Environmental governance under Bolsonaro: dismantling institutions, curtailing participation, delegitimising opposition
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Tensions concerning environmental governance have increased in Brazil since the far-right came to power in 2016. We offer insight into this process by analysing the first two years of Jair Bolsonaro's (2019-ongoing) environmental policies-namely, how Brazil's environmental protection arrangements are being dismantled. We find that the Bolsonaro administration centralises environmental governance in Brazil through complementary authoritarian and populist means. First in restricting participatory decision-making spaces such as the National Environmental Council (Conama) and the National Council of the Legal Amazon (CNAL), and, second, by attacking indigenous and traditional peoples, NGOs, scientists, and other environmental defenders. To illustrate the authoritarian dimension of Bolsonaro's environmental governance, we carry out a political-institutional analysis of contemporary Brazilian environmental politics and then exemplify the ways and extent to which attacks against environmental defenders is a constituent part of Bolsonaro's environmental populism. We hold that such attacks are not merely rhetorical but a political tactic to legitimise Bolsonaro's authoritarian environmental governance in the promotion of 'total extractivism' while maintaining a populist appeal.
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Similar neoclientelist dynamics shape Bolsonaro's Brazil, Fujimori's Peru, and contemporary Serbia, where bureaucratic continuity conceals deep politicization and patronage-driven governance.
“but similar dynamics shape Bolsonaro's Brazil, Fujimori's Peru, and contemporary Serbia, where bureaucratic continuity conceals deep politicization and patronage- driven governance (Bauer and Becker2020; Peters and Pierre 2022; Menezes and Barbosa 2021; Peci2021; Radeljić and Đorđević2020)”
From Authoritarian Drift, Variegated Paths: Mapping Administrative Transformation Strategies Under Illiberal Rule (2025) · cites this paper as Menezes and Barbosa 2021
Section 4 (page unavailable) says Bolsonaro retained the Environment Ministry while hollowing it out, replacing civil servants with politically aligned appointees, and weakening environmental protections. Section 6 says governance was centralised to serve a narrow set of interests. This supports the Brazil example, but the paper does not establish neoclientelism or patronage-driven governance, and it does not address Peru or Serbia. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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REATIVAÇÃO DO CONSELHO NACIONAL DA AMAZÔNIA LEGAL: MEDIDA PROTETIVA OU MERAMENTE PROTELATÓRIA?
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Cavalcanti, R. P., Benzaquen, G. F., Gomes, S. D. S. R., & Almeida, V. P. (2023) · Justice, power and resistance · doi:10.1332/sonh8866 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mann, E. C., Gomes, H. M., Williamson, A., & Branco, M. C. (2023) · International Journal of Emerging Markets · doi:10.1108/ijoem-05-2022-0744 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Investigating the Yanomami malaria outbreak: gold mining and malaria
Dutra, D. D. A., Fontes, J., Braga, É. M., & Mordecai, E. A. (2026) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2025.0659 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Campos-Rocha, A., MEEROW, A. W., Peixoto, M., Koch, I., Messias, P. A., & Dutilh, J. H. A. (2023) · Plant Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.5091/plecevo.95601 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Amazon’s road to growth? Infrastructural imaginaries of Brazil’s BR-319 Highway
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Sarmento, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2025.1732001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The culture of care and sense of belonging as drivers of sustainability in higher education
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Populism and the Dismantling of Brazil's Deforestation Oversight Policy
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The Power of Localities: Subnational Governments and the Territorialization of SDGs
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Land Concentration and Social Progress Decline in Brazilian Amazon Municipalities
de Vasconcelos, R. F. F., de Ávila, M. L., Bizerril, M. X. A., Jacobson, T. K. B., & Trevisan, M. M. (2025) · Agricultural & Rural Studies · doi:10.59978/ar03010005 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Judiciary independence: Why should conservation ecologists care?
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Presidents and diplomacy: ideology’s impact on Brazil’s international forest engagement
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Politicised threats to science endanger global health and humanity
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Dispossessions in Bolsonaro’s Brazil during the Covid-19 pandemic
Bin, D. (2024) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2024.106560 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Global narcissistic collapse: A metaphorical lens on humanity’s ecological crisis
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Bressan, R. N., Menezes, R. G., & Ribeiro, A. D. S. (2021) · Brazilian Journal of International Relations · doi:10.36311/2237-7743.2021.v10n1.p32-54 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Problematising environmental governance and the politics of natural resource sovereignty in Brazil
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Environmental dismantling in Brazil: advances and knowledge gaps
da Silva, D. M. C., & da Vinha, V. G. (2025) · Revista de Administração Pública · doi:10.1590/0034-761220240178x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Desmonte ambiental no Brasil: avanços e lacunas no conhecimento
da Silva, D. M. C., & da Vinha, V. G. (2025) · Revista de Administração Pública · doi:10.1590/0034-761220240178 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
MST's Arvoredo app: Family farmers and grassroots environmental data-driven governance in Brazil
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Self-citationReclaiming the shoreline: Relational ecological stewardship as decolonial coastal planning in Brazil
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O Brasil no Regime Internacional sobre a Mudança do Clima
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China’s Environmental Turn and the Impacts on Investment and Trade in Brazil-China Relations
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Frontier Territories: Countering the Green Revolution Legacy in the Brazilian Cerrado
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Rising authoritarianism and worsening climate change share a fossil-fueled secret
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Arévalo-Sandi, A. R., Bobrowiec, P. E. D., Fragoso, J. M. V., & Spironello, W. R. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1458805/v1
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Forest Politics from below in the Americas
Kaufer, R. (2023) · Contributions to political science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-18965-4_7
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Theories, Key Concepts and Approaches
Rings, G., & Rasinger, S. M. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009572798.006
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The dynamics of fire activity in Brazilian Pantanal: A LGCP-based structural decompositionPreprint
Valente, F., & Laurini, M. P. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3645583/v1
Algumas reflexões acerca da temática ambiental
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Masculinities Ageing between Cultures
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Masculinity, Aging, and Reversion
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Representing Environmental Advocacy: Ecopedagogy via Melodrama
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Integrated Assessment of Biodiversity and AgriculturePreprint
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How Forest and Public Policies Shape Sustainability in the Guiana Shield/Amazon
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Environmental Policy, Climate Emergency and Inequalities in the Amazon (2015–2023)
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On promised lands: deintrusion as redress and the contrivance of land-grabbing
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Additive effect of wildfires on hospital admission in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil
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Emergence of Post Normal Science
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Biological conservation at risk in Slovakia: Brown bears under attack of autocratic pressures
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Democratic Defense in Comparative Perspective: Richard Abel on Defending American Democracy
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Green Is the New Bad: Libertarian Populism and the Edgar Friendly Style of Climate Denial
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Anti-environmental political agendas, firearm deregulation and illegal hunting in Brazil
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A reconstrução de capacidades estatais: um estudo da política ambiental e climática brasileira
Pereira, A. K., Apollo, G., Targino, Y. D. O., de Lima, L. D. M. T., Mota, M., Lopes, W., & Rosim, D. (2026) · Opinião Pública · doi:10.1590/1807-0191202632104
Biology when convenient: selective biological authority and anti-conservation politicsPreprint
Pinto, V. D. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7181489
CO2-Index: o quão emissores são os deputados brasileiros?
de Albuquerque, M. C. M., Moreira, L., & Sora, P. (2026) · Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política · doi:10.1590/0103-3352.2026.46.296828
- Authors
- Menezes, R. G., & Barbosa, R.
- Affiliations
- Universidade de Brasília (BR)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Barbosa, Ricardo
- Venue
- Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft
- Published
- 2021-06
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 229-247
- ISSN
- 1865-2646 (ISSN-L)
- 1865-2654
- PMC
- PMC8358914
- OpenAlex
- W3196233990
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 52.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Politics and Society in Latin America
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Populism, Right-Wing Movements
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Extractivism and Socioeconomic Issues
- Keywords
- environmental governance, Bolsonaro government, authoritarianism, environmental defenders, indigenous peoples, participatory decision-making, far right, Brazil
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