Lead Quantification in Urine Samples of Athletes by Coupling DLLME with UV-Vis Spectrophotometry
Abstract
Urine lead level is one of the most employed measures of lead exposure and risk. The urine samples used in this study were obtained from ten healthy male cyclists. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry was utilized for preconcentration, extraction, and determination of lead in urine samples. Optimization of the independent variables was carried out based on chemometric methods in three steps. According to the screening and optimization study, 133 μL of CCl 4 (extracting solvent), 1.34 mL ethanol (dispersing solvent), pH 2.0, 0.00 % of salt, and 0.1 % O,O-diethyl dithiophosphoric (chelating agent) were used as the optimum independent variables for microextraction and determination of lead. Under the optimized conditions, R 2 was 0.9991, and linearity range was 0.01-100 μg L-1. Precision was evaluated in terms of repeatability and intermediate precision, with relative standard deviations being <9.1 and <15.3 %, respectively. The accuracy was estimated using urine samples of cyclists as real samples and it was confirmed. The relative error of ≤5 % was considered significant in the method specificity study. The lead concentration mean for the cyclists was 3.79 μg L-1 in urine samples. As a result, the proposed method is a robust technique to quantify lead concentrations higher than 11.6 ng L-1 in urine samples.
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The accurate determination of lead is an important issue in analytical chemistry because of very low concentrations in some samples and matrix interference in real samples.
“Therefore, the accurate determination of lead is an important issue in analytical chemistry because of the very low concentrations in some samples as well as the presence of a matrix in real samples, which may interfere with instrumental determination [15,16,17].”
From Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Microextraction of Lead(II) Traces from Water and Aqueous Extracts before FAAS Measurements (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Faraji and Helalizadeh [16] determined Pb(II) in urine by applying DLLME before ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry with a linear range from 0.01 to 100 µg L−1 and relative standard deviations of 15.3%.”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Faraji, H., & Helalizadeh, M.
- Affiliations
- Islamic Azad University of Varamin (IR)
- Sport Sciences Research Institute (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Faraji, Hakim
- Venue
- Biological Trace Element Research
- Published
- 2016-09-15
- Volume
- 176
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 258-269
- ISSN
- 0163-4984 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-0720
- OpenAlex
- W2518859619
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 2.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Trace Element Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Electrochemistry › Electrochemical Analysis and Applications
- Keywords
- urinary lead, lead exposure, cyclists, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, preconcentration, chemometric optimization, carbon tetrachloride extraction, UV-Vis spectroscopy, trace metal analysis, occupational exposure
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Lead, Male, Software, Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet, Young Adult, Athletes, Liquid Phase Microextraction, Healthy Volunteers
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