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Cited by 93Recycled Aggregate Concrete PerformanceSustainable Supply Chain ManagementAgricultural and Food Sciences

Circular Economy of Construction and Demolition Wood Waste—A Theoretical Framework Approach

Open access
Jahan, Israt, Zhang, Guomin, Bhuiyan, Muhammed, Navaratnam, Satheeskumar·2022·Sustainability
DOI 10.3390/su141710478
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Abstract

A considerable amount of construction and demolition wood waste (CDWW) is generated, mostly landfilled, contributing to severe environmental effects. The management of CDWW is a significant challenge as it is a hazardous contaminated waste. In this context, the circular economy (CE) concept is a solution as it comprises waste minimisation and efficient recovery of resources. Although much research is found in the literature on CDWW end-of-life management, research on CE implementation considering every life cycle stage is still scarce. In this review, we endeavour to integrate CE in CDWW to identify the waste management strategies involved in the life cycle phases. The databases were searched from 2009 to 2020 and were analysed using CiteSpace version 5.7.R1 software. Forty-nine articles were identified, and the six life cycle stages were explored. The analysis shows that CE for wood waste is essential and has greater growth potential. While the LCA studies are limited to environmental viewpoints, combining economic and social perspectives is necessary for sustainable development. Overall, based on the research findings, a theoretical framework was proposed. This study, as a consequence, promotes the application of recycled wood into multiple valuable products and thus encourages waste management to boost CE and sustainability.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review integrates circular economy (CE) into construction and demolition wood waste (CDWW) management across six life-cycle stages and proposes a theoretical framework. It finds CE for wood waste is emerging but still limited by fragmented LCA evidence, weak economic/social assessment, and laboratory-scale recovery practices.

Key findings

  • CDWW is a major waste stream: timber waste is the second leading CDW element, contributing at least 20–30% of total CDW, while CDW overall accounts for nearly 30–40% of global solid waste. Reported generation includes 50.2 MT in EU-28, 55.75 MT in the USA in 2020, 4.5 MT in the UK in 2021, 11.9 MT in Germany in 2015, 20.72 MT in Hong Kong in 2020, and 2311 kt in Australia in 2018–19.
  • Wood recovery lags other CDW materials: concrete and steel recycling rates are cited as 82% and 98%, respectively, while only 20–30% of CDW is estimated to be recycled globally; country CDW recycling rates cited include EU 46%, UK 89.9%, France 47.5%, Spain 37.9%, Germany 34%, Australia 38–40%, US 70%, and China 5%.
  • CiteSpace analysis identified four major clusters—wood waste, circular economy, life cycle, and energy conversion—with cluster modularity 0.578 and silhouette 0.6108; the keyword co-occurrence network had 84 nodes and 232 links, and the document cluster network had 239 nodes and 721 links.
  • The proposed framework covers six life-cycle stages: raw material extraction, pre-construction, construction and operation, renovation/demolition, reuse/recycling/energy recovery, and marketability/recirculation. It highlights BIM, prefabricated elements, selective demolition, sorting, and secondary-market standards as CE strategies; one cited German study found recycling recovered wood into glued-laminated timber had up to 29% lower environmental impacts and 32% lower costs than incineration.

Methods

  • Literature review and scientometric analysis using CiteSpace 5.7.R1 (also referred to as CiteSpace 5.5.R1 in the text), covering Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.
  • Search conducted September–December 2020, considering papers published since 2005; the Boolean search targeted circular economy/industrial ecology/industrial symbiosis, wood or timber waste, wood waste management, and life cycle analysis.
  • From 70 total records, 52 remained after duplicate removal, and 49 articles were retained after reading abstracts, keywords, and titles; analyses included keyword co-occurrence, timeline view, article co-citation, and cluster analysis, followed by development of a theoretical CE framework.

Limitations

  • Stated by the authors: LCA studies are limited to environmental viewpoints, with economic and social perspectives largely absent; management stages such as collection, sorting, and separation are often disconnected from end-of-life studies; systematic wood cascading is limited to downcycling; most CE applications remain laboratory-scale and need industrial implementation; no study analysed CDWW’s potential contributions to social benefits.
  • Evident from the text: the review is based on only 49 articles from a narrow search period and selected databases, and the proposed framework is conceptual rather than empirically validated.
  • Evident from the text: the paper contains duplicated/garbled passages and inconsistent reporting of the CiteSpace software version, which may affect reproducibility.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/su141710478

Cites

101 of 101 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

31 of 93 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingcitation

    Most of the works of literature are based on end-of-life waste management practices.

    “Most of the works of literature are based on end-of-life waste management practices [33][34][35][36][37]; hence, there is a gap to explore for a theoretical framework that abridges six life cycle stages and CE for wood waste management.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim4 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [33] Diaz, 2022, Environmental full cost accounting of alternative materials used for railroad ties: Treated-wood and concrete case study, J. Clean. Prod. source

      The Introduction describes life-cycle assessment as covering stages from raw-material extraction through end-of-life disposal, but does not say that most literature focuses on end-of-life waste management. The Conclusions discuss this paper’s two end-of-life scenarios, not the focus of the literature overall. Searches for prior studies focused on end-of-life management and for the claimed literature gap found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [34] Rabbat, 2022, Sustainability of biomass-based insulation materials in buildings: Current status in France, end-of-life projections and energy recovery potentials, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. source

      The Introduction says most research on bio-based building materials focuses on production and performance testing, while few works address durability and final disposal. That is contrary to the attributed claim that most literature focuses on end-of-life waste management practices. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [35] Dias, 2022, Lightweight cement composites containing end-of-life treated wood–Leaching, hydration and mechanical tests, Constr. Build. Mater. source
    • cites [36] Trianoski, 2018, Recycling wood waste from construction and demolition to produce particleboards, Maderas. Cienc. Tecnol.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [37] Choong, 2019, Life Cycle Assessment of Waste-to-Energy: Energy Recovery from Wood Waste in Malaysia, Pol. J. Environ. Stud. source

      The Goal and Scope Definition and System Boundary sections show that this paper studies wood-waste treatment from the arrival of waste through final discharge, making it an example of end-of-life waste-management research. It does not establish that most of the literature has that focus. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingcitation

    In the last decade, an emphasis away from a linear economy to a CE has been prominent as a research trend for timber recovery.

    “In the last decade, an emphasis away from a linear economy to a CE has been prominent as a research trend for timber recovery [43,48,49].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [43] Hossain, 2018, Environmental and technical feasibility study of upcycling wood waste into cement-bonded particleboard, Constr. Build. Mater. source
    • cites [48] Corona, 2020, Consequential Life Cycle Assessment of energy generation from waste wood and forest residues: The effect of resource-efficient additives, J. Clean. Prod. source

      The Introduction says waste wood is gaining interest as a bioenergy feedstock and reports substantial recycling and energy recovery of wood waste. It does not describe a shift from a linear to a circular economy or establish that such a shift was a prominent research trend for timber recovery over the last decade. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [49] Risse, 2019, Richter, Eco-efficiency analysis of recycling recovered solid wood from construction into laminated timber products, Sci. Total Environ. source
  • Premisecitation

    Wood waste contains various qualities and compositions of untreated, treated, or engineered wood and contaminated wood with other products.

    “Wood waste also contains various qualities and compositions of untreated, treated, or engineered wood and contaminated wood with other products [26].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Ramage, 2017, The wood from the trees: The use of timber in construction, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. source
  • Premisecitation

    Through BIM, the detailed composition of waste materials can be calculated at the early design stage.

    “Through BIM, the detailed composition of waste materials can be calculated at the early design stage [79][80][81][82].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [79] Akanbi, 2018, Salvaging building materials in a circular economy: A BIM-based whole-life performance estimator, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. source

      The Model evaluation section says material volumes were obtained from a BIM material take-off, and the Discussion says the BIM-based model estimates, at the design stage, how much material could be recovered, reused or recycled. These passages support design-stage material estimates, but not the stronger claim that it calculates the detailed composition of waste materials. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [80] Huang, 2018, Construction and demolition waste management in China through the 3R principle, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. source

      Section 4.1 (Reduce; page unavailable) says BIM can help reduce construction and demolition waste by simulating building modules and the construction process, and discusses waste reduction during design. It does not say that BIM calculates the detailed composition of waste materials at the early design stage. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [81] Minunno, R., O’Grady, T., Morrison, G.M., Gruner, R.L., and Colling, M. (2018). Strategies for Applying the Circular Economy to Prefabricated Buildings. Buildings, 8. source

      Section 3.1.5 says BIM lets designers track detailed information about building components, and Section 3.1.1 says BIM has potential to reduce construction waste. Neither section says BIM can calculate the detailed composition of waste materials at the early design stage. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [82] Yeheyis, 2013, An overview of construction and demolition waste management in Canada: A lifecycle analysis approach to sustainability, Clean Technol. Environ. Policy source
  • Findingcitation

    Different composite materials and thermal and noise insulating products are made using CDWW.

    “Moreover, different composite materials and thermal and noise insulating products are made using CDWW [49,64,65,67].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [49] Risse, 2019, Richter, Eco-efficiency analysis of recycling recovered solid wood from construction into laminated timber products, Sci. Total Environ. source
    • cites [64] Basalp, 2020, Utilization of Municipal Plastic and Wood Waste in Industrial Manufacturing of Wood Plastic Composites, Waste Biomass-Valorization source

      The Conclusions report manufacturing wood-plastic composite products from municipal bulky plastic and wood waste. The Introduction explicitly excludes construction and demolition waste from that waste stream, and the paper does not report thermal or noise-insulating products. Thus it supports the composite-product portion only for a different source of waste. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [65] Berger, 2020, The recycling potential of wood waste into wood-wool/cement composite, Constr. Build. Mater. source

      The Introduction describes wood-wool cement boards as composites with thermal and acoustical insulating properties, and §3.6 reports thermal performance for boards made with pallet-wood waste. But the paper does not show construction-and-demolition wood waste (CDWW) being made into those boards or other insulating products; §3.1 and the Conclusions describe that waste stream as more challenging to use. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [67] Augaitis, N., Vaitkus, S., Członka, S., and KAIRYTĖ, A. (2020). Research of Wood Waste as a Potential Filler for Loose-Fill Building Insulation: Appropriate Selection and Incorporation into Polyurethane Biocomposite Foams. Materials, 13. source

      Section 3.6 discusses wood-waste-based biocomposite foams for thermal insulation and sound absorption. But Section 2.1 identifies this study’s wood fillers as sawdust and bark from a forest region, not construction-and-demolition wood waste (CDWW). The paper therefore supports the product types, but not the claim that they are made using CDWW. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims. 43
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 51

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The circular economy model for the timber waste recycling industry is still growing, and the transition process is in its initial phase.

    “However, the circular economy model for the timber waste recycling industry is still growing, and the transition process is in its initial phase [31].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Araújo, C.K.D.C., Salvador, R., Piekarski, C.M., Sokulski, C.C., de Francisco, A.C., and Camargo, S.K.D.C.A. (2019). Circular Economy Practices on Wood Panels: A Bibliographic Analysis. Sustainability, 11. source

      The Abstract says the circular economy model is recent and the transition is in its initial phase, particularly for the wood panel industry. That supports the claim’s timing, but the paper does not establish the same conclusion for the broader timber-waste recycling industry. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    There are enormous possibilities for wood waste to be recycled as value-added products.

    “However, there are enormous possibilities for wood waste to be recycled as value-added products [32].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] Kampelmann, 2020, Wood works: How local value chains based on urban forests contribute to place-based circular economy, Urban Geogr. source

      In “Overlooked and underused” (p. 1), the paper calls the low-value use of felled urban trees a missed opportunity and identifies higher-value uses, including lumber. “The emergence of an urban wood movement?” (p. 2) describes initiatives converting those trees to lumber instead of mulch or fuelwood. The evidence supports value-added uses for urban tree biomass, but not the claim’s broader scope of wood waste generally. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Faraca, Tonini and Astrup demonstrated that rating quality instead of quantity in wood waste management (sorting, separation, collection) could ensure substantial savings from GWP.

    “Their study demonstrated that rating quality instead of quantity in wood waste management (sorting, separation, collection) could ensure substantial savings from GWP (global warming potential).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50] Faraca, 2019, Dynamic accounting of greenhouse gas emissions from cascading utilisation of wood waste, Sci. Total Environ. source

      The available passages contain the title and keywords, including GWP and quality, but no findings about prioritising quality over quantity in wood-waste sorting, separation or collection. Searches for those terms and for GWP savings found no passage that addresses the claimed result. (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Recycling, reusing, and engineered wood products from recycled materials in particleboard, glue-laminated timber, and activated carbon production research are seen in the literature.

    “Therefore, recycling, reusing, and engineered wood products from recycled materials in particleboard, glue-laminated timber, and activated carbon production research are seen in the literature [44][45][46][47].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [44] Kim, 2018, Analysis of environmental impact of activated carbon production from wood waste, Environ. Eng. Res. source
    • cites [45] Kim, 2014, Analysis of the global warming potential for wood waste recycling systems, J. Clean. Prod. source
    • cites [46] Heidari, 2019, Evaluation of fast and slow pyrolysis methods for bio-oil and activated carbon production from eucalyptus wastes using a life cycle assessment approach, J. Clean. Prod. source
    • cites [47] Silva, 2013, Life cycle assessment of medium density particleboard (MDP) produced in Brazil, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In the case of wood waste reusability, direct reuse may not always be accepted because of the lack of material standards, which leads clients to doubt the quality of reused materials.

    “However, in the case of wood waste reusability, direct reuse may not always be accepted because of the lack of material standards, which leads clients to doubt the quality of reused materials [80].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [80] Huang, 2018, Construction and demolition waste management in China through the 3R principle, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. source

      Section 4.2 (Reuse; page not provided) says that a lack of standards for reused construction and demolition waste leads consumers to doubt its quality, and that companies seldom use it because quality cannot be guaranteed. The passage does not establish this specifically for wood waste or direct reuse. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Material reuse is cost-effective and environmentally friendly.

    “It is cost-effective and environmentally friendly [79,81,95].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [79] Akanbi, 2018, Salvaging building materials in a circular economy: A BIM-based whole-life performance estimator, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. source
    • cites [81] Minunno, R., O’Grady, T., Morrison, G.M., Gruner, R.L., and Colling, M. (2018). Strategies for Applying the Circular Economy to Prefabricated Buildings. Buildings, 8. source

      The ‘Reuse of replacement parts or entire components’ section says reuse can reduce waste, supporting an environmental benefit. Section 3.1.3 says reuse is not always economically convenient and is feasible only when a disassembled component costs less than a new one. The paper therefore does not support the unqualified claim that material reuse is cost-effective. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [95] Milios, 2019, Circular building materials: Carbon saving potential and the role of business model innovation and public policy, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Potential ecological impacts analysed were climate change, acidification, particulate matter, freshwater eutrophication, human toxicity, and cumulative energy demand.

    “Potential ecological impacts analysed were climate change, acidification, particulate matter, freshwater eutrophication, human toxicity, and cumulative energy demand.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] Corona, 2020, Consequential Life Cycle Assessment of energy generation from waste wood and forest residues: The effect of resource-efficient additives, J. Clean. Prod. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    A substantial amount of timber waste is used in energy industries; for instance, in the Netherlands, a massive amount of wood waste created from CDW is fuel for power plants and heat generation.

    “A substantial amount of timber waste is used in energy industries; for instance, in the Netherlands, a massive amount of wood waste created from CDW is fuel for power plants and heat generation [2].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Tam, 2006, Evaluations of existing waste recycling methods: A Hong Kong study, Build. Environ. source

      Section 2, “Construction Wastes Problem,” reports quantities of recyclable wood and paper in Hong Kong, but does not describe their use as fuel. Searches for Netherlands, power plants, heat generation, and timber-waste energy use found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The average recycling rate in the EU, UK, France, Spain, Germany, Australia, US, and China are 46%, 89.9%, 47.5%, 37.9%, 34%, 38-40%, 70%, and 5%, respectively.

    “The average recycling rate in the EU, UK, France, Spain, Germany, Australia, US, and China are 46%, 89.9%, 47.5%, 37.9%, 34%, 38-40%, 70%, and 5%, respectively [78,80,97,98].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [78] Styles, 2018, Construction and demolition waste best management practice in Europe, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. source
    • cites [80] Huang, 2018, Construction and demolition waste management in China through the 3R principle, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. source

      The Abstract in our copy gives China's average construction-and-demolition-waste recycling rate as about 5%. The Introduction says recycling and reuse can reach 70%–95% in some developed countries, including the US, but does not assign the US an average of 70%. The paper does not provide the cited averages for the EU, UK, France, Spain, Germany, or Australia. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [97] Ulubeyli, 2017, Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Plants Revisited: Management Issues, Procedia Eng. source

      Section 2 (page unavailable) gives a 70% EU recovery target, an 86.3% reuse/recycling/recovery figure for Germany, and separate US figures for recovery and recycling of specific waste streams. The Introduction gives countries’ shares of total waste generation, not their recycling rates. Searches for the claimed country-by-country rates and distinctive percentages did not find the asserted figures in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [98] Zheng, 2017, Characterizing the generation and flows of construction and demolition waste in China, Constr. Build. Mater. source

      The Abstract (p. 24) discusses potential benefits of increasing China's construction-and-demolition-waste recycling rate, but gives none of the claimed national or regional rates. Searches for the listed percentages and China's 5% rate found no passage substantiating the comparison in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Different valuable products can be produced from waste wood-such as veneers lumber, chips, fibers, papers; and a variety of building materials-including plywood, laminated veneer lumber, glue-laminated timber, particleboard, wood-plastic composite, wood-cement composite, and fibreboard.

    “Different valuable products can be produced from waste wood-such as veneers lumber, chips, fibers, papers [107,108]; and a variety of building materials-including plywood, laminated veneer lumber, glue-laminated timber, particleboard, wood-plastic composite, wood-cement composite, and fibreboard [45,64,65].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [107] Liang, 2012, Comparisons of four categories of waste recycling in China’s paper industry based on physical input–output life-cycle assessment model, Waste Manag. source
    • cites [108] Sinha, 2014, Lateral load carrying capacity of laminated bamboo lumber and oriented strand board connections, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. source
    • cites [45] Kim, 2014, Analysis of the global warming potential for wood waste recycling systems, J. Clean. Prod. source
    • cites [64] Basalp, 2020, Utilization of Municipal Plastic and Wood Waste in Industrial Manufacturing of Wood Plastic Composites, Waste Biomass-Valorization source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [65] Berger, 2020, The recycling potential of wood waste into wood-wool/cement composite, Constr. Build. Mater. source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Many governments-such as Sweden, Austria, and Germany-have already banned wood waste landfilling, while many others have discouraged landfilling through taxation.

    “Many governments-such as Sweden, Austria, and Germany-have already banned wood waste landfilling, while many others have discouraged landfilling through taxation [103,104].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [103] Hill, J. (2016). Circular Economy and the Policy Landscape in the UK. Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology, Springer. source

      Section 2 discusses European efforts to limit landfill and proposed EU landfill bans from 2025, but does not say that Sweden, Austria, or Germany had already banned landfilling wood waste. Section 5 discusses possible taxes on primary resources or non-recyclable products, not governments using landfill taxes to discourage wood-waste disposal. Searches for wood-waste landfill bans and landfill taxation found no passage establishing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [104] Hislop, H., and Bégin, A. (2022, July 11). Waste 2010: The Role of Bans and Restrictions on Landfill in UK Waste Policy-A Green Alliance Project for Defra, Available online: https://www.agriculture.gov.au.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationcitation

    It is necessary to enhance wood waste utilisation to develop valuable products that will mitigate climate change by reducing the consumption of natural resources.

    “Some other studies also concluded with a similar concept and observed that it is necessary to enhance wood waste utilisation to develop valuable products that will mitigate climate change by reducing the consumption of natural resources [44,45].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [44] Kim, 2018, Analysis of environmental impact of activated carbon production from wood waste, Environ. Eng. Res. source
    • cites [45] Kim, 2014, Analysis of the global warming potential for wood waste recycling systems, J. Clean. Prod. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Reduction, reuse, and recycling of wood waste reduce virgin material consumption and GHG emissions and bring economic and social benefits.

    “Reduction, reuse, and recycling of wood waste reduce virgin material consumption and GHG emissions and bring economic and social benefits [97].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [97] Ulubeyli, 2017, Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Plants Revisited: Management Issues, Procedia Eng. source

      Section 2 (page unavailable) says recycling construction and demolition waste can minimize resource consumption, improve environmental conditions, be cost-effective, and create jobs. Section 3.2 (page unavailable) reports avoided CO2-equivalent emissions from recycling. The paper includes wood among construction and demolition wastes, but does not establish these combined benefits specifically for reducing, reusing, and recycling wood waste. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Findingown data

    CE for wood waste has greater growth potential.

    “The analysis shows that CE for wood waste is essential and has greater growth potential.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    LCA studies are limited to environmental viewpoints.

    “While the LCA studies are limited to environmental viewpoints, combining economic and social perspectives is necessary for sustainable development.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There are 20, 31, and 19 papers in Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, respectively, related to wood or timber waste management, LCA, and CE practices of wood or timber waste.

    “There are 20, 31, and 19 papers in Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, respectively, related to wood or timber waste management, LCA (life cycle analysis), and CE practices of wood or timber waste.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Cluster #1 represents the wood waste management and recycling networks, and Cluster #2 life cycle analysis.

    “Cluster #1 represents the wood waste management and recycling networks, and Cluster #2 life cycle analysis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The clusters modularity is 0.578 and silhouette is 0.6108, indicating the structure made by clustering is substantial.

    “The clusters modularity is 0.578 (modularity > 0.5), and silhouette is 0.6108 (silhouette > 0.5), indicating the structure made by clustering is substantial.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The wood waste research found from 2009 to 2020 was directly or somehow linked with the circular economy.

    “However, the wood waste research that was found from 2009 to 2020 was directly or somehow linked with the circular economy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    In Clusters #0, #1, and #2, wood waste management focuses on energy generation, life cycle studies, and end-of-life scenario studies.

    “In Clusters #0, #1, and #2, wood waste management focuses on energy generation, life cycle studies, and end-of-life scenario studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Current research on timber waste predominantly focuses on upcycling wood waste and developing engineered wood materials from recycled wood transition to implement the circular economy in this sector.

    “Current research on timber waste predominantly focuses on upcycling wood waste and developing engineered wood materials from recycled wood transition to implement the circular economy in this sector.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The hot topics in timber waste research are: (a) circular economy, (b) environmental impact, (c) wood cement composite to produce particleboards, (d) carbon production, (e) biofuel production, (f) upcycling, (g) life cycle assessment, (h) demolition waste, and (i) chemical analysis.

    “Therefore, the hot topics in timber waste research are: (a) circular economy, (b) environmental impact, (c) wood cement composite to produce particleboards, (d) carbon production, (e) biofuel production, (f) upcycling, (g) life cycle assessment, (h) demolition waste, and (i) chemical analysis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Chemical analysis for decontamination of CCA-treated wood and life cycle analysis to reduce environmental impacts have become focal points for researchers.

    “Since then, chemical analysis for decontamination of CCA-treated wood [39] and life cycle analysis to reduce environmental impacts have become focal points for researchers [40][41][42][43].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [39] Janin, 2009, Optimization of a chemical leaching process for decontamination of CCA-treated wood, J. Hazard. Mater. source
    • cites [40] Hossain, 2016, Sustainability analysis of pelletized bio-fuel derived from recycled wood product wastes in Hong Kong, J. Clean. Prod. source
    • cites [41] Hossain, 2017, Comparative LCA on using waste materials in the cement industry: A Hong Kong case study, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. source
    • cites [42] Hossain, 2018, Poon, Comparative LCA of wood waste management strategies generated from building construction activities, J. Clean. Prod. source
    • cites [43] Hossain, 2018, Environmental and technical feasibility study of upcycling wood waste into cement-bonded particleboard, Constr. Build. Mater. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The waste-to-energy section focuses on electricity generation from biomass and environmental impact assessment.

    “The waste-to-energy section focuses on electricity generation from biomass and environmental impact assessment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    CE in wood waste is an emerging topic.

    “It was seen from the search history that CE in wood waste is an emerging topic.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The document cluster network analysis generated by CiteSpace has 239 nodes and 721 links.

    “Figure 6 shows the document cluster network analysis generated by CiteSpace with 239 nodes and 721 links.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The keyword co-occurrence network in Figure 5a represents 84 nodes and 232 links.

    “The keyword co-occurrence network in Figure 5a represents 84 nodes and 232 links.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Recycling recovered wood into GLT products is environmentally and economically viable and can produce value-added products.

    “Their results indicated that recycling recovered wood into GLT products is environmentally and economically viable and can produce value-added products.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Risse, 2019, Richter, Eco-efficiency analysis of recycling recovered solid wood from construction into laminated timber products, Sci. Total Environ. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    Most studies focus on the environmental aspects of recycled wood used in particleboard production or energy generation.

    “Most studies focus on the environmental aspects of recycled wood used in particleboard production or energy generation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Recycling recovered wood into GLT products shows up to 29% lower environmental impacts and 32% lower costs than incineration.

    “Recycling further shows up to 29% lower environmental impacts and 32% lower costs than incineration.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Risse, 2019, Richter, Eco-efficiency analysis of recycling recovered solid wood from construction into laminated timber products, Sci. Total Environ. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Even renovation and demolition projects produce a considerable EWW of varying qualities and categories, making it even harder to sort and separate.

    “Even renovation and demolition projects produce a considerable EWW of varying qualities and categories, making it even harder to sort and separate [39].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] Janin, 2009, Optimization of a chemical leaching process for decontamination of CCA-treated wood, J. Hazard. Mater. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Prefabricated elements can reduce labour costs and site waste generation, such as off-cuts, sawdust, and shavings.

    “The prefabricated elements can reduce labour costs and site waste generation, such as off-cuts, sawdust, and shavings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    LCA studies regarding production with recycled materials often dropped management stages, such as separation and collection steps.

    “LCA studies regarding production with recycled materials often dropped the management stages, such as separation and collection steps.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    For CDWW, recycling practices are still inefficient, resulting in a tremendous amount of wood waste being dumped into landfills legally or illegally without environmental protection.

    “For CDWW, recycling practices are still inefficient, resulting in a tremendous amount of wood waste being dumped into landfills legally or illegally without environmental protection [89].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [89] Esa, 2017, Developing strategies for managing construction and demolition wastes in Malaysia based on the concept of circular economy, J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    In the literature, CE opportunities are found to reduce, reuse, and recycle wood waste.

    “In the literature, CE opportunities are found to reduce, reuse, and recycle wood waste.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    In Scotland, wood waste is used as boiler fuel for producing steam for turbines.

    “In Scotland, wood waste is used as boiler fuel for producing steam for turbines [101].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [101] Shaw, 2011, Introduction to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) PREDICT 2 Tamar Estuary Research Workshop: Pathological risk evaluation using “health status-related” biomarkers, Mar. Environ. Res. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Many researchers are engaged in optimising wood-waste recycling to produce higher value-added materials through hydrolysis, gasification, pyrolysis, heat treatment, chipping, and pulping process.

    “For economic growth, many researchers are engaged in optimising wood-waste recycling to produce higher value-added materials through hydrolysis, gasification, pyrolysis, heat treatment, chipping, and pulping process (Sui and Chen, 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sui and Chen, 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Research and innovative works are found in the literature for developing wood waste-based value-added products.

    “Research and innovative works are found in the literature for developing wood waste-based value-added products.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    In Canada, about a million tons of wood waste pellets exported to the EU are used as fuel in power plants and hot water generation.

    “In Canada, about a million tons of wood waste pellets exported to the EU are used as fuel in power plants and hot water generation [100].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [100] Edo, 2017, Fate of metals and emissions of organic pollutants from torrefaction of waste wood, MSW, and RDF, Waste Manag. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Only 20-30% of CDW is estimated to be recycled globally.

    “Only 20-30% of CDW is estimated to be recycled globally (World Economic Forum, 2016).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites World Economic Forum, 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Recycling wood waste for biofuel production and developing the bio-economy sector help mitigate climate change.

    “In this context, recycling wood waste for biofuel production and developing the bio-economy sector help mitigate climate change [8].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Kozak, 2018, Spatial distribution of wood waste in Europe, Sylwan

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The use of recycled wood for producing new products is technically feasible and an economically viable project.

    “Several studies have demonstrated that-for producing new products-the use of recycled wood is technically feasible and an economically viable project [49].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Risse, 2019, Richter, Eco-efficiency analysis of recycling recovered solid wood from construction into laminated timber products, Sci. Total Environ. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The utilisation of CDWW brings an ecological balance to the environment and economic benefits.

    “The utilisation of CDWW brings an ecological balance to the environment and economic benefits [49].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Risse, 2019, Richter, Eco-efficiency analysis of recycling recovered solid wood from construction into laminated timber products, Sci. Total Environ. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    No study has analysed CDWW's potential contributions to social benefits.

    “However, no study has analysed CDWW's potential contributions to social benefits.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    LCA studies regarding production with recycled materials often drop the management stages, such as the separation and collection processes.

    “LCA studies regarding production with recycled materials often drop the management stages, such as the separation and collection processes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    In the literature, works on construction and demolition wood waste (CDWW) focus on the environmental and economic benefits.

    “In the literature, works on CDWW focus on the environmental and economic benefits.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Contaminated wood waste can produce high-performance cement-bonded particleboard that is eco-friendly and presents excellent compatibility.

    “Another study with contaminated wood waste can produce high-performance cement-bonded particleboard that is eco-friendly and presents excellent compatibility [43].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Hossain, 2018, Environmental and technical feasibility study of upcycling wood waste into cement-bonded particleboard, Constr. Build. Mater. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    From the literature analysis, circular economy for wood waste is emerging.

    “From this literature analysis, it is evident that CE for wood waste is emerging”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Circularity in the life cycle of CDWW can contribute to the conservation of forest resources and bring sustainable development.

    “This circularity can contribute to the conservation of forest resources and bring sustainable development [24,25].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [24] Shahidul, 2018, Waste Resources Recycling in Achieving Economic and Environmental Sustainability: Review on Wood Waste Industry, Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering source
    • cites [25] Shahiduzzaman, 2015, Decomposition of energy-related CO2 emissions in Australia: Challenges and policy implications, Econ. Anal. Policy source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Timber waste is the second leading element of CDW, contributing at least 20-30% of the total CDW stream.

    “Timber waste is considered the second leading element of CDW, contributing at least 20-30% of the total CDW stream (Construction and Demolition Recycling Association (CDRA) USA (United States of America)).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Construction and Demolition Recycling Association (CDRA) USA

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    After removal of duplicates, 52 articles remained.

    “After the removal of duplicates, 52 remained.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    CE can be adopted to integrate environmental, social benefits, and economic opportunities for CDWW.

    “Moreover, CE can be adopted to integrate environmental, social benefits, and economic opportunities for CDWW.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Specially engineered or treated wood may contain hazardous material and is extremely hard and expensive to recycle.

    “Specially engineered or treated wood may contain hazardous material and is extremely hard and expensive to recycle [92].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [92] Mercer, 2014, Evaluating the potential for environmental pollution from chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood waste: A new mass balance approach, J. Hazard. Mater. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Most of this material is dumped, which has a severe environmental impact.

    “As a result, most of this material is dumped, which has a severe environmental impact.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The leading, recurring means of CE for wood waste seem to be developing new materials from wood waste.

    “The leading, recurring means seem to be developing new materials from wood waste.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Proper monitoring and handling of the waste stream helps to avoid contamination.

    “Proper monitoring and handling of the waste stream helps to avoid contamination.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Mixing several types of waste with CDWW makes it harder to separate.

    “In this stage, the matter of concern is that mixing several types of waste with CDWW makes it harder to separate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    If the circular economy concept (the 3R principle consisting of reduction, reuse, and recycle) can be utilised for timber waste, the pressure on virgin materials can be reduced significantly.

    “If the circular economy concept (the 3R principle consisting of reduction, reuse, and recycle) can be utilised for timber waste, the pressure on virgin materials can be reduced significantly.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lignin in timber is resistant to biodegradation in an anaerobic environment and can persist for exceedingly prolonged periods.

    “However, lignin in timber is resistant to biodegradation in an anaerobic environment and can persist for exceedingly prolonged periods [102].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [102] Palmiotto, 2014, Influence of a municipal solid waste landfill in the surrounding environment: Toxicological risk and odor nuisance effects, Environ. Int. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    CE can usually be implemented using this recycled wood as raw material for the construction industry or as input material for other sectors, contributing to generating new employment.

    “CE can usually be implemented using this recycled wood as raw material for the construction industry or as input material for other sectors, contributing to generating new employment (Figure 8) [106].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [106] Liu, 2020, Evaluating the employment impact of recycling performance in Florida, Waste Manag. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    EWW contains hazardous materials-such as CCA, lead-based paint, or chromium-which cause the leaching of hazardous elements to the environment, delivering severe health concerns.

    “EWW contains hazardous materials-such as CCA, lead-based paint, or chromium-which cause the leaching of hazardous elements to the environment, delivering severe health concerns.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Higher load-bearing strength and the higher strength-to-weight ratio of wood make it viable for widely applied building materials.

    “Higher load-bearing strength and the higher strength-to-weight ratio of wood make it viable for widely applied building materials.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The transport types and distances situate the economic benefits of reuse, recovery, and recycling over landfilling.

    “The transport types and distances situate the economic benefits of reuse, recovery, and recycling over landfilling.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    If wood waste is not recycled, it could be repurposed directly through combustion or conversion to gaseous or liquid fuel or burned to produce energy or power.

    “If wood waste is not recycled, it could be repurposed directly through combustion or conversion to gaseous or liquid fuel or burned to produce energy or power (Figure 7) [99].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [99] Rawat, 2009, Fuel wood consumption pattern of tribal communities in cold desert of the Lahaul valley, North-Western Himalaya, India, Biomass Bioenergy source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Recycling contaminated wood waste is complex and costly.

    “Recycling contaminated wood waste is complex and costly.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    EWP contains chromium, copper, arsenic, LOSP, lead, and boron, which are hazardous to the environment and particularly challenging to remove during recycling.

    “EWP contains chromium, copper, arsenic, LOSP, lead, and boron, which are hazardous to the environment and particularly challenging to remove during recycling [27,92].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [27] Ximenes, 2018, The decay of engineered wood products and paper excavated from landfills in Australia, Waste Manag. source
    • cites [92] Mercer, 2014, Evaluating the potential for environmental pollution from chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood waste: A new mass balance approach, J. Hazard. Mater. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Wood waste emits methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide, potential components of GHGs.

    “Wood waste emits methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide, potential components of GHGs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    With the development of a wood waste market, the forests' overall health would improve and prevent biodiversity loss.

    “With the development of a wood waste market, the forests' overall health would improve and prevent biodiversity loss.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Different value-added materials can be produced from CDWW, which helps avoid landfill costs and space costs.

    “Different value-added materials can be produced from CDWW, which helps avoid landfill costs and space costs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Hardwood can be used as a structural material as a replacement for reinforced concretes.

    “It is also stated that hardwood can be used as a structural material as a replacement for reinforced concretes [111].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [111] Ronkanen, 2019, The effect of the use of construction and demolition waste on the mechanical and moisture properties of a wood-plastic composite, Compos. Struct. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Economic development with CDWW has also guaranteed the continued sustainability of the forest reserve in emerging economies.

    “Economic development with CDWW has also guaranteed the continued sustainability of the forest reserve in emerging economies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    There are vast opportunities to reuse or develop new materials from CDWW for market entry and economic development.

    “The framework mentioned above (Figure 8) clearly states that there are vast opportunities to reuse or develop new materials from CDWW for market entry and economic development.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Circular economy approach implementation can bring environmental, economic, and social benefits for CDWW towards sustainability.

    “Circular economy approach implementation can bring environmental, economic, and social benefits for CDWW towards sustainability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    The success of sustainable construction must embrace the collaborative development of three significant dimensions of sustainability (economic, environmental, and social) in an integrated way.

    “Eventually, the success of sustainable construction must embrace the collaborative development of three significant dimensions of sustainability (economic, environmental, and social) in an integrated way [113].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [113] Yao, H. (2009). A Dynamic Approach for Evaluating the Sustainability Performance of Infrastructure Projects, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Recycling wood waste can create an inexpensive renewable material source to enhance economic growth and create employment opportunities.

    “Recycling wood waste can create an inexpensive renewable material source to enhance economic growth and create employment opportunities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationcitation

    Further applications of CDWW towards CE and lessening landfill disposal would restore forest resources through wood waste management.

    “Therefore, the results obtained from the literature recommended further applications of CDWW towards CE and lessening landfill disposal that would restore forest resources through wood waste management [46].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] Heidari, 2019, Evaluation of fast and slow pyrolysis methods for bio-oil and activated carbon production from eucalyptus wastes using a life cycle assessment approach, J. Clean. Prod. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) supports the identification of trade-offs between the dimensions and allows for better decision-making in politics and industry.

    “LCSA supports the identification of trade-offs between the dimensions and allows for better decision-making in politics and industry [115,116].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [115] Kloepffer, 2008, Life cycle sustainability assessment of products, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. source
    • cites [116] Finkbeiner, M., Ackermann, R., Bach, V., Berger, M., Brankatschk, G., Chang, Y.-J., Grinberg, M., Lehmann, A., Martínez-Blanco, J., and Minkov, N. (2014). Challenges in Life Cycle Assessment: An Overview of Current Gaps and Research Needs. LCA Compendium—The Complete World of Life Cycle Assessment, Springer Science and Business Media LLC. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    If the construction industries adopt the proposed framework for CDWW management and play a vital role in managing CDWW globally, it will boost the circular economy and bring sustainable development.

    “If the construction industries adopt the proposed framework for CDWW management and play a vital role in managing CDWW globally, it will boost the circular economy and bring sustainable development.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Wood waste recycling will bring environmental, social, and economic benefits.

    “it can be seen that wood waste recycling will bring environmental, social, and economic benefits.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
79 of 79

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Wood recovery and recycling rates are considerably lower than other CDW materials, for example, concrete (82%) and steel (98%).

    “Yet still, wood recovery and recycling rates are considerably lower than other CDW materials, for example, concrete (82%) and steel (98%).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Current practices are mostly limited to low-value uses, such as mulch or firewood.

    “Current practices are mostly limited to low-value uses, such as mulch or firewood.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Although wood is plentifully used worldwide, its potential involvement in CE has received less attention in the past.

    “Although wood is plentifully used worldwide, its potential involvement in CE has received less attention in the past.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Economic profit plays a key role in enhancing the secondary materials market in the construction industry.

    “As economic profit plays a key role in enhancing the secondary materials market in the construction industry, there is a need to develop secondary markets for CDWW recycled materials.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A lack of standards that guarantee the quality of recycled material is a potential barrier to the market development of secondary materials.

    “Another issue is a lack of standards that guarantee the quality of recycled material which is a potential barrier to the market development of secondary materials.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Higher prices of secondary materials over virgin raw materials discourage consumers from buying secondary materials.

    “Sometimes, the higher prices of secondary materials over virgin raw materials discourage consumers from buying secondary materials.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No timber waste management plan goal is available in the industry.

    “No such goal is available in the industry, which requires consideration before any construction project.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The majority of CDWW is generated from the demolition sector.

    “The majority of CDWW is generated from the demolition sector.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Economic benefit plays a crucial role in developing secondary materials for the construction industry.

    “Therefore, economic benefit plays a crucial role in developing secondary materials for the construction industry.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Harvesting wood from the forest as raw material improves the economy, but it also presents a profound environmental impact and biodiversity loss.

    “Harvesting wood from the forest as raw material improves the economy, but it also presents a profound environmental impact and biodiversity loss.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Construction contractors play a vital role in minimising waste generation.

    “Construction contractors play a vital role in minimising waste generation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A considerable amount of CDWW is generated during construction, renovation, or demolition stages and is mostly landfilled, contributing to severe environmental effects.

    “A considerable amount of CDWW is generated during construction, renovation, or demolition stages and is mostly landfilled, contributing to severe environmental effects.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The potential environmental impact of CDWW is global warming, greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity loss, mainly associated with deforestation, the manufacturing of wood-based materials for the construction industry, and low product recovery rates for end-of-life stages.

    “The potential environmental impact is global warming, greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity loss, mainly associated with deforestation, the manufacturing of wood-based materials for the construction industry, and low product recovery rates for end-of-life stages.”
13 of 13

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • UK wood-waste figure is assigned different years

    Minor

    The same 4.5 MT UK figure is dated 2021 in the text and 2020 in Table 1.

  • Victoria's wood-waste total differs between the text and Table 1

    Minor

    For 2013-2014, the text gives 505 kt collected in Victoria, while Table 1 gives 511,000 tons.

  • CiteSpace version differs between methods sections

    Minor

    The literature-selection section specifies version 5.7.R1, whereas the mapping section specifies 5.5.R1 for the analysis.

  • Reported search period conflicts with the analysis timeframe

    Minor

    The abstract says the database search covered 2009-2020, but the results say the input data span 2005-2020.

4 of 4

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Kozak, 2018, Spatial distribution of wood waste in Europe, Sylwan, 162, 563
  2. Falk, R.H., and McKeever, D.B. Recovering wood for reuse and recycling: A United States perspective. Proceedings of the European COST E31 Conference: Management of Recovered Wood Recycling Bioenergy and Other Options, Thessaloniki, Greece, 22–24 April 2004.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Jahan, I., Zhang, G., Bhuiyan, M., & Navaratnam, S.
Affiliations
RMIT University (AU)
Corresponding author
Zhang, Guomin
ORCID
Venue
Sustainability
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-08-23
Volume
14
Issue
17
Pages
10478
ISSN
2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/su141710478
OpenAlex
W4292869337
Semantic Scholar
cedc72275d6ebe3304923bea7204a16ab5090a7c
Cited by
93
References
101
Citations by year
2026: 20 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 2
FWCI
7.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Recycled Aggregate Concrete Performance
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Forestry › Agricultural and Food Sciences
Keywords
circular economy, wood waste management, life stages, waste reduction, resource recovery, end-of-life management, contaminated waste, sustainable development, theoretical framework

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-18.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-18.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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