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Poly-gamma-glutamic acid biopolymer: a sleeping giant with diverse applications and unique opportunities for commercialization
Open accessAbstract
Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biodegradable, non-toxic, ecofriendly, and non-immunogenic biopolymer. Its phenomenal properties have gained immense attention in the field of regenerative medicine, the food industry, wastewater treatment, and even in 3D printing bio-ink. The γ-PGA has the potential to replace synthetic non-degradable counterparts, but the main obstacle is the high production cost and lower productivity. Extensive research has been carried out to reduce the production cost by using different waste; however, it is unable to match the commercialization needs. This review focuses on the biosynthetic mechanism of γ-PGA, its production using the synthetic medium as well as different wastes by L-glutamic acid-dependent and independent microbial strains. Furthermore, various metabolic engineering strategies and the recovery processes for γ-PGA and their possible applications are discussed. Finally, highlights on the challenges and unique approaches to reduce the production cost and to increase the productivity for commercialization of γ-PGA are also summarized.
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The production of γ-PGA by all three bacteria was low compared with values reported in the literature.
“The production of γ-PGA by all three bacteria was low when compared to those reported in the literature [55,59]”
From Soy Molasses as Culture Medium for Bacillus Species Aiming at Plant Growth Promotion (2024) · cites this paper as [59]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Nair, P., Navale, G. R., & Dharne, M. S.
- Affiliations
- National Chemical Laboratory (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Dharne, Mahesh S.
- Venue
- Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
- Published
- 2021-04-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 4555-4573
- ISSN
- 2190-6815 (ISSN-L)
- 2190-6823
- PMC
- PMC8016157
- OpenAlex
- W3149476640
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 154
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 1.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Chemical Laboratory
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Biopolymer Synthesis and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › GABA and Rice Research
- Keywords
- poly-γ-glutamic acid, biopolymer production, biosynthetic mechanism, metabolic engineering, biopolymer recovery, production cost reduction, biodegradable polymers, commercialization, regenerative medicine, bioinks, 3D printing, wastewater treatment, food industry applications
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