The Effect of M-Health-Based Core Stability Exercise Combined with Self-Compassion Training for Patients with Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Nonspecific chronic low back pain (NCLBP) is a leading contributor to disease burden worldwide, and the management of NCLBP has always been a problem. This study is designed to explore the feasibility and efficacy of m-health-based core stability exercise (CSE) combined with self-compassion training (SCT) and compare it with m-health-based CSE alone for the management of NCLBP. METHODS: This study is a pilot, patient-blinded randomized controlled trial. Participants with NCLBP were randomized into an intervention group and a control group. All the participants received m-health-based CSE, but those in the intervention group also received SCT before CSE. The intervention took place weekly on Saturday or Sunday for 4 weeks in total. Patients self-assessed their outcomes by filling out electronic questionnaires at 4 and 16 weeks after the start of the study. The primary outcome metrics for these questionnaires were back pain disability (based on the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, RMDQ) and Pain intensity (Numeric Rating Scale, NRS; current pain, worst pain, average pain). The secondary outcome metrics were anxiety (GAD-7,7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale), Depression Symptoms (PHQ-9,Patient Health Questionnaire-9), pain catastrophizing (PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale) and Self-efficiency (PSEQ, Pain Self-Efficiency Questionnaire). RESULTS: A total of 37 patients comprising 28 (75.7%) females completed the study, with 19 patients in the intervention group and 18 in the control group. The mean (SD) patient age was 35.2 (11.1) years. For all primary outcomes, although there were no significant differences between groups, we found that participants in the intervention group improved function and pain earlier. The RMDQ score changed by - 1.771 points (95% CI - 3.768 to 0.227) from baseline to 4 weeks in the control group and by - 4.822 points (95% CI - 6.752 to - 2.892) in the intervention group (difference between groups, - 3.052 [95% CI - 5.836 to - 0.267]). Also, the RMDQ score changed by - 3.328 points (95% CI - 5.252 to - 1.403) from baseline to 16 weeks in the control group and by - 5.124 points (95% CI - 7.014 to - 3.233) in the intervention group (difference between groups - 1.796 [95% CI - 4.501 to 0.909]). A similar pattern was found in the NRS scores. For secondary outcomes, the intervention group was superior to the control group in for GAD-7 (intervention difference from CSE along at week 16, - 2.156 [95% CI - 4.434 to - 0.122; P value for group effect was 0.030]). At the end of treatment, the improvement in PCS in the intervention group was significant (difference in PCS score at week 4, - 6.718 [95% CI - 11.872 to - 1.564]). We also found significant changes in PCS in the control group (- 6.326 [95% CI, - 11.250 to - 1.401]) at the 16-week follow-up. As for PSEQ, there were no apparent differences between the two groups. There were no adverse events relented to study participation. CONCLUSIONS: The pilot study is feasible to deliver, and our results indicate that participants in the group of m-health-based CSE combined with SCT may experience faster relief from pain intensity and back disability than those in the group of m-health-based CSE alone. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR2100042810.
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In the pilot study, the mean difference for RMDQ was 5.5 (SD 4.7) in the intervention group and 3.1 (SD 4.8) in the control group at 16-week follow-up.
“We found a mean difference of 5.5 for RMDQ with a standard deviation of 4.7 in the intervention group and a mean difference of 3.1 with a standard deviation of 4.8 in the control group at 16-week follow-up.”
Sample size calculation will be based on the results of our pilot study.
“Sample size calculation will be based on the results of our pilot study [34].”
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- Authors
- Zheng, F., Zheng, Y., Liu, S., Yang, J., Xiao, W., Xiao, W., Chen, L., Yang, W., Zhang, S., Yu, Q., Hao, Z., Wang, Y., & Wang, C.
- Affiliations
- Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Yuyin
- Wang, Chuhuai
- ORCID
- Venue
- Pain and Therapy
- Published
- 2022-02-08
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 511-528
- ISSN
- 2193-651X (ISSN-L)
- 2193-8237
- PMC
- PMC9098748
- OpenAlex
- W4210839867
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 3.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Pain and Therapy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2019A1515110628)
- Young Scientists Fund (82102677, 82002375)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (82172532)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- chronic non-specific low back pain, core stability training, self-compassion training, mobile health, pain self-efficacy, pain catastrophizing, anxiety, depression, back pain disability, pain intensity, exercise therapy, feasibility and efficacy, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, PHQ-9, GAD-7
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