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Cited by 88Natural Fiber Reinforced CompositesPolymer crystallization and propertiesWaste Management and Recycling

Utilization of Municipal Plastic and Wood Waste in Industrial Manufacturing of Wood Plastic Composites

Open access
Basalp, Dildare, Tihminlioglu, Funda, Sofuoglu, Sait C., Inal, Fikret, Sofuoglu, Aysun·2020·Waste and Biomass Valorization
DOI 10.1007/s12649-020-00986-7
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Abstract

In this study, Wood Plastic Composites (WPCs) were produced from post-consumer bulky wastes of recycled plastic and wood in order to minimize waste, decrease environmental effects of plastics, reserve natural resources, and support circular economy for sustainable production and consumption. Five different types of polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE) based recycled plastics and wood obtained from urban household bulky wastes were used in the production of recycled WPC composites, r-WPCs. Virgin WPC (v-WPC) and r-WPC compounds were prepared with wood flour (WF) and maleic anhydride grafted compatibilizer (MAPP or MAPE) to evaluate the effect of recycled polymer type and compatibilizer on the mechanical properties. It was found that tensile strength properties of r-WPCs produced from recycled PP (r-PP) were higher than that of the r-WPCs produced from mixed polyolefins and recycled PE. r-WPCs containing anti-oxidants, UV stabilizers, and compatibilizer with different WF compositions were produced from only recycled garden fraction PP (PPFGF) to determine the optimum composition and processing temperature for pilot scale manufacturing of r-WPCs. Based on tensile, impact, flexural, and water sorption properties of r-WPC compounds with different formulations, the optimum conditions of r-WPC compounds for industrial manufacturing process were determined. Surface morphology of fractured surfaces as well as tensile, flexural and density results of r-WPC compounds revealed the enhancement effect of MAPP on interfacial adhesion in r-WPCs. r-WPC products (crates and table/chair legs) based on bulky wastes were produced using an injection molding process at industrial scale by using 30 wt% WF-filled r-WPC compound. This study demonstrated that r-WPC compounds from recycled bulky plastic and wood wastes can be used as a potential raw material in plastic as well as WPC industry, contributing to circular economy. Graphic Abstract:

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Wood plastic composites (WPCs) were produced from post-consumer bulky plastic and wood waste, with recycled polypropylene garden fraction (PPFGF) selected for industrial-scale compounding and injection molding. The study found that 30 wt% wood flour, MAPP compatibilizer, and 185 °C processing gave the best balance of mechanical and water-sorption properties, and demonstrated crates and table/chair legs as products.

Key findings

  • At 50 wt% wood flour with MAPP or MAPE, tensile strengths of WPCs were 30.8 MPa for virgin PP, 18.9 MPa for virgin PE, 26.6 MPa for PPHMFI, 22.8 MPa for PPMMFI, 21.6 MPa for PPGF, 10.2 MPa for MixPO, and 13.8 MPa for LLDPE grass; recycled PP-based WPCs outperformed mixed polyolefin and recycled PE WPCs.
  • The optimum industrial r-WPC formulation was 30 wt% WF with MAPP and additives, processed at 185 °C; maximum tensile strength was 24.8 MPa, higher than 50 wt% WF lab-scale r-WPC at 21.6 MPa, and maximum flexural strength was 46.2 MPa for 30 wt% WF-filled PPFGF.
  • Water absorption of r-WPC compounds was below 1 wt% except for 40 wt% WF, and thickness swelling was below 2% except for 40 wt% WF; 20 and 30 wt% WF compounds were considered suitable for WPC applications.
  • MAPP improved interfacial adhesion, as shown by SEM and mechanical results; experimental densities for 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt% WF r-WPCs were 1.06, 1.1, 1.13, and 1.11 g/cm³, with void fractions of 0.024, 0.019, and 0.035 for 20, 30, and 40 wt% WF, respectively.

Methods

  • Recycled plastics and wood from urban bulky waste were supplied by Vanheede Environment Group; five recycled PP/PE/mixed polyolefin grades and wood flour (50–100 mesh) were used, with virgin PP and PE as references and MAPP/MAPE as compatibilizers.
  • Lab-scale WPCs were prepared at 50 wt% WF using a torque rheometer and compression molding; industrial-scale compounds were produced by twin-screw extrusion with 20–50 wt% WF, MAPP (3 wt%), antioxidants, UV stabilizer, and lubricant at 185 or 215 °C, then injection molded into crates and table/chair legs.
  • Testing included tensile tests (ASTM D638), notched Charpy impact (EN ISO 179-1), three-point flexural tests (ASTM D790-15), water absorption and thickness swelling after 24 h immersion, density by Archimedes principle, and SEM of tensile fracture surfaces; mechanical data were averages of five specimens with ± standard error.

Limitations

  • The paper does not include an explicit limitations section.
  • Evident from the text: industrial compounding and product trials used only PPFGF, while other recycled grades were screened mainly by tensile properties at 50 wt% WF.
  • Evident from the text: water absorption and swelling were measured only after 24 h at room temperature, and the industrial demonstration covered only two products (crates and table/chair legs), with no long-term durability, weathering, economic, or life-cycle assessment reported.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s12649-020-00986-7

Cites

41 of 41 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

4 of 40 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    The improved compatibility and interfacial adhesion between polymer and wood leads to improvement of mechanical properties of WPC.

    “This bond enhances the compatibility and the interfacial adhesion between polymer and wood, and leads to the improvement of mechanical properties of WPC [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [27] Bütün, F.Y., Sauerbier, P., Militz, H., Mai, H.: The effect of fibreboard (MDF) disintegration technique on wood polymer composites (WPC) produced with recovered wood particles. Compos. A. 118, 312–316 (2019) source
    • cites [28] Ashori, A.: Wood-plastic composites as promising green-composites for automotive industries! Biores. Technol. 99(11), 4661–4667 (2008) source
    • cites [29] Sohn, J.S., Cha, S.W.: Effect of chemical modification on mechanical properties of wood-plastic composite injection molded parts. Polymers 10(1391), 1–13 (2018) source
  • Premisecitation

    MAPP or MAPE compatibilizers improve the compatibility and interfacial adhesion between polymer and wood in WPC.

    “This bond enhances the compatibility and the interfacial adhesion between polymer and wood, and leads to the improvement of mechanical properties of WPC [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [27] Bütün, F.Y., Sauerbier, P., Militz, H., Mai, H.: The effect of fibreboard (MDF) disintegration technique on wood polymer composites (WPC) produced with recovered wood particles. Compos. A. 118, 312–316 (2019) source
    • cites [28] Ashori, A.: Wood-plastic composites as promising green-composites for automotive industries! Biores. Technol. 99(11), 4661–4667 (2008) source
    • cites [29] Sohn, J.S., Cha, S.W.: Effect of chemical modification on mechanical properties of wood-plastic composite injection molded parts. Polymers 10(1391), 1–13 (2018) source

      The Materials and Methods section says MAPP was added to improve compatibility between wood flour and polypropylene, and the Introduction links the chemical-modification process to improved interfacial adhesion. The Conclusions report improved impact and tensile strength, but attribute the adhesion improvement to a process involving alkali treatment and silane rather than isolating MAPP's effect. The paper does not address MAPE. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingnone given

    r-WPC products (crates and table/chair legs) based on bulky wastes were produced using an injection molding process at industrial scale by using 30 wt% WF-filled r-WPC compound.

    “r-WPC products (crates and table/chair legs) based on bulky wastes were produced using an injection molding process at industrial scale by using 30 wt% WF-filled r-WPC compound.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The optimum conditions of r-WPC compounds for industrial manufacturing were determined based on tensile, impact, flexural, and water sorption properties of r-WPC compounds with different formulations.

    “Based on tensile, impact, flexural, and water sorption properties of r-WPC compounds with different formulations, the optimum conditions of r-WPC compounds for industrial manufacturing process were determined.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Surface morphology of fractured surfaces and tensile, flexural and density results of r-WPC compounds revealed the enhancement effect of MAPP on interfacial adhesion in r-WPCs.

    “Surface morphology of fractured surfaces as well as tensile, flexural and density results of r-WPC compounds revealed the enhancement effect of MAPP on interfacial adhesion in r-WPCs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 16
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 15

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Plastic from bulky waste is a loss of an important resource that has potential to be valorised and contribute to circular economy and sustainability.

    “Therefore, the plastic from bulky waste is a loss of an important resource that has a potential to be valorised, and to contribute to the circular economy and sustainability in accordance to the greening strategy in Europe [5].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Malinauskaite, J., Jouhara, H., Czajczynska, D., Stanchev, P., Katsou, E., Rostkowski, P., Thorne, R.J., Colon, J., Ponsa, S., Al-Mansour, F., Anguilano, L., Krzyzynska, R., Lopez, I.C., Vlasopoulos, A., Spencer, N.: Municipal solid waste management and waste-to-energy in the context of a circular economy and energy recycling in Europe. Energy 141, 2013–2044 (2017) source

      Section 4 says that unrecovered municipal waste represents lost potential secondary raw materials and that reclaiming resources supports a circular economy. Section 3 includes both plastics and bulky waste within municipal waste, but the paper does not specifically identify plastic from bulky waste as a lost resource or assess its potential for valorisation. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The improvement in mechanical properties of the composites with the use of compatibilizer were also reported by previous studies.

    “The improvement in mechanical properties of the composites with the use of compatibilizer were also reported by previous studies [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [27] Bütün, F.Y., Sauerbier, P., Militz, H., Mai, H.: The effect of fibreboard (MDF) disintegration technique on wood polymer composites (WPC) produced with recovered wood particles. Compos. A. 118, 312–316 (2019) source
    • cites [28] Ashori, A.: Wood-plastic composites as promising green-composites for automotive industries! Biores. Technol. 99(11), 4661–4667 (2008) source
    • cites [29] Sohn, J.S., Cha, S.W.: Effect of chemical modification on mechanical properties of wood-plastic composite injection molded parts. Polymers 10(1391), 1–13 (2018) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Elastic modulus of r-WPC obtained in industrial scale increased with increase of WF content and decrease of processing temperature.

    “The increase in elastic modulus values of r-WPC obtained in industrial scale was observed with the increase of WF content and decrease of processing temperature (Fig. 4b).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Strain-at-break values of virgin PP, PE, and LLDPE grass significantly decreased with the addition of WF and increased with the compatibilizer.

    “Strain-at-break values of virgin PP, PE, and LLDPE grass significantly decreased with the addition of WF and increased with the compatibilizer.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    PPFGF consists of 10.7 wt% talc as a filler.

    “PPFGF consists of 10.7 wt% talc as a filler.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    MFI values of virgin PP and virgin PE are 4.5 and 5.5 g/10 min, respectively.

    “MFI values of virgin PP and virgin PE are 4.5 and 5.5 g/10 min, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    SEM micrograph indicated WF is dispersed well and impregnated with polymer matrix in r-WPC with MAPP.

    “The SEM micrograph in Fig. 9b indicated that the WF is dispersed well, and impregnated with the polymer matrix in r-WPC with MAPP.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Approximately 19 million tonnes of furniture, mattresses, upholstery, textiles, and plastic garden products, among others, in European countries end up in waste each year, 60% of which goes to landfills.

    “It is estimated that approximately 19 million tonnes of furniture, mattresses, upholstery, textiles, and plastic garden products, among others in each year in the European countries end up in the waste, 60% of which goes to landfills [4].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Crespo, A.I., Raquel, G., Pérez, V.E., M.: URBANREC: New approaches for the valorisation of URBAN bulky waste into high added value RECycled products, 11th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment System, 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Wood as a fibrous filler material in WPC provides advantages such as low cost, wood-like appearance, eco-friendly renewable filler, and reduction on the environmental effects of plastics.

    “Wood as a fibrous filler material in WPC provides several advantages such as low cost, wood-like appearance, eco-friendly renewable filler, and reduction on the environmental effects of plastics [10][11][12][13][18][19][20][21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [10] Turku, I., Keskisaari, A., Karki, T., Puurtinen, A., Marttila, P.: Characterization of wood plastic composites manufactured from recycled plastic blends. Compos. Struct. 161, 469–476 (2017) source
    • cites [11] Teuber, L., Osburg, V., Toporowski, W., Militz, H., Krause, A.: Wood polymer composites and their contribution to cascading utilisation. J. Clean. Prod. 110, 9–15 (2016) source
    • cites [12] Keskisaari, A., Karki, T.: The use of waste materials in wood-plastic composites and their impact on the profitability of the product. Resources Conserv. Recycl. 134, 257–261 (2018) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    WPC combines the availability and aesthetic properties of wood, and moulding capability and high environmental resistance of plastics, such as against water.

    “WPC combines the availability and aesthetic properties of wood, and moulding capability and high environmental resistance of plastics, such as against water [10,[18][19][20][21][22][23].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [10] Turku, I., Keskisaari, A., Karki, T., Puurtinen, A., Marttila, P.: Characterization of wood plastic composites manufactured from recycled plastic blends. Compos. Struct. 161, 469–476 (2017) source
    • cites [18] Ratanawilai, T., Taneerat, K.: Alternative polymeric matrices for wood-plastic composites: Effects on mechanical properties and resistance to natural wheathering. Construct. Build. Mater. 127, 349–357 (2018) source
    • cites [19] Leu, S.Y., Yang, T.H., Lo, S.P., Yang, T.H.: Optimized material composition to improve the physical and mechanical properties of extruded wood–plastic composites (WPCs). Construct Build. Mater. 29, 120–127 (2012) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Moulding capability of plastics enhances the application areas of WPC at different shape profiles ranging from exterior and interior construction materials such as pallets, sidings, decks, and fences to automotive components such as seat backs and front/rear door linens.

    “Moulding capability of plastics enhances the application areas of WPC at different shape profiles ranging from exterior and interior construction materials such as pallets, sidings, decks, and fences to automotive components such as seat backs and front/rear door linens [11,[24][25][26][27][28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [11] Teuber, L., Osburg, V., Toporowski, W., Militz, H., Krause, A.: Wood polymer composites and their contribution to cascading utilisation. J. Clean. Prod. 110, 9–15 (2016) source
    • cites [24] Smith, P.M., Wolcott, M.P.: Opportunities for wood/natural fiber-plastic composites in residential and industrial applications. Forest Prod. J. 56(3), 4–11 (2006)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [25] Venkatesh, G.S., Deb, A., Karmarkar, A., Gurumoorthy, B.: Eco-Friendly Wood polymer composites for sustainable design applications. In: Chakrabarti, A. (ed.) CIRP Design 2012. Springer, London (2013) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Most plastic wastes are intrinsically non-biodegradable; their reutilization leads to reduction of environmental effects, dependency on petroleum resources, and promotes ecosystems.

    “Most of the plastic wastes are intrinsically non-biodegradable; therefore, their reutilization leads to the reduction of the environmental effects, dependency on petroleum resources, and promote ecosystems [6,7].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [6] Goswami, U., Sarma, H.P.: Plastic waste pollution and management—an overview (Review). Ecol. Environ. Conserv. 14(1), 25–28 (2008)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [7] Hopewell, J., Dvorakand, R., Kosior, E.: Review plastics recycling: challenges and opportunities. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 364, 2115–2126 (2009) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Keskisaari and Karki [12] reported reduction in material costs with the use of waste materials, especially recycled plastic instead of virgin polymer in WPC.

    “Keskisaari and Karki [12] reported reduction in material costs with the use of waste materials, especially recycled plastic instead of virgin polymer in WPC.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Keskisaari, A., Karki, T.: The use of waste materials in wood-plastic composites and their impact on the profitability of the product. Resources Conserv. Recycl. 134, 257–261 (2018) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    r-WPC compounds from recycled bulky plastic and wood wastes can be used as a potential raw material in plastic as well as WPC industry, contributing to circular economy.

    “This study demonstrated that r-WPC compounds from recycled bulky plastic and wood wastes can be used as a potential raw material in plastic as well as WPC industry, contributing to circular economy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The increase in Young modulus values shows the increase in required stress for elastic deformation due to the increase of rigidity.

    “Also, the increase in Young modulus values shows the increase in required stress for elastic deformation due to the increase of rigidity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The medium MFI property of PPFGF as well as tensile strength were the critical factors in the selection of PPFGF for manufacturing process.

    “The medium MFI property of PPFGF as well as tensile strength were the critical factors in the selection of PPFGF for manufacturing process.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Positive effect of MAPP on tensile and flexural properties was reported in previous studies about WPC composites.

    “The positive effect of MAPP on tensile and flexural properties was also reported in previous studies about WPC composites [31,38].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [31] Bhaskar, J., Haq, S., Yadaw, S.B.: Evaluation and testing of mechanical properties of wood plastic composite. J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. 25(4), 391–401 (2011) source
    • cites [38] Haq, S., Srivastava, R.: Wood polypropylene (PP) composites manufactured by mango wood waste with virgin or recycled PP: mechanical, morphology, Melt Flow Index and crystalline Behaviour. J. Polym. Environ. 25, 640–648 (2017) source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Water absorption <1 wt% is recommended for many WPC market applications.

    “The water absorption < 1 wt% is recommended for many WPC market applications [43].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Klyosov, A.: Wood Plastic Composites. Wiley Interscience, Hoboken, New York (2007) source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    PPFGF having medium MFI provides the validation of WPCs for different applications as a processing point of view.

    “PPFGF having medium MFI provides the validation of WPCs for different applications as a processing point of view.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Presence of 10.7 wt% talc content in PPFGF as a filler explains higher water absorption of PPFGF.

    “This can be explained by the presence of 10.7 wt% talc content in PPFGF as a filler.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: PPFGF contains 10.7 wt% talc as filler.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Higher shear forces exist in the melt at lower process temperature, resulting in higher tensile strength and modulus values.

    “Therefore, it can be said that the higher shear forces exist in the melt at the lower process temperature that resulted in higher tensile strength and modulus values.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Higher process temperature decreases melt viscosity.
    • Rests on an assumption: State of polymer melts depends not only on temperature but also shear forces in the melt.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Mechanical properties of WPC from recycled polymer and wood were comparable with the virgin ones.

    “It was seen from these studies that mechanical properties of WPC from recycled polymer and wood, were comparable with the virgin ones.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [27] Bütün, F.Y., Sauerbier, P., Militz, H., Mai, H.: The effect of fibreboard (MDF) disintegration technique on wood polymer composites (WPC) produced with recovered wood particles. Compos. A. 118, 312–316 (2019) source
    • cites [35] Chaharmahali, M., Tajvidi, M., Kazemi-Najafi, S.: Mechanical properties of wood plastic composite panels made from waste fibreboard and particleboard. Polym. Compos. 29(6), 606–610 (2008) source
    • cites [36] Kamdem, P., Jiang, H., Cui, W., Freed, J., Matuana, L.M.: Properties of wood plastic composites made of recycled HDPE and wood flour from CCA treated wood removed from service. Compos. Appl. Sci. Manuf. 35(3), 347–355 (2004) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Addition of WF increased stiffness and brittleness of WPCs due to decrease of flexibility of r-PP.

    “The addition of WF increased stiffness and brittleness of WPCs due to the decrease of flexibility of r-PP.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Haq and Srivastava [38] found higher MFI value for virgin PP compared to recycled PP due to the effect of additives or impurities in recycled PP.

    “Haq and Srivastava [38] investigated the MFI, molecular weight, and crystalline behaviour of WPC produced by virgin and recycled PP.They found higher MFI value for virgin PP compared to recycled PP due to the effect of additives or impurities in recycled PP.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Haq, S., Srivastava, R.: Wood polypropylene (PP) composites manufactured by mango wood waste with virgin or recycled PP: mechanical, morphology, Melt Flow Index and crystalline Behaviour. J. Polym. Environ. 25, 640–648 (2017) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The increase in MFI value with recycling of polymers was confirmed in previous studies.

    “The increase in MFI value with recycling of polymers was confirmed in previous studies [37].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Hinsken, H., Moss, S., Pauqueta, J.R., Zweifel, H.: Degradation of polyolefins during melt processing. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 34(1–3), 279–293 (1991) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Manufacturing of crates and table legs indicates applicability of WPCs from recycled plastics in transport of packed food products or vegetables/fruits and furniture sector, respectively.

    “Manufacturing of crates and table legs indicates the applicability of WPCs from recycled plastics in transport of packed food products or vegetables/fruits and furniture sector, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Usage of recycled plastics and wood in industrial manufacturing leads to reduction on melting temperature resulting in lower process temperature, lower energy consumption, and cost savings for producers.

    “The usage of recycled plastics and wood in the industrial manufacturing also leads to reduction on the melting temperature resulting in lower process temperature, lower energy consumption, and cost savings for producers [44].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44] Aurrekoetxea, J., Sarrionandia, M.A., Urrutibeascoa, I., Maspoch, M.L.: Effects of recycling on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene. J. Mater. Sci. 36, 2607–2613 (2001) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Industrial manufacturing of WPCs from bulky waste leads to decrease in manufacturing cost due to decrease in material costs as well as reduction of environmental effects of plastic waste.

    “Industrial manufacturing of WPCs from bulky waste leads to decrease in manufacturing cost due to the decrease in material costs as well as the reduction of the environmental effects of plastic waste.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
28 of 28

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Bulky waste is not utilized well for recycling due to large physical dimensions preventing collection with domestic wastes and requiring specific collection schemes.

    “Unfortunately, bulky waste is not utilized well for this purpose due to their large physical dimensions preventing collection along with domestic wastes, and requiring specific collection schemes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is no study related to WPC production from bulky plastic and wood wastes.

    “However, to our knowledge, there is no study related to the WPC production from bulky plastic and wood wastes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The physical and mechanical properties of WPC depend on wood content, polymer type, additives such as coupling agent or compatibilizer, and processing conditions.

    “The physical and mechanical properties of WPC are dependent on the wood content, polymer type, additives such as coupling agent or compatibilizer, and processing conditions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Higher process temperature decreases melt viscosity.

    “As expected, the higher process temperature decreased the melt viscosity”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    State of polymer melts depends not only on temperature but also shear forces in the melt.

    “however, the state of polymer melts not only depend on temperature, but also shear forces in the melt.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Esterification reaction between anhydride carbonyl groups of MAPP and hydroxyl groups of WF can lead to formation of ester bonds.

    “The esterification reaction between anhydride carbonyl groups of MAPP and hydroxyl groups of the WF can lead to the formation of ester bonds.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Dimensional stability of WPC across water determines suitability of WPC for outdoor applications.

    “Dimensional stability of WPC across water determines the suitability of WPC for outdoor applications.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Water sorption properties of WPCs directly depend on void fractions.

    “Water sorption properties of WPCs directly depend on the void fractions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    PPFGF contains 10.7 wt% talc as filler.

    “This can be explained by the presence of 10.7 wt% talc content in PPFGF as a filler.”
9 of 9

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Different valuable products can be produced from waste wood-such as veneers lumber, chips, fibers, papers; and a variety of building materials-including plywood, laminated veneer lumber, glue-laminated timber, particleboard, wood-plastic composite, wood-cement composite, and fibreboard.

    “Different valuable products can be produced from waste wood-such as veneers lumber, chips, fibers, papers [107,108]; and a variety of building materials-including plywood, laminated veneer lumber, glue-laminated timber, particleboard, wood-plastic composite, wood-cement composite, and fibreboard [45,64,65].”

    From Circular Economy of Construction and Demolition Wood Waste—A Theoretical Framework Approach (2022) · cites this paper as [64]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Different composite materials and thermal and noise insulating products are made using CDWW.

    “Moreover, different composite materials and thermal and noise insulating products are made using CDWW [49,64,65,67].”

    From Circular Economy of Construction and Demolition Wood Waste—A Theoretical Framework Approach (2022) · cites this paper as [64]

    The Conclusions report manufacturing wood-plastic composite products from municipal bulky plastic and wood waste. The Introduction explicitly excludes construction and demolition waste from that waste stream, and the paper does not report thermal or noise-insulating products. Thus it supports the composite-product portion only for a different source of waste. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Bütün et al. citation points to a different reference

    Minor

    The text cites Bütün et al. as reference 27, but reference 27 lists Ashori; the Bütün et al. study is listed as reference 26.

  • Laboratory plate thickness is stated as both 1 cm and 1 mm

    Minor

    The laboratory preparation describes plates with a 1 cm thickness, then describes the compression-molded sheets as 1 mm thick. The lateral dimensions agree after conversion, but the thicknesses do not.

  • Void fraction does not increase at every wood-flour loading

    Minor

    The reported void fraction falls from 0.024 at 20 wt% wood flour to 0.019 at 30 wt%, contradicting the statement that it increases with loading.

  • PPFGF is classified as both medium and high MFI

    Minor

    The narrative repeatedly describes PPFGF as having medium MFI, while Table 1 classifies it as high MFI.

  • Keskisaari and Karki citation points to a different reference

    Minor

    The text cites Keskisaari and Karki as reference 12, but reference 12 lists Najafi; Keskisaari and Karki are listed as reference 11.

5 of 5

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Crespo, A.I., Raquel, G., Pérez, V.E., M.: URBANREC: New approaches for the valorisation of URBAN bulky waste into high added value RECycled products, 11th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment System, 2016
  2. Goswami, U., Sarma, H.P.: Plastic waste pollution and management—an overview (Review). Ecol. Environ. Conserv. 14(1), 25–28 (2008)
  3. Smith, P.M., Wolcott, M.P.: Opportunities for wood/natural fiber-plastic composites in residential and industrial applications. Forest Prod. J. 56(3), 4–11 (2006)

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Basalp, D., Tihminlioglu, F., Sofuoglu, S. C., Inal, F., & Sofuoglu, A.
Affiliations
Izmir Institute of Technology (TR)
Venue
Waste and Biomass Valorization
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2020-03-02
Volume
11
Issue
10
Pages
5419-5430
ISSN
  • 1877-2641 (ISSN-L)
  • 1877-265X
DOI
10.1007/s12649-020-00986-7
OpenAlex
W3010125641
Semantic Scholar
aff9cf8f6d29e545d2cac8e6ecb2a1d149e1dd51
Cited by
88
References
41
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5
FWCI
3.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Waste and Biomass Valorization (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • IYTE GCRIS Database (Izmir Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • İYTE (İZMİR YÜKSEK TEKNOLOJİ ENSTİTÜSÜ) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (690103)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer crystallization and properties
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Waste Management and Recycling
Keywords
wood-plastic composites, recycled plastics, wood waste, polypropylene, polyethylene, MAPP, wood flour, tensile strength, interfacial adhesion, circular economy, injection molding, household recycling

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-21.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-21.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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