Cited by 309Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction

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The Development and Validation of the State Self-Compassion Scale (Long- and Short Form)

Neff, Kristin D., Tóth-Király, István, Knox, Marissa C., Kuchar, Ashley, Davidson, Oliver·2021·Mindfulness

DOI 10.1007/s12671-020-01505-4

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Background
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Background
A Meta-analysis of Loving-Kindness Meditations on Self-Compassion
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A Systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of self-compassion interventions for changing university students’ positive and negative affect
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“For future research it is indicated to use the validated scales for measuring self-compassion as a trait: the Self-Compas-sion Scale (SCS; Neff, 2003b), the Self-Compassion Scale – Short Form (SCS-SF; Raes et al., 2011), and also for measuring as a state (Neff et al., 2021).”
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“State self-compassion was assessed with the 12-item Self-Compassion Scale (Raes et al., 2011).”
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Self-Compassion or Self-Criticism? Predicting Women Athletes’ Psychological Flourishing in Sport in Canada
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“We expected that the factor structure of the SSCS would be replicated in Japan because the SCS, from which the state measure is created, is equivalent across cultures (Tóth-Király and Neff, 2021).”
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An experimental investigation of the effects of perspective-taking on emotional discomfort, cognitive fusion and self-compassion
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Method
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“…and age, and completed a questionnaire measuring Alexithymia which assesses difficulty in per-ceiving emotions (PAQ-S) [72], the Plymouth Sensory Imagery Questionnaire which assesses the vividness of mental image (Psi-Q sound and feeling subscales [2]), and the Self-Compassion Scale (SSCS-S [66]).”
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“Moreover, Neff et al. (2021) recently developed an adaptation of the SCS-S as a state measure.”
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Self-citation
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Background
Coping with Past Social Stress: Comparing Brief Self-Compassion, Cognitive Reappraisal and Control Writing Exercises
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“≤ 600 MET minutes a week according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ [35])), between 40 and 74 years old, not receiving medical treatment or behaviour change education for T2D, could safely engage in physical activity (PAR-Q+ [36]), available for all testing and sessions, and below the average…”
Method
The Spanish Version of the State Self-Compassion Scale–Long Form (SSCS–L): A Study of Its Validity and Reliability in a Sample of Nursing Students
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“The current research analyzed the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the SSCS–L scale [62].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Effects of self-compassion on aggression and its psychological mechanism through perceived stress
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“Self-compassion contains six components: self-kindness and self-judgment, common humanity and isolation, and mindfulness and over-identification (Neff et al., 2021).”
Background
Are Mindfulness and Self-Compassion Related to Peace of Mind? The Mediating Role of Nonattachment
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“…mindfulness, self-compassion, nonattachment, and PoM through ecological momentary assessment in people ’ s daily lives (Liu et al., 2015; Mey et al., 2023; Neff et al., 2021; Tanay & Bernstein, 2013), which may provide more reliable results with greater ecological validity (Enkema et al., 2020).”
Clinical and Psychosocial Predictors of Post-Event Processing in Adults Who Stutter
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Examining state self‐criticism and self‐efficacy as factors underlying hopelessness and suicidal ideation
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Improved Soft-Skill Competencies of ABA Professionals Following Training and Coaching: A Feasibility Study
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“Both IPC and MSC exist within the literature as soft skills competencies that, when improved, can promote better outcomes for both practitioners and individuals served by systems of care (Friedman, Akselrud et al., 2022a; Neff et al., 2020).”
Influential
Investigating Stable and Dynamic Aspects of the Vietnamese Self-Compassion Scale using Generalisability Theory
Truong, Q. C., Nguyen, T. M., An, N. H., Medvedeva, A., & Medvedev, O. N. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01950-3 · Cited by 13
Supportive evidence for the State Self-Compassion Scale using Japanese samples.
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On the importance of being clear about the level of analysis of interest: An illustration using the case of self‐compassion
Büchner, A., Ewert, C., Hoffmann, C. F. A., Schröder–Abé, M., & Horstmann, K. T. (2024) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12924 · Cited by 11
Self-compassion as a protective factor against adverse consequences of social media use: A scoping review
Manjanatha, D., Pippard, N. S., & Bloss, C. S. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0322227 · Cited by 11
“Furthermore, there has also been some discussion in recent literature about a possible distinction between trait and state self-compassion [12].”
Epigenetic, psychological, and EEG changes after a 1-week retreat based on mindfulness and compassion for stress reduction in healthy adults: Study protocol of a cross-over randomized controlled trial
Díez, G. G., Martin-Subero, I., Zangri, R. M., Kulis, M., Andreu, C. I., Blanco, I., Roca, P., Cuesta, P., García, C., Garzón, J., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283169 · Cited by 11
Evaluating the efficacy of common humanity-enhanced exposure for socially anxious young adults
Slivjak, E. T., Pedersen, E. J., & Arch, J. J. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102542 · Cited by 10
Validation of the Student Athletes’ Motivation Toward Sports and Academics Questionnaire (SAMSAQ) for Korean College Student-Athletes: An Application of Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling
Lee, Y., Immekus, J. C., Lim, D., Hums, M. A., Greenwell, C., Cocco, A. R., & Kang, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.853236 · Cited by 13
“Purpose of the Study With its advantages, there is a growing interest in using ESEM to examine an instrument’s multidimensionality in various fields such as education and medical research field (Dicke et al., 2018; Karlgren et al., 2020; Pommier et al., 2020; Sancho et al., 2020; Neff et al., 2021).”
Background
Physical Activity and Self-Compassion: A Systemic Review
Hall, J. N., Cunningham-Baker, H., Bodenlos, J. S., & Pekmezi, D. (2023) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276231222183 · Cited by 9
Enhancing the Precision of the Self-Compassion Scale Short Form (SCS-SF) with Rasch Methodology
Adu, P., Popoola, T., Bartholomew, E. J., Iqbal, N., Roemer, A., Jurcik, T., Collings, S. C., Aspin, C., Medvedev, O. N., & Simpson, C. R. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02462-y · Cited by 9
The Relationship Between Self-Compassion and Resilience in the General Population: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Li, X., Malli, M. A., Cosco, T. D., & Zhou, G. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/60154 · Cited by 17
“Experimental studies manipulating levels of self-compassion should include manipulation checks using validated scales, such as the State Self-Compassion Scale [44].”
The association between self-compassion and psychological distress among Chinese college students: serial mediation via emotions and resilience resources
Hou, J., Qu, D., Bu, H., Chen, B., Liu, G., & Yu, N. X. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-07227-3 · Cited by 14
“Scholars have conceptualized it as a state that fluctuates across situa - tions (Neff et al., 2021), a stable trait that describes one’s typical response to personal suffering (Neff, 2003), or a learnable competence that can be developed through practice (Gilbert et al., 2017).”
Thin-Ideal Internalisation and Weight Bias Internalisation as Predictors of Eating Pathology: The Moderating Role of Self-Compassion
Montague, G., Eidipour, T., & Grant, S. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22081278 · Cited by 10
“The State Self-Compassion Scale—Long Form (SSCS-L) [45] is an 18-item scale that assesses self-kindness, self-judgment, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness, and over-identification in the moment on a Likert scale from 1 (not at all true for me) to 5 (very true for me).”
The associations between self-compassion and adult attachment: A meta-analysis
Huang, M., & Wu, E. Z. (2024) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075241265766 · Cited by 14
Effects of the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Resiliency, Self-Compassion, and Corona Disease Anxiety on Medical Staff Involved in COVID-19 Pandemic
Ravanbakhsh, L., Ebrahimi, M. I., Haddadi, A., & Yazdi-Ravandi, S. (2023) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs-136845 · Cited by 8
The role of self-compassion and its individual components in adaptive responses to dietary lapses
Hagerman, C. J., Ehmann, M. M., Taylor, L. C., & Forman, E. M. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.107009 · Cited by 8
An Open Trial of a Brief, Self-Compassion Intervention Targeting Thwarted Belongingness and Perceived Burdensomeness
Bianchini, G., & Bodell, L. P. (2024) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2024.2307894 · Cited by 8
“The Self-Compassionate Mindstate Induction (developed and piloted by Neff et al., 2020) was used as the self-compassion writing task in this study.”
Self-Compassion and Social Anxiety: A Scoping Review
Slivjak, E. T., Majid, F. A., Wrigley, J., Russell, S., Zielony, L., & Arch, J. J. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02450-2 · Cited by 15
“Additionally, most studies were published prior to the development and validation of state self-compassion scales from Neff et al., (2021; e.g., State Self-Compassion Scale Long and Short Forms), such that they assessed state self-compassion by modifying existing measures in a manner specific to each study.”
Factors affecting occupational burnout in medical staff: a path analysis based on the job demands-resources perspective
Wei, Z., Xia, B., Jiang, L., Zhu, H., Li, L., Wang, L., Zhao, J., Fan, R., Wang, P., & Huang, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1490171 · Cited by 10
“” ) (19).”
Background
Entrepreneurs’ thriving after venture distress: The role of self-compassion, learning, and venture failure
Coppens, K., & Knockaert, M. (2024) · BRQ Business Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/23409444241293813 · Cited by 9
“…research could check whether entrepreneurs’ self-compassion, which has frequently been conceptualized as a relatively stable personality trait (Neff et al., 2021), can be trained through self-compassion interventions, as suggested by recent research (e.g., Engel et al., 2021; Neff et al.,…”
A new solution to political divisiveness: Priming a sense of common humanity through Facebook meme-like posts
Masullo, G. M. (2023) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448231184633 · Cited by 5
“Initially, undergraduate students created 24 meme-like posts using free online meme-cre-ating software, after being explained the concept of common humanity (Neff et al., 2021), and half the meme-like images were intended to convey common humanity and half were intended not to convey this construct.”
Refusing to Pay Taxes
Jolley, D., PATERSON, J. L., & Thomas, R. (2023) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000529 · Cited by 10
Changes in hospital staff’ mental health during the Covid‑19 pandemic: Longitudinal results from the international COPE-CORONA study
Lanzara, R., Conti, C. M., Rosa, I., Pawłowski, T., Małecka, M., Rymaszewska, J., Porcelli, P., Stein, B., Waller, C., Müller, M., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0285296 · Cited by 9
“The State Self-Compassion Scale-Short form (SSCS-S) was used to assess the tendency to respond in a self-compassionate way to a current painful situation or life difficulty [39].”
Method
Self-compassion manipulation regulates affect and aggressive inclinations in the context of social rejection
Miyagawa, Y. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111954 · Cited by 9
The impact of acceptance and commitment therapy on college students’ suicidal ideations, a tendency to self-harm, and existential anxiety
Jalali Azar, R., Ebrahimi, M. I., Haddadi, A., & Yazdi-Ravandi, S. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05501-4 · Cited by 7
“In addition, they can question the vicious cycle of self-criticism with a new and compassionate look at themselves, realistic standards, and achievable expectations that do not require hardship and harassment—redesign (Bhuptani & Messman, 2021; Neff et al., 2021).”
Adaptive body image can be contagious: An examination of college women facing situational body image threats
Miller, K. E., Kelly, A. C., & Kraus, G. E. (2022) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.06.008 · Cited by 7
Exploring Interprofessional and Self-Compassion Competencies for Applied Behavior Analysis Professionals: A Qualitative Study
Friedman, Z. L., & El‐Roy, D. (2024) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-024-00991-5 · Cited by 7
“Although attempting a practice shift toward a more compassionate ABA approach, it is important to also include viewpoints of ABA professionals, because they work to build both IPC, compassion and MSC competencies (Neff et al., 2021).”
Influential
Parental psychological control, state self-compassion, and depression in adolescents: direct and indirect associations among developmental trajectories
Yang, J., & Yang, L. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-07276-8 · Cited by 8
“More-over, Neff et al. ( 2021) created the State Self-Compassion Scale (S-SCS) based on the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and suggested that the use of the S-SCS allows for a more precise analysis of what happens when individuals relate to a current, specific situation with compassion.”
Influential
The efficacy of incorporating Artificial Intelligence (AI) chatbots in brief gratitude and self-affirmation interventions: Evidence from two exploratory experiments
Hung, J. W., Hartanto, A., Goh, A. Y. H., Eun, Z. K. Y., Kasturiratna, K. T. A. S., Lee, Z. X., & Majeed, N. M. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100151 · Cited by 11
Predictors of psychological well-being among academic staff in malaysian higher education: the role of emotional intelligence, self-compassion, psychological capital, and mindfulness
Chan, M. S., & Halim, H. A. (2025) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2025.2555738 · Cited by 7
Self‐compassionate reflective writing for affect regulation in Australian perinatal women
Angus, B. M., Saling, L. L., & Moffitt, R. L. (2023) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12514 · Cited by 7
The development and validation of multidimensional workplace compassion scale: Linking its conceptualization and measurement
Mandliya, A., & Pandey, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1142309 · Cited by 7
“, 2020), and scales which measured selfcompassion (Neff, 2003; Raes et al., 2011; Neff et al., 2021); however, they lacked specific focus on workplaces which are intertwined with organizational processes, structures, roles, work goals and others.”
Background
Leverage self‐ and other‐compassion to prevent the abuse trickle‐down
Duan, J., Zong, Z., Wang, X., Wang, T., & Li, P. (2023) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2740 · Cited by 8
To avoid or not to avoid: impact of self-compassion on safety behaviors in social situations
Szczyglowski, K. A., & Kocovski, N. L. (2024) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2024.2307466 · Cited by 7
Self-Compassion Scale (SCS)
Neff, K. D., & Tóth‐Király, I. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47219-0_36 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Who will turn to chatbots for self-disclosure? Exploring conversation with chatbots, self-compassion, and existential meaninglessness in American and Hong Kong adolescents
Xie, W., Jen, E., Dougherty, A. W., Hu, H., Ho, W. S., & Cheung, H. N. (2025) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02771-3 · Cited by 8
Unlocking the past: efficacy of guided self-compassion and benefit-focused online interventions for managing negative personal memories
Zangri, R. M., Blanco, I., Pascual, T., & Vázquez, C. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2337132 · Cited by 7
“The control condition, adapted from Neff et al. (2021), instructed participants to write on non-central aspects of the recalled negative experience (i.e. details of the people involved in the event, other emotions experienced during the event, etc.), without specific ER instructions but still…”
Self-Compassion, Stressor Exposure, and Negative Affect: A Daily Diary Study of Older Adults
Scott, J. E. T., Mazzucchelli, T. G., Luszcz, M. A., WALKER, R. B., & Windsor, T. D. (2024) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbae101 · Cited by 8
“We felt so alone, but at least we felt it together”: Self‐compassion among teachers
Awwad‐Tabry, S., & Levkovich, I. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23289 · Cited by 12
Nature-Based Guided Imagery and Meditation Significantly Enhance Mental Well-Being and Reduce Depressive Symptoms: A Randomized Experiment
Owens, M., Leivang, R., & Bunce, H. L. I. (2024) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2024.0031 · Cited by 8

Authors: Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Knox, M. C., Kuchar, A., & Davidson, O.
Affiliations: The University of Texas at Austin (US)
Corresponding author: Neff, Kristin D.
ORCID: Neff, Kristin D.
Knox, Marissa C.
Kuchar, Ashley
Venue: Mindfulness
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-09-30
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 121-140
ISSN: 1868-8527 (ISSN-L)
1868-8535
DOI: 10.1007/s12671-020-01505-4
OpenAlex: W3091051561
Cited by: 309
References: 75
Citations by year: 2026: 58 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 18
FWCI: 10.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Mindfulness (publishedVersion)
Funders: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (435-2018-0368)
Horizon Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Keywords: state self-compassion, Self-Compassion Scale, scale development, factor structure, bifactor model, positive and negative affect, psychometric validation, short-form scale

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The Development and Validation of the State Self-Compassion Scale (Long- and Short Form)

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