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Recent Advances in Microbial Synthesis of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid: A Review
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Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a natural, safe, non-immunogenic, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly glutamic biopolymer. γ-PGA has been regarded as a promising bio-based materials in the food field, medical field, even in environmental engineering field, and other industrial fields. Microbial synthesis is an economical and effective way to synthesize γ-PGA. Bacillus species are the most widely studied producing strains. γ-PGA biosynthesis involves metabolic pathway of racemization, polymerization, transfer, and catabolism. Although microbial synthesis of γ-PGA has already been used extensively, productivity and yield remain the major constraints for its industrial application. Metabolic regulation is an attempt to solve the above bottleneck problems and meet the demands of commercialization. Therefore, it is important to understand critical factors that influence γ-PGA microbial synthesis in depth. This review focuses on production strains, biosynthetic pathway, and metabolic regulation. Moreover, it systematically summarizes the functional properties, purification procedure, and industrial application of γ-PGA.
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The production of γ-PGA by all three bacteria was low compared with values reported in the literature.
“The production of γ-PGA by all three bacteria was low when compared to those reported in the literature [55,59]”
From Soy Molasses as Culture Medium for Bacillus Species Aiming at Plant Growth Promotion (2024) · cites this paper as [55]
Section 5.2 (page unavailable) reports literature γ-PGA yields, including 65 g/L in an optimized medium, so the review provides values for comparison. It does not identify the citing study’s three bacteria or compare their production with those values; the claim that all three produced relatively little γ-PGA is therefore not established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Metadata
- Authors
- Li, D., Hou, L., Gao, Y., Tian, Z., Fan, B., Wang, F., & Li, S.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (CN)
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Fengzhong
- Li, Shuying
- Venue
- Foods
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-03-02
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 739
- ISSN
- 2304-8158 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8909396
- OpenAlex
- W4214926420
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 1.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Foods (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- China Agriculture Research System, Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund and Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Incremental Fund (CARS-04;S2021JBKY-02;Y2020PT10)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Biopolymer Synthesis and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › GABA and Rice Research
- Keywords
- poly-γ-glutamic acid, microbial production, Bacillus, glutamate synthesis, metabolic regulation, biosynthetic pathway, biopolymer purification, functional properties, industrial applications, biodegradable polymers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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