Cited by 309Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction

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The Development and Validation of the State Self-Compassion Scale (Long- and Short Form)

Neff, Kristin D., Tóth-Király, István, Knox, Marissa C., Kuchar, Ashley, Davidson, Oliver·2021·Mindfulness

DOI 10.1007/s12671-020-01505-4

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Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem0902_5 · Cited by 16,280
Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance
Chen, F. F. (2007) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510701301834 · Cited by 12,217
Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A New Source of Inexpensive, Yet High-Quality, Data?
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The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion
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“As defined by Neff (2003b), a self-compassionate mindset represents the balance between increased compassionate and decreased uncompassionate self-responding to personal struggle.”
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Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself
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“Self-compassion was measured using the State Self-Com - passion Scale– Long Form (SSCS-L; Neff et al., 2021 ).”
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“Self-compassion means that individuals do not avoid suffering, understand them - selves in an inclusive manner, and consider the difficulties they encounter objectively (K. D. Neff, 2003a, b ; Neff et al., 2021).”
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Veilleux, J. C., Clift, J. B., Brott, K. H., Warner, E. A., Schreiber, R. E., Henderson, H. M., & Shelton, D. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2305400 · Cited by 11
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“The S-SCS is a six item self report measure (Neff et al. 2021) assessing respondents’ state self-compassion using a 1 (not at all true for me) to 5 (very true for me) Likert scale.”
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Development and Initial Validation of the State Four Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
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“To create the state-4FMQ, we followed the procedure used by other researchers when creating state adaptations of trait measures (e.g., Neff et al., 2021).”
Psychometric validation and measurement invariance of the self-compassion scale-short form (SCS-SF) across gender, clinical population, and cultures
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“…of the process in which the individual reacts emotionally toward pain (with more kindness and less criticism), cognitively understands pain (as a part of the human experience rather than isolation), and experiences differences between these states (with more awareness and less identification) [21].”
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von Boros, L., Möhring, A., Göritz, A. S., Lieb, K., Wessa, M., Tuescher, O., & Schäfer, S. K. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02669-7 · Cited by 5
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“The State Self-Compassion Scale Short Form was used to determine participants’ current feelings of kindness toward themselves (Neff et al., 2021).”
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“The SSCS-L includes 18 items assessing the six components of state self-compassion (self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, reduced self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification), while the SSCS-S is a six-item proxy for global state self-compassion.”
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“The State Self-Compassion Scale, Short (SSCS-S; Neff et al., 2020) includes 12 items (e.g., “I try to be understanding and patient towards those aspects of my personality I don’t like”) (Neff et al., 2020).”
Divine forgiveness may build psychological and spiritual resources following moral transgressions: an ecological momentary assessment study of U.S. Christians
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“To be human is to make mistakes (Neff et al., 2021).”
Emotion Regulation Partly Mediates the Link Between Self-Compassion and Well-Being in Daily Life: Differences Between Overall, Positive, and Negative Self-Compassion
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“Additionally, changes in SC were associated with increases in PA or decreases in depressed mood or NA on the state level (e.g., Diedrich et al., 2014; Kirschner et al., 2019; Neff et al., 2021).”
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“Over the past two decades, scholars have increasingly recognized self-compassion as a critical construct in the counseling and wellness literature (Neff et al., 2021).”
Background
Compassionate mind training for university students – A randomized controlled trial
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Compassion Scale (CS)
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Self-citation
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Self-citation
The Pivotal Role of Social Support, Self-Compassion and Self-Care in Predicting Physical and Mental Health Among Mothers of Young Children
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“Many studies have extensively validated the long and short versions of the SCS [31,32].”
Effects of brief mindfulness meditation on compassion and personal distress using the socio-affective video task
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“Subsequently they responded to the two questionnaires evaluating decentration state (Toronto Mindfulness Scale 95 and self-compassion state 96 , presented in a randomized order.”
A conservation of resources perspective on psychological well-being: a study of Malaysian public research universities
Chan, M. S., & Halim, H. A. (2025) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2025.2580034 · Cited by 3
“More specifically, self-compassion was assessed using six items adapted from neff et al. (2021) with a cronbach’s alpha value of 0.864. an example is, ‘ I feel like I am ’.). lastly, psychological well-being was measured using 18 items adapted from ryff and keyes (1995), encompassing six dimensions…”
Influential
The role of subclinical psychopathic traits on experimentally induced self- and other-compassion
Lobbestael, J., Freund, V. L., Geschwind, N., Meesters, C. M. G., & Peeters, F. P. M. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.948129 · Cited by 4
“The state Self-Compassion Scale (Neff et al., 2021) was used, in which participants were asked to think of a painful or difficult situation in their life while answering the questions.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Do Mindful Employees Fit Their Organization Well? A Mediating Model Through Temperance
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Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) in International Contexts
Strohmaier, S., Eileen Luders, A., & Krägeloh, C. U. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89738-3_18-1 · Cited by 2
Burnout, emotional distress and sleep quality among Chinese psychiatric healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a follow-up study
Xiong, N., Fan, T., Liu, Q., Fritzsche, K., Leonhart, R., Stein, B., Waller, C., & Müller, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1272074 · Cited by 2
“The State Self-Compassion Scale-Short (SSCS-S) was adopted to reflect the capacity for self-compassion (33, 34).”
Method
Daily-Level Self-Compassion and Coping-Motivated Drinking
Biehler, K. M., Jenzer, T., & Read, J. P. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02407-5 · Cited by 2
“A state measure of self-compassion was recently published to be used in intervention work (Neff et al., 2021) but this length and format pose a challenge for repeated measurement in daily diary design.”
Understanding the relationship between self‐compassion and body dissatisfaction
Cadena, S., Iyer, A., Webb, T. L., & Millings, A. (2024) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.13065 · Cited by 2
Work-related well-being in early career: A role of self-compassion
Krejčová, K., Krejčí, I., Chýlová, H., Rymešová, P., & Michálek, P. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41377 · Cited by 2
Self-Compassion and Spiritual Well-Being Among Employees in Educational Institutions
Tandukar, R., Shah, N. K., & Adhikari, B. (2024) · Interdisciplinary Journal of Innovation in Nepalese Academia · doi:10.3126/idjina.v3i2.73213 · Cited by 2
Impact of a brief self-compassion intervention on state emotion dysregulation in self-reported generalized anxiety disorder
Herrera, J. M. D., & Turk, C. L. (2025) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.102012 · Cited by 4
From self-compassion to obsessive-compulsive symptoms: the mediator role of intolerance of uncertainty
Kaçar‐Başaran, S., & Gökdağ, C. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07324-x · Cited by 6
“Self-compassion involves taking a constructive approach to interacting with oneself during periods of distress, including times of disappointment, feelings of incompetence or challenges encountered in daily life (Neff et al., 2021).”
Psychodrama
Orkibi, H. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009378338 · Cited by 3
Positive psychology pioneers: Kristin Neff's power and potential to influence mental health nursing
Macfarlane, J. (2023) · British Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjmh.2022.0036 · Cited by 1
Self‐compassion facilitates responsiveness to existential threat: A brief report
Gerber, Z., Gez, L., & Anaki, D. (2023) · Mental Health Science · doi:10.1002/mhs2.28 · Cited by 2
Bearing Witness to Suffering at End of Life
Hope, S., Booth, J., & Rosa, W. E. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197667934.003.0012 · Cited by 2
The Resilience Trio: Self-kindness, Humanity, and Courage in Coping with Isolation
Khurana, R., & Rangnekar, S. (2024) · Flexible systems management · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-9550-9_1 · Cited by 2
Comparing Facets of Self-Compassion in the Context of Social Judgement
Popovic, M., & Kocovski, N. L. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02458-8 · Cited by 2
“Most written self-compassion inductions guide participants through three prompts: mindfulness, common humanity, and self-kindness, reflective of the three facets of self-compassion (e.g., Neff et al., 2021).”
Be kind, don’t rewind: trait rumination may hinder the effects of self-compassion on health behavioral intentions after a body image threat
Hodzic, A., Flynn, A. R., Lamont, J. M., Khin, M., & Grubbs, A. (2024) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-024-01249-2 · Cited by 2
“State self-compassion was measured using the State Self-Compassion Scale, Short Form (Neff et al. 2021).”
Developing Self-Compassion
Gilbert, P. (2007) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446279830.n11 · Cited by 2
Auto-compasiunea și auto-eficacitateaca – resurse personale în cazul terapeuților
TRIFU, R. N., Miclea, B., Herta, D. C., Pușcașu, S., Hațegan, C. B., & Coman, H. G. (2021) · Revista Română de Terapia Tulburărilor de Limbaj şi Comunicare · doi:10.26744/rrttlc.2021.7.1.02 · Cited by 2
A Brief, Digital Music-Based Mindfulness Intervention for Black Americans With Elevated Race-Based Anxiety and Little-to-No Meditation Experience (“healing attempt"): Replication and Extension Study
Jones, G. M., Castro‐Ramirez, F., Al‐Suwaidi, M., McGuire, T. C., & Herrmann, F. M. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/53268 · Cited by 1
“As we did for our prior feasibility study within this area, we developed a study-specific 5-item scale to assess mindfulness/self-compassion that leverages items from the Toronto Mindfulness Scale [33] and the State Self-Compassion Scale [34].”
Method
State Self-Compassion Scale Long Form (SSCS-L) and Short Form (SSCS-S)
Neff, K. D., & Miyagawa, Y. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_105-1 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Web-Based Intervention Using Self-Compassionate Writing to Induce Positive Mood in Family Caregivers of Older Adults: Quantitative Study
Wiita, F., Ho, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/52883 · Cited by 1
“The 6-item State Self-Compassion Scale Short Form (SSCS-S) [24] was used to measure global state self-compassion.”
Influential
Being Mindful to Achieve Person-Organisation Fit and Community Fit: Moderating Role of Isolation
Khurana, R., Yadav, R., & Yadav, M. (2024) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/0118743501307559240924082143 · Cited by 1
The Well-being Coaching Program
Dent, A., Sieg, D., Munn, L. T., Rose, R., & Swick, M. (2024) · JONA The Journal of Nursing Administration · doi:10.1097/nna.0000000000001529 · Cited by 1
Fathers’ Self-Compassion and Child Attachment Quality: Testing a Sequential Indirect Effect via Emotion Regulation Difficulties, Loneliness, and Psychological Distress in Two Paternal Samples
van Heerden, D., Mazzucchelli, T. G., Kirby, J. N., Brett, J. D., & Mancini, V. O. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02538-3 · Cited by 5
“The State Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SSCS-S) is a 6-item self-report measure developed by Neff et al. (2020) to provide a brief measure of global state self-compassion.”
Influential
State Self-Compassion Dynamics: Partial Evidence for the Bipolar Continuum Hypothesis
Colpizzi, I., Trull, T. J., Sica, C., Haney, A. M., & Caudek, C. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02567-y · Cited by 1
“Measured with the State Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form (SSCS-SF; Neff et al., 2021), augmented by two additional items (1 for CS and 1 for UCS), ensuring at least four items per dimension.”
A Brief Writing Exercise Promotes Self-Compassion Among Those Who Fear Self-Compassion
Burnham, C. M., & Kocovski, N. L. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02577-w · Cited by 1
“In the self-compassion condition, participants were asked to write about their past speech mindfully with self-kindness and common humanity (as per Neff et al., 2021).”
Influential
State Self-Compassion and Response to Failure: The Mediating Role of Causal Attributions
Conway, T. L., & Johnson, E. A. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02587-8 · Cited by 1
Perceptions of Self-compassion in Undergraduate Women: A Photo Elicitation Study
Galway, S. C., Buchmayer, D., & Gammage, K. L. (2025) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/0118743501385720250515074624 · Cited by 1
The impact of mindfulness techniques workshop on nursing professionals' self-awareness and emotional resilience in values-based healthcare
Kathwal, J., Sharma, A., Sharma, M., & Sharma, K. (2025) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20251742 · Cited by 1
Exploring self-compassion in adults with disabilities: the roles of gender, disability history, and leisure-time physical activity
Zayed, K. N., Ahmed, M. D., Al-Kitani, M., Al-Yaaribi, A. S., Al-Jadidi, K., Ali, E., Gaafar, A., Droushi, A. R. A., & Alsarmi, M. (2025) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.19554 · Cited by 1
“Several shorter versions of the SCS exist, including the 18-item and 17-item versions ( Neff et al., 2021 ), which retain the original six-factor structure but with fewer items, and the 12-item short form (SCS-SF) ( Raes et al., 2011 ), which provides a quicker assessment but has lower reliability…”
State Self-Compassion Scale Long Form (SSCS-L) and Short Form (SSCS-S)
Neff, K. D., & Miyagawa, Y. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47219-0_105 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Psychosocial factors associated with perceived cognitive functioning in prostate cancer survivors: an exploratory cross-sectional analysis
Pembroke, L., Sherman, K. A., Dhillon, H. M., Francis, H., Gillatt, D. A., & Gurney, H. (2025) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-025-09771-5 · Cited by 1
Self-compassion in the prospective associations with the coexisting patterns of posttraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth during the pandemic: a regression mixture analysis
Li, Z., Zhang, X., & Ren, Y. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07274-5 · Cited by 1
“In terms of practical applications, structured self-compassion training programs such as the Self-Compassion Mindset Induction developed by Neff [89] can be implemented to enhance self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness, while also reducing overidentification.”
Strengthening the healthy adult mode: a case experimental study exploring the effects of a new Schema Therapy protocol in an outpatient population
Versluis, Y., Bol, Y., Peeters, F. P. M. L., & Bouwmeester, S. (2025) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2025.2484222 · Cited by 2
“Cronbach’s alpha ( α = .94) and composite reliability levels were adequate for the total score (Neff et al., 2021).”
Effects of a Mindful Self-Compassion Intervention on Emotion Regulation in Psychiatric Rehabilitation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Andorfer, A., Hiebler, M., Senra, H., Peter, J., Kraler, S., Kaufmann, P., Pollheimer, E., Spah, C., Kresse, A., Kapfhammer, H., et al. (2025) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000548902 · Cited by 2
“Furthermore, a study employing self-compassion mood induction demonstrated that higher self-compassion levels correlate with increased positive affect and reduced negative affect [5, 8, 9].”
Mutual Recognition as the Foundation for Compassion
Wu, M. M.-F. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02708-3 · Cited by 1
“The teach-ability of compassion and positive outcomes of compassion training, which have been receiving empirical support, indicate the importance of these elements (Andreu et al., 2025; Liberman et al., 2024; Neff et al., 2020; Sinclair et al., 2021; see also Millard et al., 2023).”
Influential
How Self-Compassion Promotes Authentic Self-Expression: The Role of Self-Concept Clarity
Miyagawa, Y. (2025) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-025-00985-2 · Cited by 1

Authors: Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Knox, M. C., Kuchar, A., & Davidson, O.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
Corresponding author: Neff, Kristin D.
ORCID: Neff, Kristin D.
Knox, Marissa C.
Kuchar, Ashley
Venue: Mindfulness
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-09-30
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 121-140
ISSN: 1868-8527 (ISSN-L)
1868-8535
DOI: 10.1007/s12671-020-01505-4
OpenAlex: W3091051561
Cited by: 309
References: 75
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 18
FWCI: 10.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Mindfulness (publishedVersion)
Funders: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (435-2018-0368)
Horizon Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Keywords: state self-compassion, Self-Compassion Scale, scale development, factor structure, bifactor model, positive and negative affect, psychometric validation, short-form scale

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The Development and Validation of the State Self-Compassion Scale (Long- and Short Form)

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