The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 60 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The Internet has become a major component to health care and has important implications for the future of the health care system. One of the most notable aspects of the Web is its ability to provide efficient, interactive, and tailored content to the user. Given the wide reach and extensive capabilities of the Internet, researchers in behavioral medicine have been using it to develop and deliver interactive and comprehensive treatment programs with the ultimate goal of impacting patient behavior and reducing unwanted symptoms. To date, however, many of these interventions have not been grounded in theory or developed from behavior change models, and no overarching model to explain behavior change in Internet interventions has yet been published. PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to propose a model to help guide future Internet intervention development and predict and explain behavior changes and symptom improvement produced by Internet interventions. RESULTS: The model purports that effective Internet interventions produce (and maintain) behavior change and symptom improvement via nine nonlinear steps: the user, influenced by environmental factors, affects website use and adherence, which is influenced by support and website characteristics. Website use leads to behavior change and symptom improvement through various mechanisms of change. The improvements are sustained via treatment maintenance. CONCLUSION: By grounding Internet intervention research within a scientific framework, developers can plan feasible, informed, and testable Internet interventions, and this form of treatment will become more firmly established.
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Claims the paper makes
84 Own interpretation · 31 Not checked yet · 1 Sources not found · 1 No basis given
In the paper
“The environment can provide support or serve as a barrier to individuals implementing a self-help treatment program [22].”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Environment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Glasgow RE, Eakin EG. Issues in diabetes self-management. In: Shumaker SA, Schron EB, Ockene JK, McBee WL, eds. The Handbook of Health Behavior Change. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; 1998: 435.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the Internet intervention model, environmental factors, similar to Glasgow’s “Pyramid of Influences,” [22] can impact each component of the model in potentially significant ways.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Environment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Glasgow RE, Eakin EG. Issues in diabetes self-management. In: Shumaker SA, Schron EB, Ockene JK, McBee WL, eds. The Handbook of Health Behavior Change. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; 1998: 435.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although preliminary research has demonstrated the importance of some of these elements [24–26], additional work is necessary to determine the best use of each.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Ritterband LM, Cox DJ, Gordon T, et al. The inclusion of audio, graphics, and interactivity in an internet intervention for pediatric encopresis. Child Health Care. 2006; 35: 47-59. source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Danaher BG, Boles SM, Akers L, Gordon JS, Severson HH. Defining participant exposure measures in web-based health behavior change programs. J Med Internet Res. 2006; 8: e15. source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Hurling R, Fairley BW, Dias MB. Internet-based exercise intervention systems: Are more interactive designs better? Psychol Health. 2006; 21: 757-772. source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Behavior change is also affected by environmental factors; family and the community can shape behaviors through positive or negative reinforcement.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Environment
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, determining an optimal set of elements is complicated by the wide range of intervention types, patient populations, computing systems, and technologies as different elements of varying degrees will likely be necessary depending on the program focus area.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Symptom improvement can be influenced by changes in the user’s surroundings that help to reduce significant symptoms.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Environment
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some of the characteristics are fixed and cannot be manipulated, such as age or gender, but many can be modified (e.g., cognitive factors, beliefs and attitudes, and skills).”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > User Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, interventions can be tailored based on an individual user’s characteristics.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > User Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Environmental factors can influence user characteristics by shaping a user’s knowledge or motivation to use this treatment approach.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Environment
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Problematic sleep symptoms can be reduced if environmental triggers are identified and corrected.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Environment
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 64
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We hypothesize that effective Internet intervention programs will produce change in behaviors and reduce unwanted symptoms (as well as maintain improvement) via the following steps: the user, influenced by environmental factors, affects website use and adherence, which is influenced by support and website characteristics. Website use leads to behavior change via different mechanisms of change (e.g”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Rosenstock IM. Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Educ Monogr. 1974; 2: 328-335. source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. The transtheoretical approach. In: Norcross JC, Goldfried MR, eds. Handbook of Psychotherapy Integration. New York: Basic Books; 1992: 300-334.
- Not checked yetcites [14] Lefebvre RC, Rochlin L. Social marketing. In: Glanz K, Lewis FM, Rimer B, eds. Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1997: 384-402.
- Not checked yetcites [15] Miller NE, Dollard J. Social Learning and Imitation. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1941.
- Not checked yetcites [16] Matarazzo JD, Weiss SM, Herd JA, Miller NE, Weiss SM, eds. Behavioral Health: A Handbook of Health Enhancement and Disease Prevention. New York: Wiley; 1984.
- Not checked yetcites [17] Casmir FL, ed. Building communication theories: A socio/cultural approach. Hillsdale: Erlbaum; 1994.
- Not checked yetcites [18] Fisher JD, Fisher WA. The information-motivation-behavioral skills model. In: DiClemente R, Crosby R, Kegler M, eds. Emerging Theories in Health Promotion Practice and Research. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Jossey Bass; 2002: 40-70.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Website use leads to behavior change via different mechanisms of change (e.g., knowledge and motivation).”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This will, in part, dictate the program’s appeal to the user.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which is influenced by support and website characteristics”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“which is influenced by support and website characteristics.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“treatment maintenance helps users maintain these gains.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Change mechanisms can be influenced by the support of the user’s school; for example, within a weight loss intervention, a school lunch program that makes nutritious lunches available can affect the motivation of obese children.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Environment
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, laws restricting smoking can enhance smoking cessation outcomes [23].”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Environment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Biener L, Abrams DB, Follick MJ, Dean L. A comparative evaluation of a restrictive smoking policy in a general hospital. Am J Public Health. 1989; 79: 192-195. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In fact, these user characteristics may serve as predictor variables [20, 21] or be targeted for change along with the identified problem.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > User Characteristics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Magee JC, Ritterband LM, Thorndike FP, Cox DJ, Borowitz SM. Exploring the relationship between parental worry about their child’s health and usage of an Internet intervention for pediatric encopresis. J Pediatr Psychol. 2009; 34: 530-538. source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Tercyak KP, Abraham AA, Graham AL, Wilson LD, Walker LR. Association of multiple behavioral risk factors with adolescents’ willingness to engage in eHealth promotion. J Pediatr Psychol. 2009; 34: 457-469. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Behavior change impacts physiology and target behaviors to bring about symptom improvement”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the user, influenced by environmental factors, affects website use and adherence”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“the user, influenced by environmental factors, affects website use and adherence, which is influenced by support and website characteristics.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These elements dictate the development and use of an Internet intervention.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Connections between environment and other components of the model can be identified, measured, and evaluated to provide critical information regarding the overall impact of the environment.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Environment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Some researchers have already begun conducting these important deconstruction studies with computer and Internet-based programs [31–33]”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Greist JH, Marks IM, Baer L, et al. Behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder guided by a computer or by a clinician compared with relaxation as a control. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002; 63: 138-145. source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Wright J, Wright A, Albano AM, et al. Computer-assisted cognitive therapy for depression: Maintaining efficacy while reducing therapist time. Am J Psychiatry. 2005; 162: 1158-1164. source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. A randomized trial comparing human e-mail counseling, computer-automated tailored counseling, and no counseling in an Internet weight loss program. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166: 1620-1625. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There is research indicating that external support of the application may improve adherence and outcomes for many disorders [33, 47, 50]; however, this is not always found to be the case [48, 49]”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Support
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Tate DF, Jackvony EH, Wing RR. A randomized trial comparing human e-mail counseling, computer-automated tailored counseling, and no counseling in an Internet weight loss program. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166: 1620-1625. source
- Not checked yetcites [47] Spek V, Cuijpers P, Nyklicek I, Riper H, Keyzer J, Pop V. Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2007; 37: 319-328. source
- Not checked yetcites [50] Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Korten AE, Brittliffe K, Groves C. A comparison of changes in anxiety and depression symptoms of spontaneous users and trial participants of a cognitive behavior therapy website. J Med Internet Res. 2004; 6: e46. source
- Not checked yetcites [48] Andersson G, Lundström P, Ström L. Internet-based treatment of headache: Does telephone contact add anything? Headache. 2003; 43: 353-361. source
- Not checked yetcites [49] Klein B, Austin D, Pier C, et al. Internet-based treatment for panic disorder: Does frequency of therapist contact make a difference? Cogn Behav Ther. 2009; 38: 100-113. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although this issue may seem unimportant, appearance may be critical as it likely encourages initial (and continued) use of the website and may increase overall engagement.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Usage is affected by the user characteristics, environmental factors, the actual website, and support.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website Use
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, there is a huge need for psychological services for the treatment of insomnia, a significant health problem with one third of the adult population reporting symptoms of insomnia and approximately 10% meeting diagnostic criteria for an insomnia disorder [53–56].”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Symptom Improvement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Ford DE, Kamerow DB. Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders, an opportunity for prevention? JAMA. 1989; 262: 1479-1484. source
- Not checked yetcites [54] Mellinger GD, Balter MB, Uhlenhuth EH. Insomnia and its treatment. Prevalence and correlates. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985; 42: 225-232. source
- Not checked yetcites [55] Ohayon MM. Epidemiology of insomnia: What we know and what we still need to learn. Sleep Med Rev. 2002; 6: 97-111. source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Simon GE, VonKorff M. Prevalence, burden, and treatment of insomnia in primary care. Am J Psychiatry. 1997; 154: 1417-1423. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Symptom improvement (and then maintenance of these gains) is the goal of most Internet interventions.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Symptom Improvement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While some interventions are purely self-guided applications, other researchers have developed semi-self-guided applications that require clinician assistance.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Symptom Improvement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“People may approach and use Internet interventions differently than any other form of treatment, and it is critical to take into consideration user expectations [45].”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website Use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Christensen H, Mackinnon A. The law of attrition revisited. J Med Internet Res. 2006; 8: e20. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Internet intervention model lends itself to testing the impact of adherence on behavior change, as well as testing how other factors influence adherence.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website Use
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The elements of personalization and tailoring are critical to Internet interventions and could be considered some of the primary elements distinguishing Internet interventions from other self-help programs.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Identifying which core components of treatment are necessary for everyone, as well as determining which additional modules are needed by only some users, can help provide treatments that are more efficient, effective, and relevant.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Support also directly impacts the development of the system (website), as this component needs to be implemented into the design of the application.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Support
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These are hypothesized to impact user engagement and other mechanisms of change, including acquisition of knowledge and motivation.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Costs must also be considered [9] as the incorporation of any support increases the time, effort, and finances to implement an Internet intervention and can significantly reduce the ability to disseminate this type of intervention on any grand scale.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Support
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Tate DF, Finkelstein EA, Khavjou O, Gustafson A. Cost effectiveness of Internet interventions: Review and recommendations. Ann Behav Med. 2009. doi: 10.1007/s12160-009-9131-6 . source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to note that many of the user characteristics can be modified through intervention use and serve as mechanisms of change.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Mechanisms of Change
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These prescriptions are part of the treatment and are also designed to increase commitment and boost adherence.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some researchers have been incorporating personalized e-mails and telephone support as methods of increasing adherence [47–49].”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website Use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Spek V, Cuijpers P, Nyklicek I, Riper H, Keyzer J, Pop V. Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2007; 37: 319-328. source
- Not checked yetcites [48] Andersson G, Lundström P, Ström L. Internet-based treatment of headache: Does telephone contact add anything? Headache. 2003; 43: 353-361. source
- Not checked yetcites [49] Klein B, Austin D, Pier C, et al. Internet-based treatment for panic disorder: Does frequency of therapist contact make a difference? Cogn Behav Ther. 2009; 38: 100-113. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Users may expect to complete a limited subset of a program to satisfy their needs, whereas other users may plan and need to complete the full treatment offered.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website Use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Christensen H, Mackinnon A. The law of attrition revisited. J Med Internet Res. 2006; 8: e20. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It likely also further engages the user and may increase the individual’s desire to use the system.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The application should, however, meet some minimum requirements of effectiveness [9].”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Symptom Improvement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Tate DF, Finkelstein EA, Khavjou O, Gustafson A. Cost effectiveness of Internet interventions: Review and recommendations. Ann Behav Med. 2009. doi: 10.1007/s12160-009-9131-6 . source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Given that there is a significant amount of misinformation on the Internet [34], providing accurate, clear, and simple information is critical to creating and delivering efficacious applications that will be well-received.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Eysenbach G, Powell J, Kuss O, Sa ER. Empirical studies assessing the quality of health information for consumers on the World Wide Web: A systematic review. JAMA. 2002; 287: 2691-2700. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Behavior change is typically necessary for the symptoms to improve.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Behavior Change
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without human involvement, Internet interventions can serve as many people as the computer servers are scaled to support.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Support
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regardless of the delivery mechanism, users approach the intervention with a set of user characteristics, and use of that intervention is shaped by various influences including the environment and support.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website Use
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Obviously, the symptoms are specific to the problem and treatment application.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Symptom Improvement
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, behavior change and symptom improvement occur via various mechanisms of change.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website Use
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Testing also provides a method to teach (or highlight) specific content that can be presented through the use of multiple choice or true/false questions with corrective feedback.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each of these elements provide a different way of delivering content that may impact use of the system due to the individual’s engagement, usability, and enjoyment of the program, as well as potentially impacting specific mechanisms of change.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the needs of external support are reduced, the reach of Internet interventions exponentially increases.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Support
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Providing feedback can serve as a significant form of reinforcement.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the ultimate measure of success of most Internet interventions is symptom improvement, this is usually dictated by the occurrence of behavior change.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Behavior Change
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reinforcement is utilized to help motivate the user to learn and progress through the program.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The benefits of such a system, including widespread use and accessibility, may far outweigh reduced effectiveness compared to the gold standard.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Symptom Improvement
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Given these different uses of an Internet intervention, it is much more difficult to make sense of usage data, as someone who appears to be a “dropout” or nonadherent user may actually be someone who obtained “success” with a low treatment dose [45].”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website Use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Christensen H, Mackinnon A. The law of attrition revisited. J Med Internet Res. 2006; 8: e20. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Behavioral contracts, concerning what the patient is willing to do (and when), and written instructions are known to enhance behavior change [27].”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Website
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Cox DJ, Tisdelle DA, Culbert JP. Increasing adherence to behavioral homework assignments. J Behav Med. 1988; 11: 519-522. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, it is possible that environmental influences impact users after they have begun using the system, thus potentially impacting users’ adherence midway through the program.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Conclusion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The model for Internet interventions proposes that individuals approach an Internet intervention with a set of user characteristics that are influenced by environmental factors.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The user characteristics in turn impact their use of the website.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Website use is also influenced by website characteristics, adherence to the site, and support offered by the program to assist users in their use of the intervention.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, user characteristics may predict use of the website, as well as ultimate symptom improvement, and evaluating these user variables (e.g., disease severity, readiness for change) could help future developers tailor the intervention accordingly.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Evaluation of the Internet Intervention Model
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The environment affects all components of the model, and measuring these influences is important to understanding the impact of the environment on the user, usage of the system, change mechanisms, changing of behaviors, symptom improvement, and treatment maintenance.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Evaluation of the Internet Intervention Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Examining website use is another distinctive aspect to the model, potentially providing the most meaningful information to researchers, clinicians, and users.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Evaluation of the Internet Intervention Model
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measurement indicates that each component, area, and element of the model can be examined and measured.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Evaluation of the Internet Intervention Model
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, relapse prevention can be used to avert deterioration and maintain successes and can be used to enhance the maintenance of behavior change and symptom improvements [59].”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Treatment Maintenance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Marlatt GA, George WH. Relapse prevention and the maintenance of optimal health. In: Shumaker SA, Schron EB, Ockene JK, McBee WL, eds. The Handbook of Health Behavior Change. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; 2004: 33-58.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While not unique to Internet interventions, it is critical to also measure the mechanisms of change, behavior change, symptom improvement, and treatment maintenance components to determine the ability of Internet interventions to deliver effective treatments.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Evaluation of the Internet Intervention Model
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To clarify, the model depicts a recurrent cyclical process.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Conclusion > Limitations
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relapse prevention information is incorporated in order to help the user reduce the possibility of problems returning and develop plans to address future problems should they occur.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Treatment Maintenance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By drawing on multiple disciplines and previously established theories and models, this model enables us to conceptualize, identify, and measure the factors likely to contribute to behavior change (and symptom improvement) in Internet interventions.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Conclusion > Implications of the Model
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The usefulness of any model is determined by how well it can be evaluated, and the current model and its components can be operationalized and measured in numerous ways.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Evaluation of the Internet Intervention Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treatment success is maintained through relapse prevention.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the model is an oversimplification of how Internet interventions produce behavior change.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Conclusion > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Building in ways of addressing problems with adherence, such as stepped care approaches, and measuring the resulting changes in adherence can provide information and understanding that reaches beyond that of treatment programs delivered via the Internet.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Evaluation of the Internet Intervention Model
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite this linear depiction, however, the model is not conceptualized as a unidirectional process. Instead, steps can be repeated or even occur out of order.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Conclusion > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The model then predicts that website use leads to behavior change via various mechanisms of change and that the behavior changes result in symptom improvement.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > The Internet Intervention Model > Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the mechanisms of change, behavior change, and symptom improvement may all have an impact on user characteristics which in turn continue to affect these processes.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Conclusion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dismantling the program and determining which treatment elements help result in positive change should lead to more efficient yet still highly effective programs utilizing only the necessary ingredients.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Evaluation of the Internet Intervention Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This model extends our knowledge about the development, testing, and usage of Internet interventions and has both important clinical and research implications.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Conclusion > Implications of the Model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This model of Internet interventions helps identify the various components of an Internet intervention and presents the relationships among the various components in an effort to explain and predict behavior change and symptom improvement across interventions.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Conclusion > Implications of the Model
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Internet intervention model enables the field to do just that.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Conclusion > Implications of the Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Determining which aspects of a treatment application are utilized may uncover the most helpful aspects of treatment.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Evaluation of the Internet Intervention Model
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The usefulness of any model is determined by how well it can be evaluated, and the current model and its components can be operationalized and measured in numerous ways.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Evaluation of the Internet Intervention Model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measuring the associated support component will contribute to a greater understanding of usage and adjunctive assistance.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Evaluation of the Internet Intervention Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Users will continue to use the Internet intervention even as they change behaviors and experience symptom improvement, which will cause changes in their user characteristics, which will impact their continued use of the system, and so on.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Conclusion > Limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is critical for clinicians and researchers to understand how health behavior changes and to transform that knowledge about behavior into useful strategies for health enhancement [11].”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Conclusion > Implications of the Model
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [11] Glanz K, Lewis F, Rimer B. Linking theory, research, and practice. In: Glanz K, Lewis F, Rimer B, eds. Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1997: 19-35.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although evaluating different aspects of the website (e.g., color, layout, organization) is a time-intensive undertaking, it is essential in helping to predict and explain behavior change via Internet interventions.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Evaluation of the Internet Intervention Model
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although simplification encourages understanding and facilitates use, such brevity fails to capture all aspects of intervention processes.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Conclusion > Limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, some elements will need to be incorporated into all Internet interventions (e.g., understandable content); however, different elements (and varying amounts of these elements) will be necessary for diverse treatments and populations.”
§ A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions > Evaluation of the Internet Intervention Model
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Many Internet interventions have not been grounded in theory or developed from behavior change models.
“To date, however, many of these interventions have not been grounded in theory or developed from behavior change models”
The paper relies on this without support.
No overarching model to explain behavior change in Internet interventions has yet been published.
“and no overarching model to explain behavior change in Internet interventions has yet been published.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There has been no published theoretical model underlying these programs.
“Although there has been a recent proliferation of Internet health interventions [1, 4, 10], there has been no published theoretical model underlying these programs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
We are unaware of literature documenting how technology, specifically the Internet, can be used to promote behavior change and subsequent symptom improvement with an underlying theoretical model.
“Although various books provide recommendations for effective website design [19], we are unaware of literature documenting how technology, specifically the Internet, can be used to promote behavior change and subsequent symptom improvement with an underlying theoretical model.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Feasibility and efficacy data have been established in Internet intervention research, but true effectiveness studies are needed.
“While feasibility and efficacy data have been established in Internet intervention research, true effectiveness studies are needed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Any type of prevention or treatment program can fit within the website and website use components of the model.
“In a sense, the website and website use components of this model could be considered a “black box” in that any type of prevention or treatment program could fit here.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Practitioners recommended incorporating vignettes featuring parents and children with EBSA, as they enhance knowledge retention, and motivation (Ritterband et al., 2009).”
From Intervention for school anxiety and absenteeism in children (ISAAC): Co-designing a brief parent-focused intervention for emotionally-based school avoidance. (2024) · cites this paper as Ritterband et al., 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“It is believed that the quality and design of websites can influence adherence and outcomes (24), although this belief has generally not been rigorously tested.”
From Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research in mental health (2013) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“However, little is known about the fundamental experience of participating in an Internet-based intervention, and even less is known about the dimensions through which this experience engages a participant’s mental health.”
From Adolescent and parent experiences with a primary care/Internet-based depression prevention intervention (CATCH-IT) (2011) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“with the added benefits of convenience, privacy, and providing clinicians with the ability to provide a full-spectrum of care to patients even in remote areas [29; 48].”
From Internet-enhanced management of fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial (2010) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Patients also benefit as they can access self-management information in private and at their own convince over the long term–which is an important consideration when managing a condition that by definition is chronic [48].”
From Internet-enhanced management of fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial (2010) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Our BIT model extends the Ritterband model [5] by including the intentions of the developer and by increasing the level of granularity.”
From The Behavioral Intervention Technology Model: An Integrated Conceptual and Technological Framework for eHealth and mHealth Interventions (2014) · cites this paper as [5]
Citations
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“Mechanisms of change bring about the desired behavior change and ultimate symptom improvement, functioning as the catalysts for transformation [51].”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 590
Kahl, B. L., Miller, H. M., Cairns, K., Giniunas, H., & Nicholas, M. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/21280 · Cited by 31
“Third, they are able to deliver a service experience that is tailored to the needs and preferences of each individual young person through personalization [21].”
Friederichs, S. A. H., Oenema, A., Bolman, C. A. W., & Lechner, L. (2016) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2016.1151018 · Cited by 36
Radomski, A. D., Bagnell, A., Curtis, S., Hartling, L., & Newton, A. S. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/15795 · Cited by 30
“Such evaluations may reveal how the user experience changes over time, how it can be optimized [89], and how to improve the accuracy of collected data on the user experience (eg, reduce recall bias and link user experience domains to specific program sessions).”
Finlay, A., Wittert, G., & Short, C. E. (2018) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-018-0694-8 · Cited by 32
Tan-MacNeill, K. M., Smith, I. M., Weiss, S. K., Johnson, S. A., Chorney, J. M. L., Constantin, E., Shea, S. E., Hanlon‐Dearman, A., Brown, C. A., Godbout, R., et al. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103573 · Cited by 34
White, M., Stinson, J., Lingley‐Pottie, P., McGrath, P. J., Gill, N., & Vijenthira, A. (2012) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2011.0150 · Cited by 30
“O ver the past decade, a substantial effort has been made by researchers across the world to harness the power of the Internet to create online prevention, treatment, and management programs.(1,2) Interventions based on effective face-to-face cognitive-behavioral interventions are increasingly being transformed for de…”
Communicative aspects of decision aids for localized prostate cancer treatment – A systematic review
Vromans, R., van Eenbergen, M. C. H. J., Pauws, S. C., Geleijnse, G., van der Poel, H. G., van de Poll-Franse, L. V., & Krahmer, E. (2019) · Urologic Oncology Seminars and Original Investigations · doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2019.04.005 · Cited by 30
Bremer, V., Chow, P. I., Funk, B., Thorndike, F. P., & Ritterband, L. M. (2020) · doi:10.2196/preprints.17738 · Cited by 29
“They often feature content that is administered over time as users complete tasks or components of the intervention, typically over several weeks or months [17-20].”
BackgroundSelf-citationIntroduction to the Special Issue: eHealth in Pediatric Psychology
Ritterband, L. M., & Palermo, T. M. (2009) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsp008 · Cited by 29
“Although the reduction and ultimate elimination of these health disparities has been identified as a major public health goal (Satcher, 2000), these health disparities remain a steady trend in the US health system.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBendig, E., Erb, B., Meißner, E., Bauereiß, N., & Baumeister, H. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100377 · Cited by 24
“…psychological paradigms require at least some sort of affect management, identifying, labelling and disclosing emotions (Smyth and Helm, 2003; Smyth et al., 2008) might be a key requirement for the effectiveness of a software agent delivering a psychological intervention (Ritterband et al., 2009).”
BackgroundLau, A. Y., Proudfoot, J., Andrews, A., Liaw, S.-T., Crimmins, J., Arguel, A., & Coiera, E. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2414 · Cited by 28
Thenral, M., & Annamalai, A. (2020) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/0253717620952160 · Cited by 29
“Technological features include videocon-ference, telephone, and messaging systems, 61,62 web-based interactions, 63,64 mobile phone technologies, 65 networking via social media and group discussions, 66 simulated people and places, 67 and internet games.”
BackgroundPathak, L. E., Aguilera, A., Williams, J. J., Lyles, C. R., Hernandez-Ramos, R., Miramontes, J., Cemballi, A. G., & Figueroa, C. A. (2021) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/21177 · Cited by 30
“However, the current consensus is that digital interventions should emphasize usability and engagement with content [26] and should be developed with users who are intended to benefit from the intervention [27].”
BackgroundUnderstanding Adolescent Response to a Technology-Based Depression Prevention Program
Gladstone, T., Marko-Holguin, M., Henry, J., Fogel, J., Diehl, A., & Van Voorhees, B. W. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.850697 · Cited by 26
“…core content primarily in text format (Andersson et al., 2005; Christensen et al., 2004), ‘‘behavioral vaccines’’ must be presented at the appropriate reading level, be easy to use and understand, and provide an opportunity for identification and behavior change=adoption (Ritterband et al., 2009).”
BackgroundApolinário-Hagen, J., Hennemann, S., Kück, C., Wodner, A., Geibel, D., Riebschläger, M., Zeißler, M., & Breil, B. (2020) · Health Services Insights · doi:10.1177/1178632920911061 · Cited by 26
Pilot study of Internet-based early intervention for combat-related mental distress
Voorhees, B. W. V., Gollan, J. K., & Fogel, J. (2012) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2011.05.0095 · Cited by 27
“Internet-based interventions can address all these barriers because they are universally distributed; available at any time; and can be delivered privately to avoid stigma, enhance self-efficacy, and minimize negative attitudes toward mental health interventions [14–15].”
BackgroundTeachman, B. A. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691613512659 · Cited by 28
Reinwand, D. A., Kuhlmann, T., Wienert, J., de Vries, H., & Lippke, S. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1081 · Cited by 30
“Computer-based tailored health interventions are a promising tool for multiple behavior change and provide several benefits: patients can take part in the aftercare from home and do not have to travel; patients can participate at their preferred time and it is cost-effective because more people can be reached compared…”
BackgroundWho uses apps in health promotion? A target group analysis of leaders
Bregenzer, A., Wagner-Hartl, V., & Jiménez, P. (2017) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/1460458217738121 · Cited by 27
“In the Internet intervention model, 17 user characteristics include disease, demographics, personality traits, cognitive factors, beliefs and attitudes, physiological factors and skills.”
BackgroundA Mobile Health Coaching Intervention for Controlling Hypertension: Single-Arm Pilot Pre-Post Study
Weerahandi, H. M., Paul, S., Quintiliani, L. M., Chokshi, S. K., & Mann, D. M. (2020) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/13989 · Cited by 26
“Adherence promotion can be designed through several approaches including participant-tailored content, providing real time feedback to the participant, and automated or human support to reinforce the behavior change potential of the digital intervention [13-15].”
BackgroundWinett, R. A., Anderson, E. S., Wojcik, J. R., Winett, S. G., Moore, S., & Blake, C. (2010) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-010-0006-y · Cited by 31
“However, while there are programs showing the viability of Internet weight loss programs [4], from a population perspective, weight gain prevention may be a more attainable goal [5].”
BackgroundInfluentialA Web-Based Intervention to Encourage Walking (StepWise): Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Hargreaves, E. A., Mutrie, N., & Fleming, J. D. (2016) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.4288 · Cited by 31
“Action planning and coping planning help translate intentions into behavior [25] and are important for relapse prevention [17].”
BackgroundPreventing sexual violence in college men: a randomized-controlled trial of GlobalConsent
Yount, K. M., Minh, T., Trang, Q. T., Cheong, Y. F., Bergenfeld, I., & Sales, J. M. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09454-2 · Cited by 26
“Online behavioral-change programs have tended to have larger effects when they have included more behavioral change techniques [73], have delivered content that resonates with the user [74], and have integrated audio, graphics, and interactivity [75].”
BackgroundCustomization versus Personalisation of Digital Health Information
Nguyen, M. H., Bol, N., & King, A. J. (2020) · European Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.47368/ejhc.2020.003 · Cited by 26
“Extant research suggests the way in which health information is presented affects how information is evaluated and processed (Kreuter et al., 2000; Lang, 2006; Ritterband et al., 2009).”
BackgroundGiovanelli, A., Rowe, J., Taylor, M., Berna, M. S., Tebb, K., Penilla, C., Pugatch, M., Lester, J. C., & Ozer, E. M. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/40306 · Cited by 36
Mediators of 12-Month Outcomes of Two Internet Interventions for Youth With Type 1 Diabetes
Jaser, S. S., Whittemore, R., Chao, A., Jeon, S., Faulkner, M. S., & Grey, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jst081 · Cited by 26
“As Ritterband et al. (2009) note, ‘‘testing which mechanisms of change within the model are responsible for bringing about behavior change . . . is critical to Internet intervention research’’ (p. 23).”
BackgroundQualitative evaluation of the SMART2 self-management system for people in chronic pain
Duggan, G. B., Keogh, E., Mountain, G. A., McCullagh, P. J., Leake, J., & Eccleston, C. (2013) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.3109/17483107.2013.845696 · Cited by 26
“Some progress has been made in understanding behaviour change through Internet interventions [12]; however, there is much work still to do, not least in applying clinical knowledge to”
BackgroundAlfonsson, S., Olsson, E. M. G., Linderman, S., Winnerhed, S., & Hursti, T. J. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.01.035 · Cited by 27
A Study of eHealth from the Perspective of Social Sciences
Uribe-Toril, J., Ruiz–Real, J. L., & Soriano, B. J. N. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9020108 · Cited by 27
Nkyekyer, J., Clifford, S. A., Mensah, F. K., Wang, Y., Chiu, L., & Wake, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/23499 · Cited by 25
“Ritterband et al [8] simplified this in their internet intervention model, hypothesizing that behavior change is influenced by the stepwise progression of environmental factors, support, and website characteristics affecting adherence, which then affect behavior change (ie, sustained participant…”
Gunn, K. M., Skaczkowski, G., Dollman, J., Vincent, A. D., Short, C. E., Brumby, S. A., Barrett, A., Harrison, N. J., & Turnbull, D. A. (2022) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/27631 · Cited by 25
“Strategies to improve intervention adherence and effectiveness must also be included (eg, tunneling, personalization, and reminders) [33,67-69].”
BackgroundMethodNijhof, S. L., Bleijenberg, G., Uiterwaal, C. S. P. M., Kimpen, J. L. L., & van de Putte, E. M. (2011) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-11-23 · Cited by 25
“Online treatment can reduce face-to-face treatment barriers (i.e., inconvenience of scheduling appointments, missing school/work, travelling to and from a clinician’s office) [ 36 ,37], increase adherence [38] and reduce treatment time and costs [37].”
BackgroundLewallen, A. C., Owen, J. E., Bantum, E. O., & Stanton, A. L. (2014) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3477 · Cited by 27
Health Behavior Theory to Enhance eHealth Intervention Research in HIV: Rationale and Review
Simoni, J. M., Ronen, K., & Aunon, F. M. (2018) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-018-0418-8 · Cited by 29
Raaff, C., Glazebrook, C., & Wharrad, H. J. (2014) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/1472-6947-14-8 · Cited by 24
Engagement with a Social Networking Intervention for Cancer-Related Distress
Owen, J. E., Bantum, E. O., Gorlick, A., & Stanton, A. L. (2014) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-014-9643-6 · Cited by 24
Embedding lifestyle interventions into cancer care: has telehealth narrowed the equity gap?
Dennett, A. M., Hirko, K. A., Porter, K., Loh, K. P., Liao, Y., Yang, L., Arem, H. E., Sukumar, J. S., & Salerno, E. A. (2023) · JNCI Monographs · doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgac028 · Cited by 24
Marsac, M. L., Winston, F. K., Hildenbrand, A. K., Kohser, K. L., March, S., Kenardy, J. A., & Kassam‐Adams, N. (2014) · Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1037/cpp0000080 · Cited by 24
“Following the recommendations of Winston and Jacobsohn (2010) and Ritterband et al. (2009), we developed a program theory model to outline our conceptualization of the hypothesized mechanisms of action linking Coping Coach’s specific features to its overarching goals (see Figure 1).”
As Facts and Chats Go Online, What Is Important for Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes?
Nordfeldt, S., Ängarne-Lindberg, T., Nordwall, M., Ekberg, J., & Berterö, C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067659 · Cited by 24
“Implications Clinical implementation of Internet-mediated information and support for young people with T1DM need to make use of the rapid developments of the web and the wider world [17,19,20,42,43,44].”
BackgroundGieselmann, A., & Pietrowsky, R. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.03.024 · Cited by 27
Giosan, C., Cobeanu, O., Mogoaşe, C., Szentagotai, A., Mureşan, V., & Boian, R. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1960-1 · Cited by 23
“The app incorporates an attractive design in both the visual presentation and flow of activities [27, 28].”
BackgroundEmpowered with Movement to Prevent Obesity & Weight Regain (EMPOWER): Design and methods
Fanning, J. T., Opina, M. T. D., Leng, I., Lyles, M. F., Nicklas, B. J., & Rejeski, W. J. (2018) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2018.07.010 · Cited by 24
Zetterqvist, V., Gentili, C., Rickardsson, J., Sörensen, I., & Wicksell, R. K. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa060 · Cited by 23
Yount, K. M., Bergenfeld, I., Anderson, K. M., Trang, Q. T., Sales, J. M., Cheong, Y. F., & Minh, T. H. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115402 · Cited by 23
Huguet, A., Stinson, J., MacKay, B., Watters, C. R., Tougas, M. E., White, M., & McGrath, P. J. (2014) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/2014/631638 · Cited by 22
“Table 3 shows recommendations on how the application program should be developed and its functions, taking into consideration user perspectives and using the Ritterband et al (23) model as a framework.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialde Bruin, E. J., & Meijer, A. M. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.05.017 · Cited by 24
“Furthermore, two studies that used fully automated tailored guidance showed that an animated virtual therapist, or automated e-mails and algorithm-based bedtime advice, could be as effective as guidance by an actual online therapist (Espie et al., 2012; Ritterband et al., 2009b).”
BackgroundInternet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803457-6.00021-0 · Cited by 26
Voorhees, B. W. V., Gladstone, T. R. G., Cordel, S. L., Marko-Holguin, M., Beardslee, W. R., Kuwabara, S. A., Kaplan, M. A., Fogel, J., Diehl, A., Hansen, C., et al. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.07.004 · Cited by 22
“Some emphasize the content and importance of taking into account the psychological factors that influence health outcomes (Ritterband et al., 2009), while others focus on the factors related directly to the websites, that impact the “user experience” (Crutzen et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPredicting Student Success in Online Physical Education
Goad, T., Jones, E. M., Bulger, S. M., Daum, D. N., Hollett, N., & Elliott, E. M. (2020) · American Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.1080/08923647.2020.1829254 · Cited by 28
“Ritterband et al. (2009) describe user characteristics (i.e. gender, age, ethnicity, etc.) as fixed; however, we posit they can still be influenced by environmental factors such as family, friends, employer, school, or societal-level influences such as social media, policy, and other cultural…”
BackgroundInfluentialBaumel, A. (2022) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-022-00245-7 · Cited by 22
“Behavioral and mental health interventions are developed based on a theoretical understanding that the incorporation of targeted therapeutic activities can function as a mechanism of change leading to clinical outcomes (e.g., Abraham & Michie, 2008; Mohr et al., 2013; Ritterband et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPilot Testing an Internet‐Based STI and HIV Prevention Intervention With Chilean Women
Villegas, N., Santisteban, D. A., Cianelli, R., Ferrer, L., Ambrosia, T., Peragallo, N. P., & Lara, L. (2014) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12114 · Cited by 22
Kuosmanen, T., Fleming, T. M., & Barry, M. M. (2017) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.11.032 · Cited by 23
Salwen‐Deremer, J. K., Khan, A., Martin, S. S., Holloway, B. M., & Coughlin, J. W. (2019) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-019-00118-6 · Cited by 20
Testing the Feasibility of DARWeb
Nieto, R., Encuentra, E. H., Boixadós, M., Huguet, A., Beneitez, I., & McGrath, P. J. (2014) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000199 · Cited by 22
Jackson, B. D., Con, D., & Cruz, P. P. D. (2017) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.13677 · Cited by 21
Donker, T., van Klaveren, C., Cornelisz, I., Kok, R. N., & van Gelder, J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9061614 · Cited by 22
Valcarce-Torrente, M., Sanchis, V. J., Gallardo, L., Fernández, J. G., & Planas, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910393 · Cited by 21
“(2009), the use of technology helps to change behavior by improving both technical knowledge and experience towards achieving achievements, a fact that occurs when using the application in the visualization and development of training [36].”
BackgroundThe Behavioral Intervention Technology Model and Intervention Mapping: The Best of Both Worlds
Crutzen, R. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3620 · Cited by 21
“The BIT model was developed based on a review of three design models proposed by Ritterband [2], Fogg [3], and Oinas-Kukkonen [4], and addresses the limitations of these existing design models.”
MethodMcAloon, J., & Beresford, K. D. L. P. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01253-z · Cited by 20
Mohadis, H. M., Ali, N. M., & Smeaton, A. F. (2016) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2016.1211737 · Cited by 20
Williams, V., Brown, N. I., Johnson, R. B., Ainsworth, M. C., Farrell, D. W., Barnes, M. J., Perumean‐Chaney, S. E., Fontaine, K. R., Martin, M. Y., Pekmezi, D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Cancer Education · doi:10.1007/s13187-021-02026-x · Cited by 20
Corbett, T., Walsh, J. C., Groarke, A., Moss-Morris, R., Morrissey, E., & McGuire, B. E. (2017) · JMIR Cancer · doi:10.2196/cancer.6987 · Cited by 18
“In order to ensure that the website was attractive to users, we sought to ensure that a simple, clear design was used [60].”
MethodMobile phone applications to overcome malnutrition among preschoolers: a systematic review
Seyyedi, N., Rahimi, B., Eslamlou, H. R. F., Timpka, T., & Afshar, H. L. (2019) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-019-0803-2 · Cited by 23
He, W., Li, P., Gao, Y., You, J., Chang, J., Qu, X., & Zhang, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.957586 · Cited by 20
“According to the behavior change theory, effective Internet intervention could produce changes in health behaviors via effective Internet use and adherence (16, 17).”
BackgroundHowren, M. B., Liew, J. R., & Christensen, A. J. (2013) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12033 · Cited by 19
The development and initial psychometric validation of the eHealth readiness scale
Bhalla, A., Durham, R. L., Al-Tabaa, N., & Yeager, C. M. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.015 · Cited by 19
Shaffer, K. M., Kennedy, E. D., Glazer, J. V., Clayton, A. H., Cohn, W. F., Millard, T. A., Ritterband, L. M., & Showalter, S. L. (2021) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-021-06302-w · Cited by 19
Self-citationBand, R. J., Barrowclough, C., Caldwell, K., Emsley, R., & Wearden, A. J. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000422 · Cited by 23
Stiles-Shields, C., Ho, J., & Mohr, D. C. (2016) · DIGITAL HEALTH · doi:10.1177/2055207616675706 · Cited by 18
“One example is the Ritterband behavior change model for internet interventions, a generalizable model intended to identify how internet interventions contribute to behavioral change.(34) While the Ritterband model could be extended to technologies outside of the web (e.”
MethodResultBeatty, L., Koczwara, B., Butow, P., Turner, J., Girgis, A., Schofield, P., Hulbert-Williams, N. J., Kaambwa, B., & Kemp, E. (2021) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-021-01019-5 · Cited by 18
“Website development was guided by Ritterband’s internet interventions behaviour change model [9].”
BackgroundMethodMatthews, A., Naran, N., & Kirkby, K. C. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.12.003 · Cited by 18
Heckman, C. J., Darlow, S. D., Munshi, T., Caruso, C., Ritterband, L. M., Raivitch, S., Fleisher, L. G., & Manne, S. L. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.04.003 · Cited by 18
“…on a synthesis of the individual interviews, focus groups, our expertise, and the literature (Barak et al., 2009; Ritterband & Tate, 2009; Ritterband et al., 2009), the multi-disciplinary team collaborated to create the design, modules, and other activities to be included in the web…”
BackgroundSelf-citationDavis, T. L., DiClemente, R. J., & Prietula, M. J. (2020) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/22485 · Cited by 18
“Although a variety of generic approaches (design guides or review recommendations) for integrating technology into behavioral change interventions have been proposed [57-62], a more focused approach was appropriate for this adaptation.”
BackgroundBrodbeck, J., Berger, T., Biesold, N., Rockstroh, F., Schmidt, S. J., & Znoj, H. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/27707 · Cited by 22
Villegas, N., Santisteban, D. A., Cianelli, R., Ferrer, L., Ambrosia, T., Peragallo, N. P., & Lara, L. (2014) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.12080 · Cited by 18
Speth, T. A., Coulombe, J. A., Markovich, A. N., Chambers, C. T., Godbout, R., Gruber, R., Hall, W. A., Reid, G. J., Stremler, R., Weiss, S. K., et al. (2015) · Translational Issues in Psychological Science · doi:10.1037/tps0000016 · Cited by 18
Measurement of Self-Monitoring Web Technology Acceptance and Use in an e-Health Weight-Loss Trial
Ma, J., Xiao, L., & Blonstein, A. C. (2013) · Telemedicine Journal and e-Health · doi:10.1089/tmj.2013.0009 · Cited by 18
“For example, Ritterband et al.(21) conceptualized that Web site use in Internet interventions could be influenced by the combination of user characteristics, environmental factors, Web site characteristics, and user support.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNew Methods of Service Delivery for Children's Mental Health Care
Comer, J. S., Elkins, R. M., Chan, P. T., & Jones, D. J. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394259359.ch5 · Cited by 18
Narrative Review of Web-based Healthy Lifestyle Interventions for Cancer Survivors
Williams, V. (2020) · Annals of Reviews & Research · doi:10.19080/arr.2020.05.555670 · Cited by 17
Design Issues in Personalized Nutrition Advice Systems
de Hoogh, I. M., Reinders, M. J., Doets, E. L., Hoevenaars, F. P. M., & Top, J. L. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/37667 · Cited by 17
“This is a serious shortcoming, as studies show that the way in which message content is processed and remembered greatly depends on how this information is delivered [96,97].”
BackgroundLukka, L., Karhulahti, V., & Palva, J. M. (2023) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/44681 · Cited by 20
“…as psychiatric medication and electroconvulsive therapy affect the nervous system; and independently used interventions such as psychoeducational courses [23] and digital interventions [94] are based on clients acquiring new skills, building motivation, and creating opportunities to change [95].”
Baumel, A., Brandes, O., Brendryen, H., Muench, F. J., Kane, J. M., & Saar, C. R. (2023) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2023.100680 · Cited by 17
“…to address this challenge, over the years, more attention has been given to how mechanisms of action reflected in the software's functions impact program usage, program completion, and the intervention's effectiveness (e.g., (Perski et al., 2016; Ritterband et al., 2009; Graham et al., 2019)).”
BackgroundObesity prevention in defined (high school) populations
Taylor, C. B., Taylor, K. L., Jones, M., Shorter, A., Yee, M. C., Genkin, B., Burrows, A., Kass, A. E., Rizk, M. T., Redman, M., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity Supplements · doi:10.1038/ijosup.2012.8 · Cited by 17
Boekhout, J., Peels, D., Berendsen, B., Bolman, C., & Lechner, L. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/13416 · Cited by 18
“It has been suggested that especially in Web-based interventions, participants may stop using an intervention once they achieve outcomes they consider adequate [73].”
Mbotwa, C. H., Kazaura, M. R., Moen, K., Leshabari, M. T., Metta, E. O., Leyna, G. H., & Mmbaga, E. J. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08245-2 · Cited by 17
“Having used social media applications may mean that a person is electronically savvy and spends more time online and this may increase the likelihood of using mHealth internet-based interventions as proposed in models for online behaviour interventions [54, 55].”
BackgroundDesigning Persuasive Health Behavior Change Interventions
Lehto, T. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1536-7_11 · Cited by 17
“Ritterband et al. ( 2009 ) has conceptualized A Behavior Change Model for Internet Interventions .”
BackgroundBellon-Harn, M. L., & Manachaiah, V. (2021) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v25i2.2204 · Cited by 18
“Effectiveness of this program may not be linked to the guided support as described in Ritterband et al. (2009).”
BackgroundCrosby, E. S., & Witte, T. K. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1953028 · Cited by 19
“54 In addition, the speaking rate in conversations 55 may be slightly slower than the silent reading rate of college students, 56 which may allow for more information to be reviewed in a somewhat shorter amount of time.”
BackgroundUtilisation of Digital Applications for Personal Recovery Amongst Youth with Mental Health Concerns
Dallinger, V. C., Krishnamoorthy, G., du Plessis, C., Pillai‐Sasidharan, A., Ayres, A. C., Waters, L., Groom, Y., Alston, O., Anderson, L., & Burton, L. J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416818 · Cited by 24
“Deductive thematic analysis was used to explore the key characteristics of digital re-sources through the lens of youth MH and recovery as applied to the Model of Internet Intervention [61].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWest, J. H., Hall, C. P., Hanson, C. L., Thackeray, R., Barnes, M., Neiger, B. L., & McIntyre, E. (2011) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2011.10599178 · Cited by 16
Collins, D., Tully, L. A., Piotrowska, P. J., Hawes, D. J., & Dadds, M. R. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.12.002 · Cited by 18
“Disseminating interventions via the internet allows parents to participate at home and in their own time, which can overcome barriers to accessing services due to costs, limited time, and transport difficulties (Ritterband et al., 2009).”
BackgroundCoups, E. J., Manne, S. L., Ohman‐Strickland, P., Hilgart, M. M., Goydos, J. S., Heckman, C. J., Chamorro, P., Rao, B. K., Davis, M., Smith, F. O., et al. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2019.06.014 · Cited by 16
“Project Phase 1: Development and Refinement of the mySmartSkin Intervention Our overall approach to the design, content, and features of the online intervention was guided by best practices in instructional and user-centered design methods [31,32], health communications and website design [33-35], and by Ritterband an…”
MethodSelf-citationKoinis, L., Mobbs, R. J., Fonseka, R. D., & Natarajan, P. (2022) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm-21-6016 · Cited by 17
“This may include cognitive traits, beliefs and demographics (55).”
Internet- und mobilebasierte Intervention bei psychischen Störungen
Paganini, S., Lin, J., Ebert, D. D., & Baumeister, H. (2016) · NeuroTransmitter · doi:10.1007/s15016-016-5393-y · Cited by 15
Leermakers, L., Döking, S., Thewes, B., Braamse, A. M. J., Gielissen, M. F. M., de Wilt, J. H. W., Collette, E. H., Dekker, J., & Prins, J. B. (2018) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-018-4645-6 · Cited by 16
Larsson-Lund, M., Lexell, E. M., & Nyman, A. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/11038128.2021.1950206 · Cited by 18
Cobb, C. O., & Graham, A. L. (2014) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu066 · Cited by 15
Internetbasierte Gesundheitsinterventionen
Gieselmann, A., Böckermann, M., & Pietrowsky, R. (2015) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-015-0038-3 · Cited by 15
Readability of Patient Education Texts Presented on the Internet in the Field of Anesthesiology
Kozanhan, B., & Tutar, M. S. (2017) · Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Anesthesiology Reanimation · doi:10.5336/anesthe.2017-55537 · Cited by 15
Brooks, A. T., Tuason, R. T. S., Chakravorty, S., Raju, S., Ritterband, L. M., Thorndike, F. P., & Wallen, G. R. (2018) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-018-0376-3 · Cited by 17
“SHUTi was developed based on the Model for Internet Interventions [17, 41].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Ritterband, L. M., Thorndike, F. P., Cox, D. J., Kovatchev, B. P., & Gonder-Frederick, L. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia Health System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ritterband, Lee M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annals of Behavioral Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 18-27
- ISSN
- 0742-5554 (ISSN-L)
- 0883-6612
- 1532-4796
- PMC
- PMC2878721
- OpenAlex
- W2161380409
- Cited by
- 591
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 29.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annals of Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R34 MH70805, R34MH070805)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD028160)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- online intervention, behavior change models, online health interventions, mechanisms of change, medication adherence, maintenance therapy, symptom improvement, website characteristics, user support, environmental factors, behavioral medicine
- MeSH terms
- Behavior Therapy, Computer Simulation, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Humans, Models, Psychological, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, User-Computer Interface, Internet
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