Brief Self-Compassion Training Alters Neural Responses to Evoked Pain for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Pilot Study
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Self-compassion meditation, which involves compassion toward the self in moments of suffering, shows promise for improving pain-related functioning, but its underlying mechanisms are unknown. This longitudinal, exploratory pilot study investigated the effects of a brief (eight contact hours, two weeks of home practice) self-compassion training on pain-related brain processing in chronic low back pain (cLBP). Methods: We evaluated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) response to evoked pressure pain and its anticipation during a self-compassionate state and compared altered brain responses following training with changes on self-reported measures of self-compassion (Self-Compassion Scale [SCS]), interoceptive awareness (Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness [MAIA]), and clinical pain intensity. Results: In a sample of participants with cLBP (N = 20 total, N = 14 with complete longitudinal data) who underwent self-compassion training, we observed reduced clinical pain intensity and disability (P < 0.01) and increased trait self-compassion and interoceptive awareness (all P < 0.05) following training. Evoked pressure pain response in the right temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) was reduced following training, and decreases were associated with reduced clinical pain intensity. Further, increased fMRI responses to pain anticipation were observed in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and ventral posterior cingulate cortex (vPCC), and these increases were associated with mean post-training changes in SCS scores and scores from the body listening subscale of the MAIA. Discussion: These findings, though exploratory and lacking comparison with a control condition, suggest that self-compassion training supports regulation of pain through the involvement of self-referential (vPCC), salience-processing (TPJ), and emotion regulatory (dlPFC) brain areas. The results also suggest that self-compassion could be an important target in the psychotherapeutic treatment of cLBP, although further studies using controlled experimental designs are needed to determine the specificity of these effects.
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Brief SCT could help people with NCLBP by reducing clinical pain intensity and disability.
“An exploratory pilot study suggested that brief self-compassion training (SCT) could help people with NCLBP by reducing clinical pain intensity and disability and could increase trait self-compassion and interoceptive awareness [18].”
Brief SCT could increase trait self-compassion and interoceptive awareness in people with NCLBP.
“An exploratory pilot study suggested that brief self-compassion training (SCT) could help people with NCLBP by reducing clinical pain intensity and disability and could increase trait self-compassion and interoceptive awareness [18].”
Self-compassion training (SCT) is a promising psychotherapy treatment option for NCLBP.
“Self-compassion training (SCT) is a promising psychotherapy treatment option for NCLBP; however, there is still a lack of research on CSE combined with SCT.”
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“Three of them (de Jong et al., 2016; Price et al., 2019; Berry et al., 2020) involving patients with substance use disorder, chronic pain, and depressive disorder showed that meditation interventions increased interoceptive sensibility while decreasing symptoms severity/frequency, suggesting a negative association bet…”
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Mindfulness-based Interventions for Chronic Low Back Pain
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“Only Lauche et al. [61] and Berry et al. [66] assessed change in MAIA subscales as a predictor of pain outcomes.”
InfluentialEffects of compassion training on brain responses to suffering others
Ashar, Y. K., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., Halifax, J. S., Dimidjian, S., & Wager, T. D. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab052 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…samples (Galante et al. , 2014; Quaglia et al. , 2020), mitigate burnout in medical providers (Van Berkhout and Malouff, 2015) and improve symptoms and functioning in several patient populations (Hofmann et al. , 2011; Gilbert, 2014; Darnall, 2015; Shonin et al. , 2015; Berry et al. , 2020).”
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“Relevant trials have suggested that psychotherapies such as cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) [16, 17], mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) [18] and self-compassion training (SCT) [19, 20] can be effective treatment options for patients with NCLBP.”
BackgroundNeurostructural correlates of dispositional self-compassion
Guan, F., Liu, G., Pedersen, W. S., Chen, O., Zhao, S., Sui, J., & Peng, K. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107978 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“…as an effective emotion regulation strategy (Diedrich et al., 2014; Neff, 2003b; Trompetter et al., 2017) and previous research has consistently found that dispositional self-compassion is correlated with DLPFC activity (Berry et al., 2020; G. Liu, Zhang, et al., 2020; Williams et al., 2020).”
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Mind-body practices, interoception and pain: a scoping review of behavioral and neural correlates
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“Nine studies examined changes in neural correlates of interoception in response to MBP for chronic pain [28,29,32,34,35,37–40].”
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“…amygdala volumetric changes (Hölzel et al., 2010), N = 14 of an fMRI study on the effect of compassion training on neural responses to evoked pain (Berry et al., 2020), N = 27 of an MRI study on the neural effects of MBI for Parkinson’s disease (Pickut et al., 2013) as well as N = 34 of our…”
BackgroundKannan, S., Patel, K., Basilio, D. D., Kirkby, A., Sivan, M., Jones, A. K. P., Mohanraj, R., & Das, A. (2025) · BMJ Neurology Open · doi:10.1136/bmjno-2025-001032 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dynamic processes of mindfulness-based alterations in pain perception
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“An exploratory pilot study suggested that brief self-compassion training (SCT) could help people with NCLBP by reducing clinical pain intensity and disability and could increase trait selfcompassion and interoceptive awareness [18].”
BackgroundDelon‐Martin, C., Lefaucheur, J., Hodaj, E., Sorel, M., Dumolard, A., Payen, J., & Hodaj, H. (2023) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2023.05.005 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“A previous study showed that decreased activation of the TPJ region by pressure pain (not by a motor task) also was associated with analgesic efficacy of treating patients who had chronic low back pain with self-compassion psychologic training.(47) These two results seem to indicate that a decrease in activation of th…”
BackgroundMoore, S. K., Okst, K., Smith, L., Fatkin, T., Creedon, T., Fredericksen, A. K., Gawande, R., & Schuman-Olivier, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.780383 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Pain-Invalidation Scale: Measuring Patient Perceptions of Invalidation Toward Chronic Pain
Nicola, M., Correia, H., Ditchburn, G. J., & Drummond, P. D. (2022) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2022.06.008 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-Compassion in Psychotherapy: Clinical Integration, Evidence Base, and Mechanisms of Change
Germer, C. K. (2023) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_22 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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“Two pilot studies have tested related compassion-focused meditation approaches for chronic pain and reported a similar pattern of results (15, 18).”
Gillett, J. L., Rakhimov, A., Karadag, P., Themelis, K., Ji, C., & Tang, N. K. Y. (2025) · British Journal of Pain · doi:10.1177/20494637241312070 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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“Two studies exhibited a low risk of bias (Carson et al., 2005; Zheng et al., 2022), while two studies exhibited a high risk of bias (Chapin et al., 2014; Berry et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGiorgio, A. D., Angilletta, S., Matteo, B. M., Bonavolontá, V., Bragazzi, N. L., & Kuvačić, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1272919 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-Compassion and Social Anxiety: A Scoping Review
Slivjak, E. T., Majid, F. A., Wrigley, J., Russell, S., Zielony, L., & Arch, J. J. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02450-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Similarly, studies suggest that dispositional self-compassion and brief self-compassion training are associated with brain regions involved in emotion regulation like the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex (Berry et al., 2020; Guan et al., 2021; Lutz et al., 2020).”
Zheng, F., Liu, S., Yin, Q., Zheng, Y., Yang, J., Huang, H., Chen, L., Wang, Y., Chen, X., & Wang, C. (2024) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111678 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Alsamman, S., Dajani, R. B., & Al‐Delaimy, W. K. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0309051 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“It is suggested that self-compassion training alters the neural response to evoked pain suggesting that self-compassion has a direct effect on how the brain processes experiences [60].”
BackgroundfMRI-based explanations for how meditation could modulate pain processing
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A House with Many Doors – Toward a More Nuanced Self-Compassion Intervention Science
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Ditchburn, G. J., Nicola, M., Correia, H., & Drummond, P. D. (2025) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2025.2552227 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“For example, self-compassion training for those with low back pain may support regulation of pain through the involvement of self-referential, salience-processing, and emotion regulatory brain areas (Berry et al., 2020).”
Almeida, V., Ferreira, A. D. D., Veloso, A., Rocha, R., Leite, Â. M. T., & Teixeira, A. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13222947 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Interoception-Based Yoga for Chronic Pain: A Pilot Feasibility Study
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“33,34 Improved self-reported interoceptive skills have been reported after 3-month of contemplative training 36 and yoga 37 in healthy individuals, as well as in response to self-compassion training, 38 qigong 39 and mindfulness-based approaches 40,41 in chronic pain.”
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Self-Compassion and Personal Resources in Workers during the Pandemic: A Multidisciplinary View
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“Cost benefit analysis (7) Cross-over studies (5) Crossover procedure (7) Diagnostic imaging (10) Diastolic blood pressure (8) Disability (29) Disability evaluation (15) Double blind procedure (22) Double-blind method (13) Eeg (7) Electroencephalogram (11) Electroencephalography (13) Electrostimulation (6) Emotion (48)…”
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“This hold–move–hold cycle was repeated 10 times per side with immediate pain ratings at the end of each hold (0 ‐ 100 for granular repeated pain ratings), both to confirm pain evocation and to improve fNIRS block reliability (ie, signal averaging) [82].”
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“Despite promising results and further literature showing LKM as efficacious in pain management with multi-session training (Berry et al., 2020; Carson et al., 2005; Chapin et al., 2014; Goerlitz and Wachholtz, 2023), there have yet to be large-scale trials on LKM for pain management, let alone…”
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“만성근 골격계 통증[43], 만성통증[44,45], 요통[46] 등 다 양 한 통증에 효과를 보고한다.”
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“Consistent with this scaffolding view, self-compassion has been associated with activation in caregiving-related brain regions (Berry et al., 2020; Guan et al., 2021; G. Liu et al., 2022; Parrish et al., 2018; K. Williams et al., 2020), as well as with greater parasympathetic activity (Arch et al.,…”
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“Despite the examination of the role of IA across many health-relevant domains, such as pain and eating disorders (e.g., Berry et al., 2020; Brown et al., 2017; Courtois et al., 2015), very few studies to date have specifically looked at the association of IA and LTPA in general adult populations.”
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How the Content and Referential Form of Self‐Talk Influence Experimental Pain
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“Studies indicate that self-compassion is associated with more adaptive pain coping (Berry et al. 2020; Torrijos-Zarcero et al. 2021).”
- Authors
- Berry, M. P., Lutz, J., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Germer, C., Pollak, S., Edwards, R. R., Gardiner, P., Desbordes, G., & Napadow, V.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Cambridge Health Alliance (US)
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
- Corresponding author
- Napadow, Vitaly
- Venue
- Pain Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-08-12
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2172-2185
- ISSN
- 1526-2375 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-4637
- PMC
- PMC7593799
- OpenAlex
- W3048940539
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 2.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Pain Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship@UMassChan (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
- NCCIH
- NIH (P01-AT009965, R61-AT009306, R33-AT009306, R01-AT007550, K01-AT008225, UH2-AT009145, R01-AR064367)
- National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
- NIAMS
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital
- Harvard University
- Mind & Life Institute
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- self-compassion training, chronic low back pain, pain anticipation, temporoparietal junction, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, interoceptive awareness, pain intensity, self-compassion meditation
- MeSH terms
- Empathy, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Pilot Projects, Low Back Pain, Meditation, Chronic Pain
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