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Cited by 32Nutritional Studies and DietNitric Oxide and Endothelin EffectsSodium Intake and Health

Nitrate and Nitrite in the Diet: Protective and Harmful Effects in Health and Disease

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Sokal-Dembowska, Aneta, Jarmakiewicz-Czaja, Sara, Tabarkiewicz, Jacek, Filip, Rafał·2025·Current Nutrition Reports
DOI 10.1007/s13668-025-00678-5PMC PMC12209013
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Abstract

Purpose of Review: The environmental presence of excess nitrogen poses a significant threat to biodiversity, human health, and climate stability. Conversely, nitrogen deficiency can hinder our ability to sustainably provide sufficient food for the global population. The impact of nitrates and nitrites on human health is intricately tied to their concentrations in water and food sources. The aim of the following article was to summarize the data on the effects of nitrates on health, with particular emphasis on their effect on the thyroid gland. Recent Findings: Current scientific findings indicate that these compounds can have dual effects, both beneficial and harmful, on health. Dietary nitrates are naturally abundant in fruits and vegetables or can be introduced as additives, notably in processed and cured meats. Nitrate supplementation has shown promise in enhancing physical performance, influencing gut microbiota composition, and increasing short-chain fatty acid production. Studies suggest that nitrate consumption can effectively reduce inflammation and counter the deleterious effects of oxidative stress in the body. However, the addition of nitrites as preservatives may lead to the formation of nitrosamines, known carcinogens that detrimentally impact cardiovascular and metabolic functions. Summary: Excessive nitrite intake from animal sources has been linked to an increased risk of thyroid cancer, particularly among women. Nevertheless, a moderate intake of naturally occurring nitrates from food sources demonstrates potential benefits such as blood pressure regulation, improved vascular endothelial function, and enhanced tissue insulin sensitivity. These positive effects might mitigate risk factors associated with developing complications in thyroid disease and warrant further investigation.

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  • The enterosalivary system regulates vascular tone, mitochondrial efficiency and cellular signalling, and acts as a complement to the classical L-arginine-NO synthase pathway, particularly in hypoxic or acidic conditions.

    “The enterosalivary system regulates vascular tone, mitochondrial efficiency and cellular signalling, and acts as a complement to the classical L-arginine-NO synthase pathway, particularly in hypoxic or acidic conditions [6,7,8,9].”

    From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [9]

    In “Exposure Pathways to Nitrates” (page unavailable), the paper describes salivary nitrate reduction and distinguishes nitrate-derived NO production from the L-arginine/NO-synthase pathway. It also links NO and S-nitrosothiols to vasodilation and cellular signalling. The passages do not establish improved mitochondrial efficiency or specify that this pathway is particularly complementary under hypoxic or acidic conditions. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Foods themselves-both plant- and animal-derived-contain natural antimicrobial compounds, including polyphenols, glucosinolates, peptides, and in some cases, antibiotic residues.

    “foods themselves—both plant- and animal-derived—contain natural antimicrobial compounds, including polyphenols, glucosinolates, peptides, and in some cases, antibiotic residues [9,243].”

    From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [9]

    The “Nitrates in Food” section (page unavailable) says nitrates and nitrites occur naturally in fruits and vegetables, and the “Immune System and Intestinal Microbiota” section (page unavailable) says nitrites can exhibit antimicrobial activity. The paper does not support the claimed list of polyphenols, glucosinolates, peptides, and antibiotic residues, or establish that animal-derived foods naturally contain those antimicrobial compounds. (LLM, conf=0.75)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The growing interest in nitrates has stimulated the development of functional foods, including beetroot-based products and nitrate-enriched formulations designed to deliver effective doses.

    “The growing interest in nitrates has stimulated the development of functional foods, including beetroot-based products and nitrate-enriched formulations designed to deliver effective doses [9,243].”

    From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [9]

    The Sports and Exercise Performance section describes beet juice as a nitrate-rich dietary supplement that may improve performance when taken at the right dosage. Our copy does not say that growing interest in nitrates stimulated functional-food development or describe nitrate-enriched formulations designed to deliver effective doses. The copy provides no page number for this passage. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Sokal-Dembowska, A., Jarmakiewicz-Czaja, S., Tabarkiewicz, J., & Filip, R.
Affiliations
University of Rzeszów (PL)
Corresponding author
Sokal-Dembowska, Aneta
ORCID
Venue
Current Nutrition Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2025-06-30
Volume
14
Issue
1
Pages
89-89
ISSN
2161-3311 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1007/s13668-025-00678-5
PMC
PMC12209013
OpenAlex
W4411833812
Cited by
32
References
12
Citations by year
2026: 25 · 2025: 7
FWCI
6.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Current Nutrition Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
Keywords
dietary nitrate, dietary nitrite, thyroid health, thyroid cancer, nitrosamine formation, cured meat, nitrate supplementation, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, oxidative stress, inflammation, blood pressure regulation, endothelial function, insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular risk, food additives
MeSH terms
Animals, Diet, Fruit, Humans, Nitrates, Nitrites, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Neoplasms, Vegetables, Oxidative Stress

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