Correlates of Quality of Life in Anxiety Disorders: Review of Recent Research

In the paper

“Additionally, a network analysis of individuals with GAD demonstrated strong connections between GAD and two areas of QOL: satisfaction with working ability and ability to engage in daily activities [54].”

What the sources say

• Disputed

  The Discussion (page unavailable) says the strongest connection was between the two quality-of-life areas—satisfaction with working ability and ability to engage in daily activities—not between GAD and each area. It explicitly distinguishes that connection from anxious symptom relationships. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  cites [54] Barthel AL, Pinaire MA, Curtiss JE, Baker AW, Brown ML, Hoeppner SS, et al. Anhedonia is central for the association between quality of life, metacognition, sleep, and affective symptoms in generalized anxiety disorder: a complex network analysis. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:1013–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.077. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“whereas individuals with current and remitted anxiety disorders reported poorer QOL than healthy controls [24].”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Section 3.2 reports significantly lower quality of life for the remitted-anxiety group than for healthy controls and says the current-anxiety group differed significantly from controls on almost all measures. The Discussion (Section 4) identifies quality of life among those differences. The study concerns adolescents and young adults. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [24] Seidl E, Venz J, Ollmann TM, Voss C, Hoyer J, Pieper L, et al. How current and past anxiety disorders affect daily life in adolescents and young adults from the general population-an epidemiological study with ecological momentary assessment. Depress Anxiety. 2021;38:272–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23133. source

In the paper

“Specifically, anxiety symptom severity was inversely associated with QOL among adolescents with anxiety [12–14], adults with anxiety [15–21], and older adults with anxiety [22].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Alsamghan AS. Social anxiety symptoms and quality of life of secondary school students of Abha. Saudi Arabia J Genet Psychol. 2021;182:18–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2020.1837065. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Jenkins PE, Ducker I, Gooding R, James M, Rutter-Eley E. Anxiety and depression in a sample of UK college students: a study of prevalence, comorbidity, and quality of life. J Am Coll Health 2020:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1709474. source
• Supported

  This source is cited for the adolescent portion of the sentence, not the adult or older-adult portions, which have separate citations. The Results report that overall health-related quality of life decreased as anxiety symptom levels increased in a community sample of adolescents aged 12–17. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [14] Raknes S, Pallesen S, Himle JA, Bjaastad JF, Wergeland GJ, Hoffart A, et al. Quality of life in anxious adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2017;11:33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-017-0173-4. source
• Supported

  The Conclusion (page unavailable) states that anxiety symptoms negatively affect quality of life in patients with panic disorder. This supports the adult-with-anxiety portion of the citing sentence, to which this paper is cited; the adolescent and older-adult portions have separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites [15] Fidry M, Zugliani MM, do Valle CR, Martins RM, Cabo MCD, Nardi AE, et al. Quality of life in panic disorder: the influence of clinical features and personality traits. Trends Psychiatry Psychother 2019;41:387–93. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0008. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Hempel ME, Taylor JE, Connolly MJ, Alpass FM, Stephens C v. Scared behind the wheel: what impact does driving anxiety have on the health and well-being of young older adults? Int Psychogeriatr 2017;29:1027–34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610216002271. source
• Partly supported

  In “QOL will correlate negatively with severity of disorder” (page unavailable), the paper reports that disorder severity correlated negatively with most quality-of-life domains in a sample with a mean age of about 48. This supports the adult portion of the citing sentence, but the sample included several neurotic-spectrum diagnoses and the reported measure was overall disorder severity, not specifically anxiety symptom severity. The citation is in the adult group [15–21], so it need not support the separate adolescent and older-adult claims. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [17] Holubova M, Prasko J, Ociskova M, Kantor K, Vanek J, Slepecky M, et al. Quality of life, self-stigma, and coping strategies in patients with neurotic spectrum disorders: a cross-sectional study. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2019;12:81–95. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S179838. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Joseph N, Rasheeka VP, Nayar V, Gupta P, Manjeswar MP, Mohandas A. Assessment of determinants and quality of life of university students with social phobias in a coastal city of south India. Asian J Psychiatr. 2018;33:30–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2018.02.008. source
• Partly supported

  In “Comorbidity, quality of life and use of health services” (page unavailable), adults with full panic disorder had lower quality-of-life scores than those with subclinical panic disorder (0.52 versus 0.64), supporting the adult portion of the association. The paper compares panic-disorder categories rather than measuring anxiety symptom severity across anxiety disorders; it does not establish the association separately for adolescents or older adults. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites [19] Politis S, Bellos S, Hadjulis M, Gournellis R, Petrikis P, Ploumpidis D, et al. Epidemiology of panic disorder and subthreshold panic symptoms in the Greek general population. Psychiatriki. 2020;31:201–15. https://doi.org/10.22365/jpsych.2020.313.201. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Stephens AN, Collette B, Hidalgo-Munoz A, Fort A, Evennou M, Jallais C. The impacts of anxiety over driving on self-reported driving avoidance, work performance and quality of life. J Transp Health. 2020;19: 100929. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Yu W, Singh SS, Calhoun S, Zhang H, Zhao X, Yang F. Generalized anxiety disorder in urban China: prevalence, awareness, and disease burden. J Affect Disord. 2018;234:89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.012. source

In the paper

“Research within community-based samples underscores the severity of QOL impairments for individuals with moderate to high levels of anxiety symptoms (e.g., [14])”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion and ‘HRQoL and high anxiety level’ sections report poor health-related quality of life among adolescents with medium and high anxiety symptoms in a community sample. The cited study supports the finding for adolescents, but the claim’s unqualified reference to ‘individuals’ extends beyond the population studied. Page numbers were not provided in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites [14] Raknes S, Pallesen S, Himle JA, Bjaastad JF, Wergeland GJ, Hoffart A, et al. Quality of life in anxious adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2017;11:33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-017-0173-4. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Individuals with anxiety disorders endorsed greater perceived QOL detriments in the social domain, reporting a smaller social network, fewer social activities, and less social support than non-anxious individuals [51].”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Introduction states that patients with anxiety disorders have lower quality of life than healthy controls, especially in social interactions. The Method identifies network size, social activities, and social support as measures, and the Results report that anxiety patients differed from healthy controls on all social-functioning indices. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [51] Saris IMJ, Aghajani M, van der Werff SJA, van der Wee NJA, Penninx B. Social functioning in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;136:352–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12774. source

In the paper

“Depression symptoms demonstrated a strong inverse correlation with QOL among individuals with GAD and PD [15, 54].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Discussion (page not supplied) reports moderate-to-strong associations between depressive symptoms and quality-of-life domains in patients with panic disorder, and the Conclusion describes those associations as negative. The cited paper does not establish the claim for people with generalized anxiety disorder. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [15] Fidry M, Zugliani MM, do Valle CR, Martins RM, Cabo MCD, Nardi AE, et al. Quality of life in panic disorder: the influence of clinical features and personality traits. Trends Psychiatry Psychother 2019;41:387–93. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0008. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  The Discussion (page not available) reports a negative association between a depressive self-perception measure and a quality-of-life self-satisfaction measure in 226 people with primary GAD. It calls that association moderate, not strong, and does not report the finding for a panic-disorder sample. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [54] Barthel AL, Pinaire MA, Curtiss JE, Baker AW, Brown ML, Hoeppner SS, et al. Anhedonia is central for the association between quality of life, metacognition, sleep, and affective symptoms in generalized anxiety disorder: a complex network analysis. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:1013–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.077. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“larger increases in decentering predicted greater improvements in QOL following group CBT for adults with anxiety disorders [49].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results section (“Decentering’s Relations to Outcome”; page unavailable) reports that larger increases in decentering during group CBT predicted greater improvement in quality of life. The study examined clients with social anxiety disorder, not adults with anxiety disorders generally, so the citing sentence broadens the population studied. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [49] Hayes-Skelton SA, Lee CS. Changes in decentering across cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder. Behav Ther. 2018;49:809–22. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Relatedly, increases in positive affect predicted greater QOL improvement from pre- to post-treatment for individuals with SAD, particularly for those who reported low QOL at baseline [37].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (Positive and Negative Affect as Moderator Variables; page unavailable) report that pretreatment positive affect predicted pre-to-post-treatment quality-of-life change: participants with low or average baseline positive affect improved, while those with high baseline positive affect did not. The Discussion attributes the latter finding to their already-high baseline quality of life. The paper does not report that increases in positive affect predicted improvement or that the effect was specifically greater among participants with low baseline quality of life. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [37] Sewart AR, Niles AN, Burklund LJ, Saxbe DE, Lieberman MD, Craske MG. Examining positive and negative affect as outcomes and moderators of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for social anxiety disorder. Behav Ther. 2019;50:1112–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2019.07.001. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Recent research found that greater reliance on avoidant and escape coping correlated with poorer QOL among individuals with neurotic spectrum disorders [17]”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The ‘Relationships between coping strategies and quality of life’ section reports that quality-of-life domains generally correlated negatively with negative coping. The Discussion identifies avoidant and escape tendencies as examples of negative coping among patients with neurotic spectrum disorders. This supports the stated correlation, without implying causation. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [17] Holubova M, Prasko J, Ociskova M, Kantor K, Vanek J, Slepecky M, et al. Quality of life, self-stigma, and coping strategies in patients with neurotic spectrum disorders: a cross-sectional study. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2019;12:81–95. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S179838. source

In the paper

“Prior research has shown that avoidance behavior was a significant predictor of disability for individuals with anxiety disorders, both concurrently and 4 years later [26, 28].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Hendriks SM, Spijker J, Licht CM, Beekman AT, Hardeveld F, de Graaf R, et al. Disability in anxiety disorders. J Affect Disord. 2014;166:227–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.006. source
• Supported

  The Results report that avoidance behaviour remained a significant predictor of disability when baseline psychiatric status and other factors were included. They also report no significant avoidance-behaviour-by-time association, suggesting its relationship with disability did not change significantly across follow-up; disability was measured at baseline, two years and four years. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites [28] Hendriks SM, Spijker J, Licht CM, Hardeveld F, de Graaf R, Batelaan NM, et al. Long-term disability in anxiety disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:248. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0946-y. source

In the paper

“In an effort to cope with the discomfort of intense anxiety and panic, individuals with anxiety disorders often rely on maladaptive coping behaviors, such as anxious avoidance, substance use, and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies [11].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Clinical presentation and Clinical management > Psychotherapy passages (page unavailable) describe avoidance as a feature of anxiety disorders and a behaviour that can perpetuate anxiety. The Comorbidity and differential diagnosis passage notes co-occurring substance dependence, but does not say people use substances to cope with anxiety; the retrieved passages also do not establish maladaptive emotion-regulation strategies as a common coping behaviour. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites [11] Penninx BWJH, Pine DS, Holmes EA, Reif A. Anxiety disorders. The Lancet. 2021;397:914–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00359-7. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Specifically, employment status was a significant predictor of QOL among individuals with anxiety disorders [17].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The section on QOL in different groups of neurotic illnesses reports that employment was a significant independent factor in the quality-of-life regression. The Methods and Diagnostic subgroups sections show that the sample included people with anxiety disorders alongside people with adjustment, somatoform, and other disorders; the paper does not establish this result for the anxiety-disorder subgroup alone. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites [17] Holubova M, Prasko J, Ociskova M, Kantor K, Vanek J, Slepecky M, et al. Quality of life, self-stigma, and coping strategies in patients with neurotic spectrum disorders: a cross-sectional study. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2019;12:81–95. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S179838. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“prior research has shown that individuals with anxiety who regularly use or abuse substances (e.g., alcohol and/or drugs) report lower QOL than those who do not use substances [44, 45].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results (Mental and Physical Health Functioning Outcomes; page unavailable) associate more severe combined anxiety and alcohol symptoms with poorer mental-health quality of life. But the study included only current drinkers, and its reference class had fewer anxiety as well as fewer alcohol symptoms. It does not establish the claimed comparison with people who do not use substances, or address drug use. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [44] Cullen BA, la Flair LN, Storr CL, Green KM, Alvanzo AAH, Mojtabai R, et al. Association of comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorder symptoms with health-related quality of life: results from the national epidemiological survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Addict Med. 2013;7:394–400. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0b013e31829faa1c. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Lev-Ran S, le Foll B, McKenzie K, Rehm J. Cannabis use and mental health-related quality of life among individuals with anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26:799–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.07.002. source

In the paper

“Interestingly, higher levels of pre-COVID QOL acted as a protective factor against anxiety during the pandemic in non-clinical populations [92–94].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Predictors of Anxiety section reports that higher physical-health and social-relationship QoL scores were associated with lower odds of anxiety among participants in Malaysian urban communities. But the Data Collection section says QoL and anxiety were assessed together, with participants assessed either before or after the pandemic declaration. The paper therefore does not establish that pre-COVID QoL protected against anxiety during the pandemic. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [92] Leong Bin Abdullah MFI, Ahmad Yusof H, Mohd Shariff N, Hami R, Nisman NF, Law KS. Depression and anxiety in the Malaysian urban population and their association with demographic characteristics, quality of life, and the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Curr Psychol 2021:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01492-2. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Supported

  The results section reports that pre-pandemic quality of life significantly predicted anxiety scores during lockdown: lower quality of life predicted higher anxiety. The Participants and Procedures section describes a non-clinical Portuguese sample aged 50 or older, with psychiatric, neurological, and psychological clinical conditions excluded. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [93] Nogueira J, Gerardo B, Silva AR, Pinto P, Barbosa R, Soares S, et al. Effects of restraining measures due to COVID-19: pre- and post-lockdown cognitive status and mental health. Curr Psychol 2021:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01747-y. source
• Partly supported

  The Results (‘Anxiety and quality of life’; page unavailable) associate higher pre-pandemic QoL with lower anxiety at follow-up in a mainly healthy, community-dwelling cohort of older adults. The Discussion (page unavailable) says higher QoL could indicate protective factors, but does not establish that QoL itself acted as a protective factor or extend the finding to non-clinical populations generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [94] Siew SKH, Mahendran R, Yu J. Directional effects of social isolation and quality of life on anxiety levels among community-dwelling older adults during a COVID-19 lockdown. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2021.03.012. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Specifically, internet-delivered CBT (iCBT) for anxiety disorders yielded a moderate effect on QOL, both in single studies [77–80] and meta-analyses [81•, 82].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Table 3 reports a moderate post-treatment effect on the SF-12 mental-health quality-of-life subscale (Cohen’s d = 0.49), supporting the single-study portion of the claim. The physical-health subscale showed a smaller, nonsignificant effect (d = 0.16), so the unqualified claim about quality of life overstates this trial’s finding. The meta-analysis portion is attributed to other citations, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites [77] Berger T, Urech A, Krieger T, Stolz T, Schulz A, Vincent A, et al. Effects of a transdiagnostic unguided Internet intervention (‘velibra’) for anxiety disorders in primary care: results of a randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med. 2017;47:67–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716002270. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] Boettcher J, Magnusson K, Marklund A, Berglund E, Blomdahl R, Braun U, et al. Adding a smartphone app to internet-based self-help for social anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. Comput Hum Behav. 2018;87:98–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.052. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] Eustis EH, Hayes-Skelton SA, Orsillo SM, Roemer L. Surviving and thriving during stress: a randomized clinical trial comparing a brief web-based therapist-assisted acceptance-based behavioral intervention versus waitlist control for college students. Behav Ther. 2018;49:889–903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2018.05.009. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] Gershkovich M, Herbert JD, Forman EM, Schumacher LM, Fischer LE. Internet-delivered acceptance-based cognitive-behavioral intervention for social anxiety disorder with and without therapist support: a randomized trial. Behav Modif. 2017;41:583–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445517694457. source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [81•, 82]

In the paper

“At the same time, higher levels of positive coping predicted better QOL.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Abstract reports that problem-oriented and active coping are weakly associated with lower pandemic anxiety, while mental disengagement, substance use, and denial are associated with lower life satisfaction. It does not report that higher positive coping predicts better quality of life; the claimed outcome and predictive relationship go beyond these findings. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites [89] Rasskazova EI, Leontiev DA, Lebedeva AA. Pandemic as a challenge to subjective well-being: anxiety and coping. Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy. 2020;28:90–108. https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2020280205. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] Shamblaw AL, Rumas RL, Best MW. Coping during the COVID-19 pandemic: relations with mental health and quality of life. Can Psychol. 2021;62:92–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000263. source

In the paper

“Wilner and colleagues found that the number of comorbid diagnoses — broadly defined — did not predict change in QOL following CBT for anxiety [28].”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The Covariates section discusses comorbid depression in analyses of anxiety and disability, but not the number of comorbid diagnoses as a predictor of quality-of-life change after CBT. Searches for CBT, quality-of-life change, and Wilner found no passage addressing the claimed finding in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  cites [28] Hendriks SM, Spijker J, Licht CM, Hardeveld F, de Graaf R, Batelaan NM, et al. Long-term disability in anxiety disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:248. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0946-y. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Research during COVID has also highlighted the role of maladaptive coping strategies, such that higher levels of avoidant coping, substance use, and denial as methods to cope with COVID-related anxiety predicted poorer QOL for non-clinical adults [89, 90].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Abstract reports that mental disengagement, substance use, and denial used to cope with anxiety about the pandemic’s negative consequences were associated with lower life satisfaction. It does not establish that these strategies predicted poorer overall quality of life, or specify that the finding applies to non-clinical adults. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [89] Rasskazova EI, Leontiev DA, Lebedeva AA. Pandemic as a challenge to subjective well-being: anxiety and coping. Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy. 2020;28:90–108. https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2020280205. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] Shamblaw AL, Rumas RL, Best MW. Coping during the COVID-19 pandemic: relations with mental health and quality of life. Can Psychol. 2021;62:92–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000263. source

In the paper

“Epidemiological research indicates that anxiety disorders have a high ratio of 1-year lifetime prevalence, suggesting a chronic recurrent course [11].”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Epidemiology section states that anxiety disorders have a relatively high ratio of 1-year to lifetime prevalence and describes this as indicative of a chronic recurrent nature. This directly supports the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites [11] Penninx BWJH, Pine DS, Holmes EA, Reif A. Anxiety disorders. The Lancet. 2021;397:914–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00359-7. source

In the paper

“QOL was poorer among adults with a current anxiety disorder compared to those in remission from an anxiety disorder [23]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] Kasteenpohja T, Marttunen M, Aalto-Setala T, Perala J, Saarni SI, Suvisaari J. Outcome of depressive and anxiety disorders among young adults: results from the Longitudinal Finnish Health 2011 Study. Nord J Psychiatry. 2018;72:205–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2017.1418429. source

In the paper

“revealing that changes in anxiety sensitivity during CBT for anxiety predicted improvements in QOL among individuals with HIV/AIDS [30].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Paulus DJ, Brandt CP, Lemaire C, Zvolensky MJ. Trajectory of change in anxiety sensitivity in relation to anxiety, depression, and quality of life among persons living with HIV/AIDS following transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy. Cogn Behav Ther. 2020;49:149–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2019.1621929. source

In the paper

“Notably, individuals with SAD were shown to have the highest functional impairment in the “getting along” disability domain, relative to others with MDD, OCD, and non-clinical national norms [52•].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [52•]

In the paper

“Negative affect also moderated the effect of CBT on QOL, such that higher pre-treatment negative affect resulted in less QOL improvement during CBT for individuals with anxiety disorders [38•].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [38•]

In the paper

“However, some studies have noted that distress tolerance may not be predictive of impairment in anxiety disorders once other factors, such as anxiety sensitivity and negative affect, are considered [29].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Michel NM, Rowa K, Young L, McCabe RE. Emotional distress tolerance across anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord. 2016;40:94–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.009. source

In the paper

“Individuals with anxiety disorders who also had comorbid disorder(s) endorsed significantly lower QOL relative to individuals without comorbidity and individuals in remission from anxiety disorders [2•, 13, 61].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [2•, 13, 61]

In the paper

“finding that distress tolerance mediated the relationship between early childhood neglect and QOL in adulthood for adults with SAD or GAD [34].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Rosencrans PL, Bui E, Rogers AH, Simon NM, Baker AW. Disentangling distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and quality of life in childhood trauma and adult anxiety. Int J Cogn Ther. 2017;10:283–303. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2017.10.4.283. source

In the paper

“Lower physical activity was also found to relate to poorer QOL among individuals with clinical levels of worry such as those found in GAD [53].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [53] McDowell CP, Gordon BR, MacDonncha C, Herring MP. Physical activity correlates among older adults with probable generalized anxiety disorder: results from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2019;59:30–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.04.012. source

In the paper

“Moreover, preventative use of safety behaviors mediated the relationship between anxiety symptom severity and QOL [40•].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [40•]

In the paper

“However, Butler et al. [42] found no relationship between safety behaviors and QOL among a treatment-seeking sample of individuals with SAD.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] Butler RM, O’Day EB, Swee MB, Horenstein A, Heimberg RG. Cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: predictors of treatment outcome in a quasi-naturalistic setting. Behav Ther. 2021;52:465–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2020.06.002. source

In the paper

“and experiential avoidance inversely predicted QOL for individuals with PD symptoms [40•].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [40•]

In the paper

“Among a clinical analog sample of individuals with anxiety, greater engagement in safety behaviors and stronger positive beliefs about safety behaviors were associated with lower QOL [41].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] Meyer JM, Kirk A, Arch JJ, Kelly PJ, Deacon BJ. Beliefs about safety behaviours in the prediction of safety behaviour use. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2019;47:631–44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465819000298. source

In the paper

“Positive affect positively predicted QOL among individuals with GAD, above and beyond negative affect and comorbid depression [36].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Das A, Clerkin EM, Tolin DF, Assaf M, Diefenbach GJ. Moving beyond the negative: contributions of positive and negative affect on quality of life in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2020;208:843–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001228. source

In the paper

“However, among individuals with comorbid SAD and MDD, participants who were able to achieve MDD remission following pharmacotherapy had significantly better improvements in QOL and functioning than those without MDD remission [64].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] Steiner AJ, Wright SM, Kuhn T, IsHak WW. Comorbid social phobia and major depressive disorder: the influence of remission from depression on quality of life and functioning. Appl Res Qual Life. 2016;12:719–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-016-9485-4. source

In the paper

“An investigation of QOL 12–31 years after individuals with anxiety disorders completed group CBT for PD found that reported QOL was not significantly different from that of the general population [86•].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [86•]

In the paper

“Among individuals with SAD, only those with comorbid depression or OCD reported greater disability and lower QOL than those without comorbidity [52•].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [52•]

In the paper

“Symptom measures have been shown to account for only a small to moderate proportion of variance in QOL scores [9]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Rapaport MH, Clary C, Fayyad R, Endicott J. Quality-of-life impairment in depressive and anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1171–8. source

In the paper

“Indeed, individuals with anxiety disorders are robustly shown to report poorer QOL relative to those without an anxiety disorder, regardless of the type of anxiety experienced [6, 7].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Olatunji BO, Cisler JM, Tolin DF. Quality of life in the anxiety disorders: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007;27:572–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.015. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Koury MA, Rapaport MH. Quality of life impairment in anxiety disorders. In: Ritsner MS, Awad AG, editors. Quality of Life Impairment in Schizophrenia. Mood and Anxiety Disorders: Springer; 2007. p. 275–91. source

In the paper

“As an effective though underutilized target for clinical intervention [27], anxiety sensitivity may play a far more significant role in functional impairment and QOL than is currently documented.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Keough ME, Schmidt NB. Refinement of a brief anxiety sensitivity reduction intervention. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012;80:766–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027961. source

In the paper

“prior research revealed that later age of onset in GAD is associated with poorer QOL, particularly in the domain of physical health, for older adults [57, 58].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] le Roux H, Gatz M, Wetherell JL. Age at onset of generalized anxiety disorder in older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;13:23–30. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.1.23. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] Chou K-L. Age at onset of generalized anxiety disorder in older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;17:455–64. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e31818f3a93. source

In the paper

“As evidenced in prior disorder-specific research [5], SAD showed significant impairments in social-related QOL domains.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Mendlowicz M v, Stein MB. Quality of life in individuals with anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:669–82. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.669. source

In the paper

“but systematic reviews and meta-analyses have shown no effects of age or gender on QOL across anxiety disorders [6, 9].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Olatunji BO, Cisler JM, Tolin DF. Quality of life in the anxiety disorders: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007;27:572–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.015. source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Rapaport MH, Clary C, Fayyad R, Endicott J. Quality-of-life impairment in depressive and anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1171–8. source

In the paper

“Anxiety disorders are highly comorbid with substance use disorders [43]”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] Conway KP, Compton W, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Lifetime Comorbidity of DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders and specific drug use disorders: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:247–57. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v67n0211. source

In the paper

“Individuals with anxiety disorders experience significant impairment in functioning in global, social, occupational, and physical domains [4].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] McKnight PE, Monfort SS, Kashdan TB, Blalock D v, Calton JM. Anxiety symptoms and functional impairment: a systematic review of the correlation between the two measures. Clin Psychol Rev 2016;45:115–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.10.005. source

In the paper

“Robinson et al. [46] found that individuals with anxiety disorders who use substances to cope with anxiety reported lower QOL than those who do not use substances to cope.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] Robinson JA, Sareen J, Cox BJ, Bolton JM. Correlates of self-medication for anxiety disorders: Results from the national epidemiolgic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009;197:873–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181c299c2. source

In the paper

“Thus, the relationship between QOL and anxiety disorders is bidirectional”

In the paper

“Thus, comorbid depression may be especially relevant for QOL outcomes in treatment for anxiety disorders.”