Dietary Nitrate, Nitric Oxide, and Cardiovascular Health
Open accessAbstract
Emerging evidence strongly suggests that dietary nitrate, derived in the diet primarily from vegetables, could contribute to cardiovascular health via effects on nitric oxide (NO) status. NO plays an essential role in cardiovascular health. It is produced via the classical L-arginine-NO-synthase pathway and the recently discovered enterosalivary nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. The discovery of this alternate pathway has highlighted dietary nitrate as a candidate for the cardioprotective effect of a diet rich in fruit and vegetables. Clinical trials with dietary nitrate have observed improvements in blood pressure, endothelial function, ischemia-reperfusion injury, arterial stiffness, platelet function, and exercise performance with a concomitant augmentation of markers of NO status. While these results are indicative of cardiovascular benefits with dietary nitrate intake, there is still a lingering concern about nitrate in relation to methemoglobinemia, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. It is the purpose of this review to present an overview of NO and its critical role in cardiovascular health; to detail the observed vascular benefits of dietary nitrate intake through effects on NO status as well as to discuss the controversy surrounding the possible toxic effects of nitrate.
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Beetroot is one of the richest dietary sources of inorganic nitrate (250-400 mg/100 g fresh weight), depending on agronomic and storage conditions.
“Depending on agronomic and storage conditions, it is also one of the richest dietary sources of inorganic nitrate (250–400 mg/100 g fresh weight) [80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [88]
Epidemiological and clinical data link the intake of vegetable-derived nitrates with reduced arterial stiffness, lower platelet aggregation, and protection against ischaemia-reperfusion injury; these effects are influenced by dose, microbiome integrity, and redox status.
“Epidemiological and clinical data link the intake of vegetable-derived nitrates with reduced arterial stiffness, lower platelet aggregation, and protection against ischaemia-reperfusion injury. These effects are influenced by dose, microbiome integrity, and redox status [88,89].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [88]
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Nitrate and Nitrites in Foods: Worldwide Regional Distribution in View of Their Risks and Benefits
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Metabolomics study of APETx2 post-conditioning on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury
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- Authors
- Bondonno, C. P., Croft, K. D., & Hodgson, J. M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Bondonno, Catherine P.
- Venue
- Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-06-27
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2036-2052
- ISSN
- 1040-8398 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-7852
- OpenAlex
- W260652415
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 183
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 5.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- dietary nitrate, nitric oxide, cardiovascular health, blood pressure, endothelial function, arterial stiffness, platelet function, exercise performance, ischemia-reperfusion injury, methemoglobinemia, nitrate toxicity, cancer risk, fruit and vegetable intake
- MeSH terms
- Arginine, Cardiovascular System, Diet, Fruit, Health Promotion, Humans, Nitrates, Nitric Oxide, Vegetables, Nitric Oxide Synthase
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