conclusion describes those associations as negative. The cited paper does not establish the claim for people with generalized anxiety disorder. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [54] Barthel AL, Pinaire MA, Curtiss JE, Baker AW, Brown ML, Hoeppner SS, et al. Anhedonia is central for the association between quality of life, metacognition, sleep, and affective symptoms in generalized anxiety disorder: a complex network analysis. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:1013–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.077. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not available) reports a negative association between a depressive self-perception measure and a quality-of-life self-satisfaction measure in 226 people with primary GAD. It calls that association moderate, not strong, and does not report the finding for a panic-disorder sample. (LLM, conf=0.88)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“larger increases in decentering predicted greater improvements in QOL following group CBT for adults with anxiety disorders [49].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Behavioral Responses > Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [49] Hayes-Skelton SA, Lee CS. Changes in decentering across cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder. Behav Ther. 2018;49:809–22. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (“Decentering’s Relations to Outcome”; page unavailable) reports that larger increases in decentering during group CBT predicted greater improvement in quality of life. The study examined clients with social anxiety disorder, not adults with anxiety disorders generally, so the citing sentence broadens the population studied. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Relatedly, increases in positive affect predicted greater QOL improvement from pre- to post-treatment for individuals with SAD, particularly for those who reported low QOL at baseline [37].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Subjective Distress > Positive and Negative Affect
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [37] Sewart AR, Niles AN, Burklund LJ, Saxbe DE, Lieberman MD, Craske MG. Examining positive and negative affect as outcomes and moderators of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social anxiety disorder. Behav Ther. 2019;50:1112–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2019.07.001. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Positive and Negative Affect as Moderator Variables; page unavailable) report that pretreatment positive affect predicted pre-to-post-treatment quality-of-life change: participants with low or average baseline positive affect improved, while those with high baseline positive affect did not. The Discussion attributes the latter finding to their already-high baseline quality of life. The paper does not report that increases in positive affect predicted improvement or that the effect was specifically greater among participants with low baseline quality of life. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Recent research found that greater reliance on avoidant and escape coping correlated with poorer QOL among individuals with neurotic spectrum disorders [17]”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Behavioral Responses > Experiential Avoidance and Safety Behaviors
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [17] Holubova M, Prasko J, Ociskova M, Kantor K, Vanek J, Slepecky M, et al. Quality of life, self-stigma, and coping strategies in patients with neurotic spectrum disorders: a cross-sectional study. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2019;12:81–95. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S179838. source
The ‘Relationships between coping strategies and quality of life’ section reports that quality-of-life domains generally correlated negatively with negative coping. The Discussion identifies avoidant and escape tendencies as examples of negative coping among patients with neurotic spectrum disorders. This supports the stated correlation, without implying causation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Prior research has shown that avoidance behavior was a significant predictor of disability for individuals with anxiety disorders, both concurrently and 4 years later [26, 28].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Behavioral Responses > Experiential Avoidance and Safety Behaviors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Hendriks SM, Spijker J, Licht CM, Beekman AT, Hardeveld F, de Graaf R, et al. Disability in anxiety disorders. J Affect Disord. 2014;166:227–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.006. source
- Supportedcites [28] Hendriks SM, Spijker J, Licht CM, Hardeveld F, de Graaf R, Batelaan NM, et al. Long-term disability in anxiety disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:248. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0946-y. source
The Results report that avoidance behaviour remained a significant predictor of disability when baseline psychiatric status and other factors were included. They also report no significant avoidance-behaviour-by-time association, suggesting its relationship with disability did not change significantly across follow-up; disability was measured at baseline, two years and four years. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 2
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Within some samples, only individuals with comorbid disorders reported poorer QOL than healthy controls, whereas individuals with a single anxiety disorder did not [62, 63].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Clinical Factors > Comorbidity
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [62] Preti A, Demontis R, Cossu G, Kalcev G, Cabras F, Moro MF, et al. The lifetime prevalence and impact of generalized anxiety disorders in an epidemiologic Italian National Survey carried out by clinicians by means of semi-structured interviews. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21:48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03042-3. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Table 4; page not provided) report poorer quality of life relative to matched controls even for people with GAD without comorbidity. The Discussion likewise says GAD has a severe impact independently of comorbidity, contrary to the claim that only people with comorbid disorders report poorer quality of life. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Partly supportedcites [63] Sancassiani F, Romano F, Balestrieri M, Caraci F, di Sciascio G, Drago F, et al. The prevalence of specific phobia by age in an Italian Nationwide Survey: how much does it affect the quality of life? Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2019;15:30–7. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901915010030. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that people with specific phobia and a comorbid disorder had poorer quality of life than controls without specific phobia, while those with specific phobia alone did not (Table 4; p < 0.001 and p = 0.809, respectively). However, the Methods say the controls were selected for not having specific phobia, not for being healthy or free of other disorders. The finding also concerns specific phobia rather than single anxiety disorders generally. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Anxiety sensitivity is a correlate of both anxiety and depressive disorders and is associated with higher levels of disability [25–27].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Subjective Distress > Anxiety Sensitivity
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [25] Hovenkamp-Hermelink JHM, van der Veen DC, Oude Voshaar RC, Batelaan NM, Penninx B, Jeronimus BF, et al. Anxiety sensitivity, its stability and longitudinal association with severity of anxiety symptoms. Sci Rep. 2019;9:4314. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39931-7. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says elevated anxiety sensitivity predicts diagnoses, particularly anxiety and depressive disorders. The paper does not report an association between anxiety sensitivity and higher disability; its reference to disability concerns anxiety disorders, not anxiety sensitivity. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Hendriks SM, Spijker J, Licht CM, Beekman AT, Hardeveld F, de Graaf R, et al. Disability in anxiety disorders. J Affect Disord. 2014;166:227–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.006. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Keough ME, Schmidt NB. Refinement of a brief anxiety sensitivity reduction intervention. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012;80:766–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027961. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Meta-analytic research has further demonstrated that QOL improves significantly following cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), the gold standard treatment for anxiety disorders [8].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] Hofmann SG, Wu JQ, Boettcher H. Effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders on quality of life: a meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2014;82:375–91. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035491. source
The Results (page unavailable) report moderately strong pre-post and controlled improvements in quality of life following CBT for anxiety disorders. The Discussion describes solid evidence for a beneficial effect on quality of life. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Distress tolerance is associated with lower anxiety symptomatology and higher QOL in prior studies [32, 33]”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Subjective Distress > Distress Tolerance
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Bernstein A, Marshall EC, Zvolensky MJ. Multi-method evaluation of distress tolerance measures and construct(s): concurrent relations to mood and anxiety psychopathology and quality of life. J Exp Psychopathol. 2011;2:386–99. https://doi.org/10.5127/jep.006610. source
- Partly supportedcites [33] Keough ME, Riccardi CJ, Timpano KR, Mitchell MA, Schmidt NB. Anxiety symptomatology: the association with distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity. Behav Ther. 2010;41:567–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2010.04.002. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion report that greater distress tolerance was associated with lower anxiety symptomatology. The paper does not report an association between distress tolerance and quality of life (searched: quality of life, QOL, wellbeing, functioning), so that part of the citing sentence is unsupported by this source. The indexed passages provide section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.89)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Comorbidity in anxiety disorders is associated with more severe symptoms, a more chronic course, and greater functional impairment [11, 26, 28].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Clinical Factors > Comorbidity
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [11] Penninx BWJH, Pine DS, Holmes EA, Reif A. Anxiety disorders. The Lancet. 2021;397:914–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00359-7. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Comorbidity and differential diagnosis section says anxiety–depression comorbidity signifies higher severity, burden, and chronicity than either disorder alone. The Abstract likewise links comorbidity to more severe symptoms and greater clinical burden. Neither passage specifically establishes greater functional impairment, so that part of the claim is more specific than the evidence. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Hendriks SM, Spijker J, Licht CM, Beekman AT, Hardeveld F, de Graaf R, et al. Disability in anxiety disorders. J Affect Disord. 2014;166:227–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.006. source
- Supportedcites [28] Hendriks SM, Spijker J, Licht CM, Hardeveld F, de Graaf R, Batelaan NM, et al. Long-term disability in anxiety disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:248. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0946-y. source
The Results report that the multiple-anxiety-disorder group had the highest anxiety-arousal and avoidance symptoms and the highest prevalence of a chronic course. The Background and Discussion state that multiple anxiety disorders are associated with greater disability than a single anxiety disorder. The paper’s direct findings concern comorbidity among anxiety disorders. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Among individuals with GAD, less emotion regulation flexibility resulted in poorer QOL and greater emotional distress [48].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Behavioral Responses > Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [48] Conroy K, Curtiss JE, Barthel AL, Lubin R, Wieman S, Bui E, et al. Emotion regulation flexibility in generalized anxiety disorder. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2020;42:93–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-019-09773-8. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that low and moderate emotion regulation flexibility were associated with more anxiety and depression symptoms and lower quality of life than high flexibility. But its limitations section explicitly says the cross-sectional study cannot establish causation, so “resulted in” overstates the finding. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These behaviors can provide relief in the moment but ultimately maintain or worsen anxiety over time [39].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Behavioral Responses
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [39] Spinhoven P, van Hemert AM, Penninx B. Experiential avoidance and bordering psychological constructs as predictors of the onset, relapse and maintenance of anxiety disorders: one or many? Cognit Ther Res. 2017;41:867–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-017-9856-7. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion says excessive avoidance may impede control or habituation of anxiety and contribute to chronicity. The paper describes avoidant coping as an attempt to manage emotions, but does not establish that it provides relief in the moment; it also presents the maintaining effect as a possibility rather than an inevitable outcome. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“A large proportion of individuals with an anxiety disorder meet criteria for an additional psychiatric disorder, most often another anxiety disorder (48–68%) or depressive disorder (81%; [1, 60]).”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Clinical Factors > Comorbidity
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [1] Kessler RC, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Wittchen HU. Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2012;21:169–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1359. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results sections on lifetime and twelve-month prevalence report rates for individual disorders, not how often people with an anxiety disorder have an additional diagnosis. Searches for comorbidity, 48–68%, and 81% found no passage in our copy supporting the claimed proportions. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Lamers F, van Oppen P, Comijs HC, Smit JH, Spinhoven P, van Balkom AJ, et al. Comorbidity patterns of anxiety and depressive disorders in a large cohort study: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72:341–8. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.10m06176blu. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“finding that individuals with anxiety disorders who used cannabis (but did not meet criteria for cannabis use disorder) reported poorer QOL than non-cannabis users in the areas of mental health and role functioning, but non-cannabis users did not differ in QOL compared to those with comorbid cannabis use disorder [47].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Behavioral Responses > Substance Use Behaviors
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [47] Feingold D, Rehm J, Factor H, Redler A, Lev-Ran S. Clinical and functional outcomes of cannabis use among individuals with anxiety disorders: a 3-year population-based longitudinal study. Depress Anxiety. 2018;35:490–501. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22735. source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Specifically, individuals with PD or subthreshold panic symptoms were more likely to utilize medical and psychological health services, and endorsed poorer QOL, compared to individuals without panic symptoms [19].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Behavioral Responses > Physical Health
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [19] Politis S, Bellos S, Hadjulis M, Gournellis R, Petrikis P, Ploumpidis D, et al. Epidemiology of panic disorder and subthreshold panic symptoms in the Greek general population. Psychiatriki. 2020;31:201–15. https://doi.org/10.22365/jpsych.2020.313.201. source
The Main findings section says both panic-related conditions were associated with greater use of medical and psychological health services than among healthy participants. The paper also reports significant reductions in quality of life for both conditions compared with healthy participants. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One RCT demonstrated a positive effect of anthroposophic art therapy on reducing symptom severity and improving QOL among women with anxiety [84].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Clinical Factors > Treatment Response
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [84] Abbing A, Baars EW, de Sonneville L, Ponstein AS, Swaab H. The effectiveness of art therapy for anxiety in adult women: a randomized controlled trial. Front Psychol. 2019;10:1203. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01203. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (Objectives) identifies the intervention as anthroposophic art therapy for adult women with anxiety. The Abstract (Results) reports that, compared with a waitlist, treatment reduced anxiety and improved subjective quality of life; the Discussion (Summary of Outcomes) describes a significant decrease in anxiety symptoms and improvement in quality of life. (LLM, conf=0.94)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In contrast, a small non-significant effect was found in a study on iCBT for SAD, PD, and OCD, although sample size was small [83].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Clinical Factors > Treatment Response
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [83] Matsumoto K, Sutoh C, Asano K, Seki Y, Urao Y, Yokoo M, et al. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy with real-time therapist support via videoconference for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder: pilot single-arm trial. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20: e12091. https://doi.org/10.2196/12091. source
The Results (Secondary Outcomes) report a small, non-significant change in EQ-5D quality-of-life scores across the OCD, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder groups (Cohen d=−0.202; P=.21). The Results (Primary Outcomes) show small groups of 9–10 participants per disorder, consistent with the claim's sample-size qualifier. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Interestingly, research points to symptom severity as a moderator of treatment type and QOL improvement, such that individuals with greater symptom severity experienced greater QOL improvements following CBT, whereas individuals with lower symptom severity experienced greater QOL improvements following acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT; [73]).”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Clinical Factors > Treatment Response
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [73] Mesri B, Niles AN, Pittig A, LeBeau RT, Haik E, Craske MG. Public speaking avoidance as a treatment moderator for social anxiety disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2017;55:66–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.11.010. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Supporting prior research, anxiety symptom severity was negatively correlated with QOL among individuals under COVID lockdown conditions, with females, older individuals, unemployed individuals, and individuals with or a caretaker for a chronic medical condition experiencing lower levels of QOL [87, 88].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > QOL and Anxiety During COVID-19
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [87] Ferreira LN, Pereira LN, da Fe BM, Ilchuk K. Quality of life under the COVID-19 quarantine. Qual Life Res. 2021;30:1389–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-020-02724-x. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [88] Ozturk Copur E, Karasu F. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life and depression, anxiety, and stress levels of individuals above the age of eighteen. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12730. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“CBT and pharmacotherapy both yield small to moderate positive effects on QOL outcomes [8, 65].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Clinical Factors > Treatment Response
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] Hofmann SG, Wu JQ, Boettcher H. Effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders on quality of life: a meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2014;82:375–91. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035491. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports moderately strong positive effects of CBT on quality of life in patients with anxiety disorders. The paper does not establish a quality-of-life effect for pharmacotherapy; it says reviews of other active interventions are needed. Thus it supports the CBT part, but not the pharmacotherapy part, of the cited sentence. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] Hofmann SG, Wu JQ, Boettcher H, Sturm J. Effect of pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders on quality of life: a meta-analysis. Qual Life Res. 2014;23:1141–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-013-0573-8. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The impact of treatment has also extended to CBT that incorporates virtual reality exposures (VR-CBT), which yielded QOL improvements for individuals with SAD [74] and SP [75, 76], although sample sizes were small.”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Clinical Factors > Treatment Response
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [74] Geraets CNW, Veling W, Witlox M, Staring ABP, Matthijssen S, Cath D. Virtual reality-based cognitive behavioural therapy for patients with generalized social anxiety disorder: a pilot study. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2019;47:745–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465819000225. source
The Results report that quality of life increased from baseline to post-treatment in 15 participants with generalized social anxiety disorder. The Abstract identifies this as an uncontrolled pilot study. The specific-phobia portion of the citing sentence is attributed to other citations, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [75] Costa RTD, Carvalho MR, Ribeiro P, Nardi AE. Virtual reality exposure therapy for fear of driving: analysis of clinical characteristics, physiological response, and sense of presence. Braz J Psychiatry. 2018;40:192–9. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2270. source
The Results (Quality of life) report higher SF-36 scores after virtual reality exposure therapy for fear of driving, with significant improvements in vitality and mental health. The Discussion identifies the small sample as a limitation, and the Abstract reports that eight participants completed the protocol. This citation supports the specific-phobia portion of the sentence; the social-anxiety portion has a separate citation. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites [76] Lindner P, Miloff A, Bergman C, Andersson G, Hamilton W, Carlbring P. Gamified, automated virtual reality exposure therapy for fear of spiders: a single-subject trial under simulated real-world conditions. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00116. source
The Abstract Methods describes a small, single-arm study (n = 25) of virtual reality exposure therapy for fear of spiders. The Results report a significant, small improvement in quality of life. This source supports the specific-phobia portion of the citing sentence; the social-anxiety portion is assigned to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
In the paper
“However, other recent publications yield a contrasting pattern, finding that experiential avoidance of anxiety-provoking stimuli was not a significant correlate of QOL among individuals with anxiety disorders after accounting for positive and negative affect [38•].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Behavioral Responses > Experiential Avoidance and Safety Behaviors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38•]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, when individuals with GAD were treated using emotion regulation therapy (ERT), improvements in emotion regulation via attention allocation were correlated with improved functioning but not improved QOL [4, 50].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Behavioral Responses > Emotion Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] McKnight PE, Monfort SS, Kashdan TB, Blalock D v, Calton JM. Anxiety symptoms and functional impairment: a systematic review of the correlation between the two measures. Clin Psychol Rev 2016;45:115–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.10.005. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] Renna ME, Seeley SH, Heimberg RG, Etkin A, Fresco DM, Mennin DS. Increased attention regulation from emotion regulation therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Cogn Ther Res. 2017;42:121–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-017-9872-7. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adults with GAD also demonstrated more impairment in work productivity and activity in addition to lower QOL compared with adults without GAD [21].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Behavioral Responses > Occupational Functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Yu W, Singh SS, Calhoun S, Zhang H, Zhao X, Yang F. Generalized anxiety disorder in urban China: prevalence, awareness, and disease burden. J Affect Disord. 2018;234:89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.012. source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, adults with GAD endorsed low QOL as well as greater healthcare resource utilization in the past 6 months [21].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Behavioral Responses > Physical Health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Yu W, Singh SS, Calhoun S, Zhang H, Zhao X, Yang F. Generalized anxiety disorder in urban China: prevalence, awareness, and disease burden. J Affect Disord. 2018;234:89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.012. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Specifically, a genetic vulnerability to anxiety disorders was negatively correlated with vulnerability to QOL, suggesting that common genetic components may underlie the link between these two constructs [59].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Clinical Factors > Biopsychosocial Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] Ohi K, Otowa T, Shimada M, Sasaki T, Tanii H. Shared genetic etiology between anxiety disorders and psychiatric and related intermediate phenotypes. Psychol Med. 2020;50:692–704. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171900059X. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent research has replicated prior findings, confirming that CBT yields decreased symptom severity and improved QOL for children and adults with anxiety disorders [38•, 42, 66–69].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Clinical Factors > Treatment Response
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [38•, 42, 66–69]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Likewise, for individuals in remission from anxiety disorders 2–14 years following treatment, QOL remained improved, whereas the majority of individuals who remained symptomatic following treatment reported severely impaired QOL [2•].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Clinical Factors > Longitudinal Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2•]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“External factors also played a protective role, such that social and environmental support was negatively predictive of anxiety and positively predictive of QOL [91].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > QOL and Anxiety During COVID-19
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] Liu C, Lee YC, Lin YL, Yang SY. Factors associated with anxiety and quality of life of the Wuhan populace during the COVID-19 pandemic. Stress Health. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3040. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with SAD who were treatment refractory to medication yielded positive changes in QOL following cognitive therapy, and these gains were maintained at 1-year follow up [69].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Clinical Factors > Longitudinal Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] Yoshinaga N, Kubota K, Yoshimura K, Takanashi R, Ishida Y, Iyo M, et al. Long-term effectiveness of cognitive therapy for refractory social anxiety disorder: one-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom. 2019;88:244–6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000500108. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent conditions that have a detrimental impact on quality of life (QOL), particularly when left untreated.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“As a result, anxiety disorders have a significant and detrimental impact on QOL across the lifespan, particularly when left untreated [5, 6].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Abstract > Purpose of Review
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Mendlowicz M v, Stein MB. Quality of life in individuals with anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:669–82. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.669. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Olatunji BO, Cisler JM, Tolin DF. Quality of life in the anxiety disorders: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007;27:572–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.015. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
In the paper
“Emotion processing deficits, including heightened negative affect and dampened positive affect, are core components of anxiety and depressive disorders [35]”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Subjective Distress > Positive and Negative Affect
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Gross JJ, Jazaieri H. Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology. Clinical Psychological Science. 2014;2:387–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702614536164. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although treatment for anxiety disorders produces moderate QOL improvements, not all individuals respond to these front-line interventions, and those who are treatment refractory exhibit particularly low QOL and increased rates of suicide [85].”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Correlates Associated with Clinical Factors > Longitudinal Outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [85] Bystritsky A. Treatment-resistant anxiety disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11:805–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001852. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that ways in which individuals with anxiety disorders experience and respond to their emotions are different from non-anxious individuals and may partly explain their reported lower levels of QOL.”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It may be that the experience of anxiety is heightened, triggering increased distress and negative affect, which anxious individuals then have difficulty downregulating. In an attempt to cope, these individuals avoid or use safety behaviors, which in turn disrupts their occupational, social, and physical functioning.”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
No prior review has articulated specific correlates of quality of life in anxiety disorders.
“Although prior reviews have highlighted the nature of QOL impairments among anxiety disorders, no review has yet articulated specific correlates of QOL.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Conclusion
“Recent literature highlighted factors related to subjective distress, behavioral responses, functional impairment, and behavioral responses.”
§ Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research > Abstract > Recent Findings
“We organize our findings into four categories: (1) subjective distress, (2) behavioral responses, (3) functional impairment, and (4) clinical factors.”
Citations
Cites
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., & Wang, P. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379 · Cited by 7,067
Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H. (2012) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1359 · Cited by 2,947
The Distress Tolerance Scale: Development and Validation of a Self-Report Measure
Simons, J. S., & Gaher, R. M. (2005) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-005-7955-3 · Cited by 1,730
Emotion, Emotion Regulation, and Psychopathology: An Affective Science Perspective
Gross, J. J., & Jazaieri, H. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614536164 · Cited by 1,087
Quality of Life in Individuals With Anxiety Disorders
Mendlowicz, M. V., & Stein, M. B. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.669 · Cited by 955
Conway, K. P., Compton, W., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v67n0211 · Cited by 934
Quality-of-Life Impairment in Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
Rapaport, M. H., Clary, C., Fayyad, R., & Endicott, J. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1171 · Cited by 914
Lamers, F., van Oppen, P., Comijs, H. C., Smit, J. H., Spinhoven, P., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Nolen, W. A., Zitman, F. G., Beekman, A. T. F., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.10m06176blu · Cited by 913
Carpenter, J. K., Andrews, L. A., Witcraft, S. M., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A. J., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22728 · Cited by 846
Quality of life in the anxiety disorders: a meta-analytic review
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“Anxiety is a common psychiatric disorder that is characterized by symptoms such as social fear, panic, and avoidance behavior, which negatively affects the quality of life 20,21 .”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wilmer, M. T., Anderson, K., & Reynolds, M.
- Corresponding author
- Wilmer, M. Taylor
- Venue
- Current Psychiatry Reports
- Published
- 2021-10-06
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 77-77
- ISSN
- 1523-3812 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-1645
- PMC
- PMC8493947
- OpenAlex
- W3202592694
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 6
- FWCI
- 2.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Current Psychiatry Reports (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- anxiety disorders, quality of life, anxiety symptom severity, cognitive behavioral therapy, anxiety sensitivity, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, avoidance coping, functional disability, comorbidities, COVID-19 pandemic, transdiagnostic mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Quality of Life, Pandemics
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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