Settler Witnessing at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The TRC mandate does not explain what Aboriginal principles of witnessing means; the TRC posted its understanding in 2009.

“The mandate does not explain what this means; the TRC posted its understanding in 2009.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Prior to the start of the TRC, only one in two Canadians were aware of the existence of Indian residential schools; this number rose to 66% by the conclusion of the TRC's work.

“It is important to note that prior to the start of the TRC, only one in two Canadians were aware of the existence of Indian residential schools.This number rose to 66% by the conclusion of the TRC's work (Environics Institute for Survey Research 2016, p. 29).”

• cites Environics Institute for Survey Research 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Some survivor testimony at the TRC was raw, unpolished, or difficult to follow.

“Likewise, perhaps not all survivor testimony shared at the TRC might be considered storytelling; some of the testimony I saw was quite raw, unpolished, or difficult to follow.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Receiving intense anger was a powerful occasioning of affective reckoning.

“To be on the receiving end of such intense anger was a powerful occasioning of affective reckoning.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Montreal session was an unsettling experience of righteous anger.

“For me, this session was an incredibly unsettling experience of what Coulthard (2014) identifies as righteous anger.”

• cites Coulthard 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Sharing Circles were chaired by TRC Survivors' Committee, set up as a circle with audience outside; they were microphoned but not videotaped or livestreamed; no time limits; more intimate with smaller attendance.

“The smaller Sharing Circles, chaired by members of the TRC Survivors' Committee, were set up as a circle of speakers, with the audience sitting on the outside.These sessions were microphoned but they were not videotaped or livestreamed.No time limits were placed on the Sharing Circle speakers, and they were much more intimate, with smaller numbers in attendance.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Both kinds of truth-sharing sessions typically lasted three to four hours.

“Both kinds of truth-sharing sessions typically lasted three to four hours at a time.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Sharing sessions opened with prayer, lighting a qulliq, burning sweetgrass, sometimes drum song, and a sacred fire burned outside.

“Sharing sessions opened with a prayer, lighting a qulliq (an Inuit oil lamp), the burning of sweetgrass, and sometimes a drum song, while a sacred fire burned outside throughout the three or four days of the event.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Fredda wants to share his stories so that all people will know what happened at residential school.

“For his part, Fredda wants to share his stories so that all people will know what happened at residential school.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

For Fredda, storytelling is a spiritual practice where you learn knowledge from the ancestors.

“For Fredda, storytelling is a spiritual practice where you learn knowledge from the ancestors.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The author originally wanted to profile a story Fredda shared at the TRC about rescuing his younger friend from the clutches of an abusive priest.

“I had originally wanted to profile a story Fredda shared at the TRC about rescuing his younger friend from the clutches of an abusive priest.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The author's experience of really starting to understand was due to the emotional impact of felt interactions and the aesthetics of the TRC proceedings.

“My response, this experience of really starting to understand, is due to the emotional impact of felt interactions and the aesthetics of the TRC proceedings.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

It took the author several years, even after she had started researching residential schools, to feel comfortable and confident in calling and thinking of herself as a 'settler'.

“For example, it took me several years, even after I had started researching residential schools, to feel comfortable and confident in calling and thinking of myself as a”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Fredda Paul does not want to speak to people if they are not coming from the heart.

“As Fredda Paul told me: Fredda does not want to speak to people if they are not coming from the heart.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Five years after the Halifax TRC event, the author contacted Fredda to seek his permission to write a paper that would explore why his stories had stayed with her for so long.

“Five years after the Halifax TRC event, I contacted Fredda to seek his permission to write a paper that would explore why his stories had stayed with me for so long.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Speakers at Sharing Panels were asked to limit their time to fifteen minutes.

“Speakers were asked to limit their time to fifteen minutes.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The TRC went beyond factual truth; the inclusion of ceremony signaled the sacred nature of what was occurring.

“But the TRC also went beyond factual truth: the inclusion of ceremony signaled to me, as an outsider, the sacred nature of what was occurring.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Settler ignorance and denial includes not even knowing about the schools.

“Settler ignorance and denial includes not even knowing about the schools, as was the case for me until about age twenty-five.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The story had been available online for the last 5 years, without Fredda's knowledge.

“But that story had been available online for the last 5 years, without Fredda's knowledge.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Fredda would like future generations to know what happened in the schools and to learn about his culture that is in danger of disappearing.

“Fredda would also like future generations to know what happened in the schools and to learn about this part of his culture that is in danger of rapidly disappearing.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Survivors could and did disrupt colonial narratives by speaking their own language, naming abusers, challenging government policy, and expressing anger, resilience, strength, and vibrancy.

“Third, survivors could and did disrupt colonial narratives by speaking in their own language; naming their abusers; using their timeslot to challenge government policy and structures of colonialism; and expressing anger, resilience, strength, and vibrancy.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The onslaught of testimony itself, for hours at a time, was deeply impactful.

“In some ways, it was the onslaught of testimony itself, for hours at time-hearing someone's voice, registering their emotions, feeling at times like you could not breathe yourself-that was deeply impactful.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Fredda asked the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation to take the video clip down, which it did.

“While in Winnipeg, Fredda asked the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation to take the video clip down, which it did.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The author had never stopped to consider how storytellers might have moved onward from the time of the national event.

“However, I had never stopped to consider how storytellers might have moved onward from the time of the national event.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Although the TRC is over, survivor testimony remains online for future research and teaching.

“Although the TRC is over, survivor testimony remains online for future research and teaching.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

For Fredda and his counselor, dwelling on the 'triple xxx' sad stuff is not helpful or healing.

“For them and his counselor provided by the residential school agreement, dwelling on the”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Five years after the TRC, Fredda shared stories about moving forward, pulling out of a dark place, and about resiliency.

“Five years after the TRC, when we met in person at the conference, Fredda instead shared stories about”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Fredda and Leslie were both quite dismayed to discover that the testimony was online.

“Fredda and Leslie were both quite dismayed to discover that the testimony was online.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

To meaningfully bear witness in the context of Indigenous genocide, settlers must open their hearts and minds to Indigenous ways of knowing and being in the world.

“I argue that to meaningfully bear witness in the context of Indigenous genocide, we must open our hearts and minds to Indigenous ways of knowing and being in the world.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The residential school system operated from the 1880s until 1996 and affected over 150,000 First Nations, Inuit and Métis children, and their families.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Many settler Canadians continue to downplay the nature and extent of the harms of residential schools and deny subsequent obligations to redress historic and ongoing colonialism as the prerequisite for reconciliation.

“Despite the abundance of testimonials, studies, and information, many settler Canadians continue to downplay the nature and extent of the harms of residential schools and deny subsequent obligations to redress historic and ongoing colonialism as the prerequisite for reconciliation (Jung 2018).”

• cites Jung 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Canada's TRC is unique compared with other truth commissions in the world: there is no post-conflict and no regime change, and Indigenous peoples comprise only 6.2% of the Canadian population.

“Canada's TRC is unique compared with other truth commissions in the world.There is no post-conflict and no regime change, and Indigenous peoples comprise only 6.2% of the Canadian population (Statistics Canada 2017).”

• cites Statistics Canada 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The conditions for mutual recognition do not exist given the power differentials of settler colonialism; minority groups and Indigenous peoples experience recognition as conferral by the state.

“In particular, it fails to acknowledge that the conditions for mutual recognition simply do not exist given the power differentials of settler colonialism; rather, minority groups and Indigenous peoples experience recognition as conferral by the state (Coulthard 2014;Oliver 2015).”

• cites Coulthard 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Oliver 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Witnessing can function as a form of settler accountability only when the process of witnessing leads to the disruption of colonial narratives, a reckoning of complicity, and decolonizing change.

“Witnessing can also function as a form of settler accountability, but only when the process of witnessing leads to the disruption of colonial narratives, a reckoning of complicity, and decolonizing change.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The TRC might be considered a mechanism of transitional justice insofar as it seeks to move Canada from less just to more just relations.

“Nonetheless, the TRC might be considered a mechanism of transitional justice insofar as it seeks to move Canada from less just to more just relations (Balint et al. 2014).”

• cites Balint et al. 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Critics of the South African TRC argued that foregrounding victims' stories of trauma served to isolate specific violations from the overarching crime of apartheid, thereby releasing beneficiaries of apartheid from taking responsibility.

“For instance, critics of the South African TRC argued that the foregrounding of victims' stories of trauma served to isolate specific violations from the overarching crime of apartheid, thereby releasing the beneficiaries of apartheid from taking responsibility (Mamdani 1996).”

• cites Mamdani 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada collected testimony from over 6750 survivors of Indian residential schools.

“From 2010 to 2015, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) of Canada bore witness to and collected testimony from over 6750 survivors of Indian residential schools (TRC 2015c, p. 1).”

• cites TRC 2015cNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The experience of bearing witness is socially embedded; perceptions of testimony are filtered through culture, politics, bias, and stereotypes.

“The very experience of bearing witness is socially embedded; our perceptions of testimony are filtered through culture, politics, bias, stereotypes, etc. (Saeidi and Turcotte 2011).”

• cites Saeidi and Turcotte 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

Witnesses are called to be keepers of history when an event of historic significance occurs.

“Generally speaking, witnesses are called to be the keepers of history when an event of historic significance occurs.”

• cites TRC 2015bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Something unique emerges from within the multileveled structure of witnessing.

“In other words, something unique emerges from within the multileveled structure of witnessing.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Both testimony and Indigenous storytelling have multiple layers of meaning, requiring attention to metaphorical, not just literal.

“Both have multiple layers of meaning, where we must pay attention to the metaphorical, not just the literal.”

• cites Emberley 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

The ability of survivors to speak their truths and be officially validated and acknowledged is crucial after decades of shame, silence, and state denial.

“First, after decades of shame, silence, and state denial, the ability of survivors to speak their truths and be officially validated and acknowledged is crucial (James 2012).”

• cites James 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim.

Trauma and oppression damage subjectivity.

“Oliver, building on Felman and Laub's work, starts from the idea that trauma and oppression damage subjectivity.”

• cites Oliver 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The government has failed to acknowledge genocide officially, continues to fight against a Human Rights Tribunal decision regarding discrimination in First Nations child welfare, has not as yet substantially responded to the report of the National Inquiry on MMIWG2S, and is mired in multiple controversies over resource extraction projects on Indigenous land.

“In particular, the government has failed to acknowledge genocide officially, continues to fight against a Human Rights Tribunal decision regarding discrimination in First Nations child welfare, has not as yet substantially responded to report of the National Inquiry on MMIWG2S (and its finding of genocide), and is mired in multiple controversies over resource extraction projects on Indigenous land”

• cites MacDonald 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites McIvor 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

Address-ability and response-ability (witnessing) are embedded in subjectivity because we are fundamentally connected to other people and our environment.

“Address-ability and response-ability-in essence, witnessing-are embedded in subjectivity because we are fundamentally connected to other people and our environment (Oliver 2001, p. 15;Oliver 2015).”

• cites Oliver 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Oliver 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Testimony relating to childhood experiences may have the effect of freezing survivors in time as perennially helpless children, and this may reinforce the infantilization of Indigenous peoples as unfit for self-determination.

“Furthermore, testimony relating to childhood experiences may have the effect of freezing survivors in time, as perennially helpless children, and this may reinforce the infantilization of Indigenous peoples as unfit for self-determination (Schaffer and Smith 2004).”

• cites Schaffer and Smith 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Whereas Indigenous healing frameworks insist on the need for structural change, Western psycho-medical models tend to focus on individualized therapy.

“However, whereas Indigenous healing frameworks insist on the need for structural change, Western psycho-medical models tend to focus on individualized therapy (Episkenew 2009;Green 2012;Kirmayer et al. 2014).”

• cites Episkenew 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Green 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kirmayer et al. 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The massive online video archive of survivor testimony is a powerful resource.

“The massive online video archive of survivor testimony is a powerful resource, although as I discuss in the final section of the paper, we must be careful of how we use it.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Victim-centrism may lend itself to colonial forms of recognition.

“While I certainly agree that victim-centrism may lend itself colonial forms of recognition, I am less willing to blame the TRC or dismiss its work, as Cook sometimes implies we should do.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

This understanding of witnessing nurtures agency, response-ability, and openness to the other.

“This understanding of witnessing, which I develop in the section below, nurtures agency, response-ability, and openness to the other.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Meaning-making within Indigenous storytelling practices unfolds over time and in different contexts.

“Similarly, meaning-making within Indigenous storytelling practices unfolds over time and in different contexts.”

• cites Emberley 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Through the centrality of survivor testimony, the TRC contained within itself another mode of witnessing that goes beyond colonial recognition.

“What she misses, however, is that through the centrality of survivor testimony, the TRC contained within itself another mode of witnessing, one that goes beyond colonial recognition.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Recognition is distributed along axes of power and is experienced by marginalized groups as a conferral from the dominant group, not as mutual.

“She further argues that recognition is distributed along axes of power.Therefore, recognition is not mutual but experienced by marginalized groups as a conferral from the dominant group.”

• cites Oliver 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

Survivor testimony is an important point of contact for settler Canadians because of its emotional impact and concreteness.

“Survivor testimony is an important point of contact for settler Canadians precisely because of its emotional impact and concreteness-in comparison with more abstract issues like, say, sovereignty or legal pluralism.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Although the promised implementation of UNDRIP could significantly correct the existing imbalance of power, the government indicates that Canadian constitutional law will remain supreme.

“Although the promised implementation of UNDRIP could significantly correct the existing imbalance of power, the government indicates that Canadian constitutional law will remain supreme (King and Pasternak 2018;Nichols 2018;Patzer 2019).”

• cites King and Pasternak 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Nichols 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Patzer 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Witnessing is necessarily dialogical and relational.

“Witnessing is therefore necessarily dialogical and relational.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Without going through the unsettling process and accepting the term 'settler' on this Indigenous land called Canada, it is difficult to get to the issue of land dispossession and restitution.

“Without going through that unsettling process, without accepting the term”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The author's experience of taking years to accept 'settler' is typical of settlers.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Empathy and other emotions can do their job correctly if channeled into a self-reflexive learning process.

“Empathy and other emotions can do their job correctly if channeled into a selfreflexive learning process.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

This process involves heart, mind, body, and soul.

“This process involves heart, mind, body, and soul.”

• cites Archibald 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The story showed courage, quick thinking, and agency.

“I had been profoundly struck by this story because it showed such courage, quick thinking, and agency.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The pedagogical literature helps inform the third level of witnessing (witnessing the process of witnessing itself).

“Here, the pedagogical literature helps inform that third level of witnessing that Laub identifies, witnessing the process of witnessing itself.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The listener is both a witness to the trauma of the one sharing the story and a witness to their own experiences of the trauma and reactions to it.

“The listener is, therefore, both a witness to the trauma of the one sharing the story and a witness to his or her own experiences of the trauma of the story and reactions to it.”

• cites Iseke 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Rogers and MacDonald witnessed more than the content of the words and responded in a way that did not close off the subjectivity and self-affirmation of the other.

“They witnessed more than the content of the words, which were undeniably provocative, and responded in a way that did not close off the subjectivity and self-affirmation of the other.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

There is an interrelationship between storytelling, story, and the listener.

“There is an interrelationship between storytelling, story, and the listener.”

• cites Archibald 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

We must become accountable for neo-colonialism by working through the affective impediments that can besiege settler decolonial learning.

“As Kortweg and Root explain, we must become”

• cites Kortweg and Root 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Indigenous stories may reach far back in time but are neither static nor ahistorical.

“Although Indigenous stories may reach far back in time, they are neither static nor ahistorical.”

• cites Rifkin 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Witnesses are asked to store and care for the history they witness and share it with their own people when they return home.

“witnesses are asked to store and care for the history they witness and most importantly, to share it with their own people when they return home (TRC 2015b, p. fn32).”

• cites TRC 2015bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

These aesthetic framings were present but not monolithic.

“While certainly these aesthetic framings were present, it is important to recognize their origins and that such framings were not monolithic.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

They were seemingly frozen in time as helpless children, and the language of 'bringing them home' collapsed their life history into a singular event.

“They were seemingly frozen in time as helpless children, and the language of”

• cites Schaffer and Smith 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

We must engage with our full array of emotions and not rest on a too easily assumed empathy that may suppress difference, reinforce oppressive relationships, or treat victims as helpless and without agency.

“We must engage with our full array of emotions and not rest on a too easily assumed empathy that, as noted earlier, may in fact suppress difference, reinforce oppressive relationships, or treat victims as helpless and without agency.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

For years the government and churches have denied liability and downplayed the nature and extent of the schools.

“To recall, for years the government and churches have denied liability and downplayed the nature and extent of the schools.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The author's empathy response (desire to hug kids) is not wrong but will not contribute to decolonizing change.

“I do not think this is a wrong response, but neither is it going to contribute to decolonizing change.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

In reworking our own narratives, witnessing enacts the Indigenous principle of reciprocity.

“In reworking our own narratives, witnessing particularly enacts the Indigenous principle of reciprocity.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Typical accounts of witnessing and testimony rely on ideas of compassion and empathy; the TRC was no exception.

“However, typical accounts of witnessing and testimony rely on ideas of compassion and empathy.In this, the TRC was no exception.”

• cites Robinson 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

The TRC missed an important teaching and learning opportunity by sanitizing the highlights reel.

“Here, the TRC missed an important teaching and learning opportunity.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

The listener experiences struggles of their own in acting as witness to the trauma witness.

“The listener will also experience struggles of his or her own in the process of acting as witness to the trauma witness (storyteller).”

• cites Iseke 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Powerful emotions are an important starting point but by themselves insufficient.

“Powerful emotions-fear, anxiety, love-are an important starting point but are by themselves insufficient.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The story provided an important counter-narrative to public perceptions that students were passive victims who continue to lack the capacity for self-determination.

“It provided an important counter-narrative to public perceptions that students were passive victims who continue to lack the capacity for self-determination.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

This process thereby nurtures the possibility in settler witnesses of active responses that disrupt or dismantle colonial structures in order to secure Indigenous futurity.

“This process thereby nurtures the possibility in settler witnesses of active responses that disrupt or dismantle colonial structures in order to secure Indigenous futurity.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Colonial genocide extends beyond cultural destruction to include the forcible transfer of children, ontological destruction, gender-based sexual violence, and land and environment.

“In this essay, I tend to use the TRC's terminology, but here acknowledge that colonial genocide extends beyond cultural destruction to include the forcible transfer of children (Genocide Convention), ontological destruction(Woolford 2009), genderbased sexual violence (NIMMIWG 2019), and land and environment, as per Indigenous cosmologies (seeMacDonald, 2019).”

• cites Woolford 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites NIMMIWG 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites MacDonald 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The TRC could and did serve as a catalyst for the ongoing unsettling of colonial beliefs and attitudes and the restorying of settler narratives in response to what was witnessed.

“But it could and did serve as a catalyst for the ongoing unsettling of colonial beliefs and attitudes and the restorying of settler narratives in response to what was witnessed.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Fredda's stories invoke the 'truth/ respect/trust relationship' which develops between story, storytelling, and the listener.

“For me, Fredda's stories also invoke the”

• cites Archibald 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Survivance stories actively reject genocide, cultural domination, and images of passive and dysfunctional victims.

“Survivance stories actively reject genocide, cultural domination, and images of passive and dysfunctional victims.”

• cites Vizenor 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

This learning invites us to think about the ways in which settler society and Crown sovereignty-to reverse the problematic language of Van der Peet-needs to reconcile with Indigenous presence.

“This learning invites us to think about the ways in which settler society and Crown sovereignty-to reverse the problematic language of Van der Peet-needs to reconcile with Indigenous presence.”

• cites Van der PeetNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

We may need to search out testimonials that occur outside of the TRC's temporal and other constraints in order to witness the ways that survivors and their communities live in time.

“Thus, we may need to search out testimonials that occur outside of the TRC's temporal and other constraints in order to witness the ways that survivors and their communities live in time.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The TRC's temporal and other constraints limit witnessing.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Affective and embodied impact of survivor testimony has the potential to spark longer-term processes of affective learning.

“This is because affective and embodied impact of survivor testimony has the potential to spark longer-term processes of affective learning.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The TRC was a complex, polymorphous institution with its own learning curves and evolutions in the undertaking of a massive set of tasks amidst competing discursive frameworks and political agendas.

“The TRC was a complex, polymorphous institution with its own learning curves and evolutions in the undertaking of a massive set of tasks amidst competing discursive frameworks and political agendas.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

We now have the advantage of watching survivor testimony while bearing in mind the TRC's substantive Calls to Action.

“Furthermore, we now have the advantage of watching survivor testimony while bearing in mind the TRC's substantive Calls to Action.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The TRC's Calls to Action are substantive and relevant.

Probably not a substantial claim.

The intersubjectivity of witnessing is lost when survivors' experiences are engaged with as objects in an archive.

“The intersubjectivity of witnessing is lost, as Robinson cautions, when survivors' experiences”

• cites Robinson 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Constitution is interpreted as only protecting traditional land uses-hunting, fishing, trapping-and not, for example, the establishment of gambling activities on reserve land.

“Thus, the Constitution is interpreted as only protecting traditional land useshunting, fishing, trappingand not, for example, the establishment of gambling activities on reserve land.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Online testimony in the TRC archive has a frozen-in-time nature.

“This raises some challenging questions about the frozen-in-time nature of online testimony in the TRC archive.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

If such learning moves us to widen the concept of humanity beyond our own image, this potentially lessens one of the risks of empathy, superficial recognition of the 'other'.

“If such learning moves us to widen the concept of humanity beyond our own image, this potentially lessens one of the risks of empathy, superficial recognition of the”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Although survivor testimony is susceptible to cooptation into colonial narratives of closure and fixing the Indian problem, survivors disrupted the colonial narrative in myriad ways, including through practices of Indigenous storytelling.

“Although survivor testimony is susceptible to cooptation into colonial narratives of closure and fixing the Indian problem, survivors disrupted the colonial narrative in myriad ways, including through practices of Indigenous storytelling.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Fredda may not be the only survivor unaware of the online testimony.

“I suspect Fredda may not be the only survivor unaware of the online testimony.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The living tree doctrine holds that the Constitution must be read in a broad and progressive manner that keeps up with the times.

“(The living tree doctrine holds that the Constitution must be read in a broad and progressive manner that keeps up with the times.)”

Probably not a substantial claim.

This is a relational and holistic form of knowledge, born of connections within the world that provide a tie between the past and 'continuity with future generations'.

“This is a relational and holistic form of knowledge, born of connections within the world that provide a tie between the past and”

• cites Kovach 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Survivor stories of residential school will continue to play an important role in the ongoing work of decolonization.

“Survivor stories of residential school will continue to play an important role in the ongoing the work of decolonization.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In so doing, we move ourselves and settler society beyond colonial modes of recognition.

“In so doing, we move ourselves and settler society beyond colonial modes of recognition.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

These stories keep culture, spirituality, and family and community ties alive, joining the past to the future through oral tradition and the cyclical, intergenerational temporality of Indigenous knowledges.

“These stories keep culture, spirituality, and family and community ties alive, joining the past to the future through oral tradition and the cyclical, intergenerational temporality of Indigenous knowledges.”