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Cited by 28Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMindfulness and Compassion InterventionsObsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders

Public speaking avoidance as a treatment moderator for social anxiety disorder.

Open access
Mesri, Bita, Niles, Andrea N., Pittig, Andre, LeBeau, Richard T., Haik, Ethan, Craske, Michelle G.·2017·Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
DOI 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.11.010PMC PMC5315620
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Abstract

Background and Objectives: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) have both garnered empirical support for the effective treatment of social anxiety disorder. However, not every patient benefits equally from either treatment. Identifying moderators of treatment outcome can help to better understand which treatment is best suited for a particular patient.Methods: Forty-nine individuals who met criteria for social anxiety disorder were assessed as part of a randomized controlled trial comparing 12 weeks of CBT and ACT. Pre-treatment avoidance of social situations (measured via a public speaking task and clinician rating) was investigated as a moderator of post-treatment, 6-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up social anxiety symptoms, stress reactivity, and quality of life.Results: Public speaking avoidance was found to be a robust moderator of outcome measures, with more avoidant individuals generally benefitting more from CBT than ACT by 12-month follow-up. In contrast, clinician-rated social avoidance was not found to be a significant moderator of any outcome measure.Limitations: Results were found only at 12-month follow-up. More comprehensive measures of avoidance would be useful for the field moving forward.Conclusions: Findings inform personalized medicine, suggesting that social avoidance measured behaviorally via a public speaking task may be a more robust factor in treatment prescription compared to clinician-rated social avoidance.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.11.010

Cites

38 of 38 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

7 tests recomputed · 0 with the reported and recomputed p on opposite sides of .05

Claims the paper makes

11 of 28 cited sources checked · 9 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingown data

    Moderation was found only at the 12-month follow-up.

    “Moderation was found only at the 12-month follow-up, which replicated our prior studies in the same and different samples (Craske et al., 2014; Niles et al., 2013; Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Craske et al., 2014 source
    • cites Niles et al., 2013 source

      The Results (Attentional bias; page unavailable) report a significant interaction between reaction time to negative faces and treatment group in predicting clinician-rated fear and avoidance. The Statistical approach section (page unavailable) says time was dropped when it did not significantly interact with the moderator and group; the reported moderation is not confined to the 12-month follow-up. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2012 source
  • Premisecitation

    In a previously published article on the current sample, individuals with social anxiety disorder high in experiential avoidance reported greater symptom reduction at 12-month follow-up in CBT than ACT.

    “In a previously published article on the current sample, individuals with social anxiety disorder who were rated as high in experiential avoidance (i.e., self-reported unwillingness to accept negative emotions) measured by the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire reported greater symptom reduction at 12-month follow-up in CBT than ACT (Craske et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Craske et al., 2014 source
  • Premisecitation

    Acceptance and commitment therapy has empirical support as an effective treatment for social anxiety disorder.

    “Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) have both garnered empirical support for the effective treatment of social anxiety disorder.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
      “Recently, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), a third-wave behavioral therapy, has garnered support as another effective treatment for social anxiety (Swain, Hancock, Hainsworth, & Bowman, 2013; Bluett, Homan, Morrison, Levin, & Twohig, 2014) with comparable treatment outcomes to CBT (Craske et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Swain, Hancock, Hainsworth, & Bowman, 2013 source
    • cites Bluett, Homan, Morrison, Levin, & Twohig, 2014 source
    • cites Craske et al., 2014 source
  • Study design and conductcitation

    There was greater adherence to behavioral exposures in CBT than ACT in the present sample.

    “Indeed, there was greater adherence to behavioral exposures in CBT than ACT in the present sample (Craske et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Craske et al., 2014 source
  • Findingown data

    Public speaking avoidance significantly interacted with Group and Time to moderate stress reactivity.

    “Public speaking avoidance significantly interacted with Group and Time to moderate stress reactivity (measured by STAI A-State prior to a stressful laboratory assessment), z = −3.87, p < .001 (see Fig. 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 14
  • May combine two claims. 13

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    ACT has comparable treatment outcomes to CBT for social anxiety.

    “Recently, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), a third-wave behavioral therapy, has garnered support as another effective treatment for social anxiety (Swain, Hancock, Hainsworth, & Bowman, 2013; Bluett, Homan, Morrison, Levin, & Twohig, 2014) with comparable treatment outcomes to CBT (Craske et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Craske et al., 2014 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Cognitive behavioral therapy is an established effective treatment for social anxiety disorder.

    “Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) have both garnered empirical support for the effective treatment of social anxiety disorder.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · boosted
      “Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a well-established treatment for social anxiety disorder (Butler, Chapman, Forman, & Beck, 2006; Hofmann & Smits, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Butler, Chapman, Forman, & Beck, 2006 source
    • cites Hofmann & Smits, 2008 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Clinically significant response rates following CBT or ACT for social anxiety disorder are around 50-55%, ranging from 43% to 70%.

    “Clinically significant response rates of individual patients following these interventions are around 50–55%, ranging from 43% to 70% (for a review see Loerinc et al., 2015; Craske et al., 2014; Leichsenring et al., 2014; Lincoln et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Loerinc et al., 2015 source
    • cites Craske et al., 2014 source

      The Results (Clinically Significant Improvement; page not supplied) report 52.3% for CBT and 40.9% for ACT at post-treatment, with rates varying at follow-up. The Discussion describes clinically significant improvement rates of 40%–57%. Thus, rates around 50%–55% occur in this study, but its reported rates do not substantiate the stated 43%–70% range. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Leichsenring et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    CBT and ACT were each more effective than a waitlist control for symptoms of social anxiety, with no differences between them.

    “As reported in Craske et al. (2014), CBT and ACT were each more effective than a waitlist comparison control for symptoms of social anxiety, with no differences between them.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Craske et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Public speaking avoidance did not moderate symptom composite at post-treatment or 6-month follow-up.

    “Public speaking avoidance did not moderate post-treatment or 6-month follow-up, ps > .05.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    At 6-month follow-up, more fearful individuals reported 1.26 more points in quality of life following CBT than ACT.

    “and more fearful individuals reported 1.26 more points in quality of life following CBT than ACT, CI = .003 to 2.52, z = 1.96, p = .049.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Public speaking fear, clinician-rated social avoidance, and clinician-rated social fear were not significant moderators of stress reactivity at any time point.

    “Neither fear on the public speaking task nor clinician-rated social avoidance or social fear were significant moderators of stress reactivity at any time point, ps > .05.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Public speaking fear, clinician-rated social avoidance, and clinician-rated social fear were not significant moderators of symptom composite at any time point.

    “Neither fear on the public speaking task nor clinician-rated social avoidance or social fear were significant moderators of symptom composite at any time point, ps > .05.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    At 6-month follow-up, less fearful individuals reported 1.32 fewer points in quality of life following CBT than ACT.

    “Tests of simple effects revealed that at 6-month follow-up, less fearful individuals reported 1.32 fewer points in quality of life following CBT than ACT, CI = −2.33 to −.31, z = −2.56, p = .010”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Public speaking fear, public speaking avoidance, and clinician-rated social avoidance were not significant moderators of quality of life at any time point.

    “Public speaking fear, public speaking avoidance, and clinician-rated social avoidance were not significant moderators of quality of life at any time point, ps > .05.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Clinician-rated social fear significantly moderated quality of life.

    “Clinician-rated social fear significantly moderated quality of life, z = −2.12, p = .006 (see Fig. 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Fear during the public speaking task did not moderate treatment effects, suggesting that the results were specific to public speaking avoidance versus fear.

    “Conversely, fear during the public speaking task did not moderate the treatment effects, suggesting that the results were specific to public speaking avoidance versus fear.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The LSAS-SR, SIAS, and SPS have good reliability and validity and are sensitive to change following treatment.

    “The self-report version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS-SR; Fresco et al., 2001) is a 24-item measure of fear and avoidance of social and performance situations. Total ratings demonstrate good test-retest reliability (r = .83), internal consistency (α = .95), convergent validity and the scale is sensitive to change following treatment (Baker, Heinrichs, Kim, & Hofmann, 2002).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Fresco et al., 2001 source
    • cites Baker, Heinrichs, Kim, & Hofmann, 2002 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Behavioral measures of social avoidance including public speaking tasks are ecologically valid and easily implemented in research, but rarely used in clinical assessments.

    “Behavioral measures of social avoidance including public speaking tasks are ecologically valid and easily implemented in research, but rarely used in clinical assessments (Beidel, Turner, Jacob, & Cooley, 1989; Hofmann, Newman, Ehlers, & Roth, 1995; Levin et al., 1993; Moscovitch, Suvak, & Hofmann, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Beidel, Turner, Jacob, & Cooley, 1989 source
    • cites Hofmann, Newman, Ehlers, & Roth, 1995 source
    • cites Levin et al., 1993 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    Experiential and behavioral avoidance are two separate parts of anxiety.

    “Theoretically, experiential and behavioral avoidance are two separate parts of anxiety.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    CBT was supervised directly by Dr. Craske and her team, whereas ACT was only supervised by Dr. Hayes's team and not himself.

    “It is also important to note that CBT was supervised directly by Dr. Craske and her team, whereas ACT was only supervised by Dr. Hayes’s team and not himself.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Clinician-rated social avoidance did not moderate treatment effects, which could imply that the results were specific to avoidance of public speaking in particular rather than social avoidance in general.

    “Moreover, clinician-rated social avoidance did not moderate treatment effects, which could imply that the results were specific to avoidance of public speaking in particular rather than social avoidance in general.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The STAI A-State has good internal consistency (α = .83 - .92).

    “The STAI A-State demonstrates good internal consistency (α = .83 – .92) (Spielberger et al., 1983).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Spielberger et al., 1983

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In a mixed anxiety sample, individuals with high behavioral avoidance of negative physical sensations were more likely to benefit from ACT than CBT.

    “Conversely, in the same mixed anxiety sample, individuals with high behavioral avoidance of negative physical sensations (i.e., unwillingness to continue a hyperventilation task) were more likely to benefit from ACT than CBT (Davies, Niles, Pittig, Arch, & Craske, 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Davies, Niles, Pittig, Arch, & Craske, 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The QOLI has good test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and is sensitive to treatment change.

    “The QOLI demonstrates good test-retest reliability (r = .80 – .91), internal consistency (α = .77 – .89) and is sensitive to treatment change (Frisch et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Frisch et al., 2005 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The clinician-rated social avoidance and social fear scores showed acceptable internal consistency (α = .74 and .77, respectively).

    “Avoidance scores for all 13 situations were averaged to create a clinician-rated social avoidance score (α = .74). Fear scores for all 13 social situations were also averaged to create a clinician-rated social fear score (α = .77).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    A composite score was created from the LSAS-SR, SIAS, and SPS to improve construct validity for measuring social anxiety severity.

    “To improve construct validity for the measurement of social anxiety severity, a composite was created from the three scales.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Fifty-two participants completed treatment but follow-up behavioral and self-report data were missing for 3 individuals.

    “Fifty-two participants completed treatment but follow-up behavioral and self-report data were missing for 3 individuals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both experiential avoidance and behavioral avoidance are indicators of poor emotion regulation.

    “Moreover, both experiential avoidance and behavioral avoidance are indicators of poor emotion regulation (Craske, Street, & Barlow, 1989; Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette, & Strosahl, 1996).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Craske, Street, & Barlow, 1989 source
    • cites Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette, & Strosahl, 1996 source
24 of 24

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No previous study has evaluated behavioral measures of social avoidance as moderators of treatment outcome for social anxiety disorder.

    “To our knowledge there is no previous study evaluating behavioral measures of social avoidance as moderators of treatment outcome for social anxiety disorder.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Clinicians typically make judgments of behavioral avoidance based on patient self-report.

    “Instead, clinicians typically make judgments of behavioral avoidance based on patient self-report.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Individuals who are avoidant of feared internal experiences are also likely to be avoidant of feared external experiences.

    “It would seem likely that individuals who are avoidant of feared internal experiences would also be avoidant of feared external experiences.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Only a few papers have reported moderators of psychological treatments for individuals with social anxiety disorder.

    “To our knowledge, only a few papers have reported moderators of psychological treatments for individuals with social anxiety disorder.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Little research exists on treatment moderators for social anxiety disorder.

    “Unfortunately, though several predictors of treatment outcome have been identified, little research exists on treatment moderators.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The majority of prior studies on social anxiety disorder do not compare two active treatments.

    “This is likely due to the fact that the majority of prior studies on social anxiety disorder do not compare two active treatments, which is required for assessing treatment moderators.”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Higher rates of pre-treatment avoidance are related to poorer outcomes in obsessive-compulsive disorder and social anxiety disorder.

    “Higher rates of pre-treatment avoidance have been related to poorer outcomes in obsessive-compulsive disorder (Wheaton, Gershkovich, Gallagher, Foa, & Simpson, 2018) and social anxiety disorder (Mesri et al., 2017)”

    From Relapse of anxiety-related fear and avoidance: Conceptual analysis of treatment with acceptance and commitment therapy (2020) · cites this paper as Mesri et al., 2017

    The Mesri et al. citation applies to social anxiety disorder, not the separately cited obsessive-compulsive disorder claim. In the Discussion (page unavailable), the paper says greater pre-treatment public-speaking avoidance predicted better long-term outcomes with CBT than with ACT; it does not report the claimed general association with poorer outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Symptom severity moderates the relationship between treatment type and quality-of-life improvement: individuals with greater symptom severity experience greater QOL improvements following CBT, whereas those with lower symptom severity experience greater QOL improvements following acceptance and commitment therapy.

    “Interestingly, research points to symptom severity as a moderator of treatment type and QOL improvement, such that individuals with greater symptom severity experienced greater QOL improvements following CBT, whereas individuals with lower symptom severity experienced greater QOL improvements following acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT; [73]).”

    From Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research (2021) · cites this paper as [73]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • More avoidance on the public speaking task predicts better long-term outcome in CBT.

    “More avoidance on the public speaking task predicts better long-term outcome in CBT.”

    From The role of the acceptance and commitment therapy in the treatment of social anxiety: An updated scoping review. (2022) · cites this paper as Mesri et al. (2017)

    The Discussion reports that greater avoidance on the public speaking task predicted better long-term outcomes in CBT than in ACT; it also says the moderation appeared only at the 12-month follow-up. The claim omits the ACT comparator, making a relative treatment finding sound like an unqualified prediction of better outcomes within CBT. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Mesri et al. (2017) highlighted that results of ACT or CBT therapy may be more evident after a 12-month follow-up.

    “especially because the study by Mesri et al. (2017) highlighted that the results of ACT or CBT therapy may be more evident after a 12-month follow-up.”

    From The role of the acceptance and commitment therapy in the treatment of social anxiety: An updated scoping review. (2022) · cites this paper as Mesri et al., 2017

    The Discussion reports that moderation was found only at the 12-month follow-up. But the finding concerns a specific subgroup: people with greater public-speaking avoidance generally benefited more from CBT than ACT by that point. It does not establish that the benefits of ACT or CBT generally become more evident after 12 months. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In Mesri et al. (2017), social avoidance was not a significant moderator of any outcome measure.

    “In contrast, social avoidance was not found to be a significant moderator of any outcome measure.”

    From The role of the acceptance and commitment therapy in the treatment of social anxiety: An updated scoping review. (2022) · cites this paper as Mesri et al., 2017

    The Abstract Results state that clinician-rated social avoidance was not a significant moderator of any outcome measure. The claim omits “clinician-rated,” which matters because the same passage reports that avoidance measured through a public speaking task was a robust moderator. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Statistics that don’t add up

Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.

  • Inconsistent p-value: z = −2.25, p = .045

    Minor

    The paper reports p = .045 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .024 (two-tailed). The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.

    Reported p = .045 · recomputed p = .024

  • Inconsistent p-value: z = −2.12, p = .006

    Minor

    The paper reports p = .006 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .034 (two-tailed). The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.

    Reported p = .006 · recomputed p = .034

2 of 2

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Doesn’t add upz = -2.25reported p = .045 · recomputed p = .024

    “z = −2.25, p = .045”

  • Doesn’t add upz = -2.12reported p = .006 · recomputed p = .034

    “z = −2.12, p = .006”

  • Consistentz = 2.07reported p = .038 · recomputed p = .038

    “z = 2.07, p = .038”

  • Consistentz = -3.87reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “z = −3.87, p < .001”

  • Consistentz = 4.18reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “z = 4.18, p < .001”

  • Consistentz = -2.56reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .010

    “z = −2.56, p = .010”

  • Consistentz = 1.96reported p = .049 · recomputed p = .050

    “z = 1.96, p = .049”

7 of 7

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Stress-reactivity moderation is discussed at an unmeasured follow-up

    Minor

    The methods say STAI stress-reactivity data were analyzed only at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 12-month follow-up. The results nonetheless report a moderation test for stress reactivity at 6-month follow-up.

1 of 1

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Related

Authors
Mesri, B., Niles, A. N., Pittig, A., LeBeau, R. T., Haik, E., & Craske, M. G.
Affiliations
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
  • Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
Corresponding author
Craske, Michelle G.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-06
Volume
55
Pages
66-72
ISSN
0005-7916 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.11.010
PMC
PMC5315620
OpenAlex
W2553666243
Cited by
28
References
40
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2
FWCI
1.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institutes of Mental Health (1 R21 MH081299)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
Keywords
social anxiety disorder, social avoidance, treatment moderators, cognitive behavioral therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, treatment outcomes, stress reactivity, quality of life
MeSH terms
Phobia, Social, Adolescent, Adult, Avoidance Learning, Fear, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans

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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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