Biomarkers in Atopic Dermatitis: A Review of the Role of IL-13 and the Impact of Tralokinumab Treatment
Open accessAbstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease that can significantly affect quality of life. Presence, severity, and therapeutic response of AD are traditionally reported through clinical assessments including the Eczema Area and Severity Index or Investigator's Global Assessment. These clinical rating scales are visual assessments used in clinical trials to denotate AD severity. Alternatively, biomarkers open the potential to further enhance diagnosis of AD, assess disease status and severity, and potentially enable tailored treatment options for patients. Biomarkers can be classified according to their clinical use, clinical presentation, and underlying/endogenous molecular mechanisms. Specifically, interleukin (IL)-13, which has been shown to be a key biomarker in AD pathogenesis, can be used for prediction of AD development and to monitor clinical severity/response to treatment. Treatment with tralokinumab, a human monoclonal antibody that binds directly to-and subsequently blocks signaling of-IL-13, has been shown to reduce inflammation, re-balance the skin microbiome, and improve the skin barrier in patients with AD. In this review, key AD-related biomarkers, the role of IL-13 in driving AD pathogenesis, and the impact of IL-13 inhibition by tralokinumab on other AD-related biomarkers are discussed.
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Recent real-world evidence supports the effectiveness of JAK inhibitors in moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis, particularly in patients with inadequate response to biologic therapies.
“Recent real-world evidence further supports the effectiveness of JAK inhibitors in moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis, particularly in patients with inadequate response to biologic therapies [11,16,17,18,19].”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
The Conclusions and Future Perspectives section (page unavailable) reports that the JAK1 inhibitors upadacitinib and abrocitinib reduce AD-related biomarkers, supporting a narrower point about treatment response. It does not report real-world evidence of clinical effectiveness or outcomes in patients with inadequate responses to biologics; it says real-world biomarker studies are still needed. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEmerging strategies for atopic dermatitis include microbiome modulation, neuroimmune pathway targeting, and biomarker-guided treatment selection.
“Emerging strategies include microbiome modulation, neuroimmune pathway targeting, and biomarker-guided treatment selection, reflecting an evolving precision medicine approach in atopic dermatitis.”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
The Biomarkers in Atopic Dermatitis section says biomarkers may help distinguish beneficial treatments, and Conclusions and Future Perspectives links their assessment to treatment selection and precision medicine. The review also reports that tralokinumab improves the skin microbiome and discusses an itch-related pathway targeted by nemolizumab. It does not, however, present microbiome modulation as a distinct emerging treatment strategy; the microbiome effect it describes is likely indirect. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIL-17 induces a pro-inflammatory state in keratinocytes, which then produce chemokines, cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and growth factors that amplify leukocyte recruitment and epidermal remodeling.
“IL-17 induces a pro-inflammatory state in keratinocytes, which in turn start producing chemokines, cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and growth factors that amplify leukocyte recruitment and epidermal remodeling [18,19,20,21,22].”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
In “IL-13 Drives Skin and Systemic Inflammation” (page unavailable), the review says IL-13 induces keratinocytes to secrete chemokines that attract immune cells. “IL-13 is Associated with Microbial Dysbiosis on the Skin” (page unavailable) also identifies keratinocytes as producers of antimicrobial peptides. The reviewed passages do not attribute this response to IL-17 or describe the full claimed sequence of cytokine and growth-factor production and epidermal remodeling. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIL-22 stimulates keratinocyte hyperplasia and abnormal differentiation, contributing to acanthosis, parakeratosis, and loss of the granular layer.
“IL-22 will stimulate keratinocyte hyperplasia and abnormal differentiation, contributing to acanthosis, parakeratosis, and loss of the granular layer.”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
The 'IL-13 Reduces Skin Barrier Integrity' section describes altered keratinocyte differentiation in atopic dermatitis, but attributes a role in barrier dysfunction to IL-13, not IL-22. Table 4 lists IL-22 as a biomarker reduced after tralokinumab treatment; it does not say IL-22 causes keratinocyte hyperplasia, acanthosis, parakeratosis, or loss of the granular layer. Searches for IL-22 and those histological terms found no passage establishing the claimed mechanism; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTNF-α, IL-17, and IL-22 magnify transcriptional responses in keratinocytes and endothelial cells.
“TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-22 will magnify transcriptional responses in keratinocytes and endothelial cells.”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
The section “IL-13 Drives Skin and Systemic Inflammation” (page unavailable) describes IL-13 inducing chemokine secretion by keratinocytes, not the claimed effect of TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-22. Searches for those cytokines, transcriptional responses, and endothelial cells found no passage addressing the claimed effect. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The psoriatic process is initiated by stress-activated keratinocytes, which release antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, and nucleic acid complexes that activate plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, leading to type I interferon production and subsequent IL-23 and TNF-α secretion.
“The process is initiated by stress-activated keratinocytes, which release antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, and nucleic acid complexes that activate plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, leading to type I interferon production and subsequent IL-23 and TNF-α secretion [19,24].”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese IL-17-producing populations produce IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, TNF-α, and other mediators that act directly on keratinocytes.
“These populations produce IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, TNF-α, and other mediators that act directly on keratinocytes.”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
The section “IL-13 Drives Skin and Systemic Inflammation” (page unavailable) discusses IL-13-producing cells and IL-13’s effects on keratinocytes, not IL-17-producing populations. Searches for IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, TNF-α, and their action on keratinocytes found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCell interactions in psoriasis are a tightly coordinated circuit between keratinocytes, dendritic cells, T cells, and innate immune populations.
“Cell interactions in psoriasis are a tightly coordinated circuit between keratinocytes, dendritic cells, T cells, and innate immune populations.”
From The Cutaneous Immune Microenvironment in Selected Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Linking Histopathology, Mechanisms, and Targeted Therapy (2026) · cites this paper as [19]
The section “IL-13 Drives Skin and Systemic Inflammation” describes interactions among keratinocytes, T cells, and innate immune cells in atopic dermatitis, not psoriasis. A search for psoriasis found only diagnostic comparisons and reference titles; our copy does not describe the claimed circuit involving dendritic cells in psoriasis. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Simpson, E. L., Boguniewicz, M., Eichenfield, L. F., Røpke, M. A., Arlert, P., Schneider, S. K. R., & Bieber, T. R. M. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2023.07.792 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pavel, A. B., Simpson, E. L., Soong, W., Antaya, R. J., Imafuku, S., Pilger, S., Litman, T., Røpke, M. A., Arlert, P., & Guttman‐Yassky, E. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2023.07.963 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Beck, L. A., Weidinger, S., Tauber, M., Saeki, H., Irvine, A. D., Eichenfield, L. F., Werfel, T., Arlert, P., Kurbasic, A., Røpke, M. A., et al. (2024) · SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine · doi:10.25251/skin.8.supp.324 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [21]FDA-NIH Biomarker Working Group. BEST (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools). Resource [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): Food and Drug Administration (US). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326791/ Co-published by National Institutes of Health (US), Bethesda (MD); 2016. 27010052
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Atopic dermatitis: diagnosis, molecular pathogenesis, and therapeutics
Bai, R., Zheng, Y., & Dai, X. (2025) · Molecular Biomedicine · doi:10.1186/s43556-025-00313-3 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Neuroimmune Axis in Atopic Dermatitis: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Targeted Neuroimmunotherapy
Zhang, Z., Chang, C., Xiao, L., Su, H., Lyu, Y., Zhao, J., Chen, J., Gou, K., Zhou, J., Wang, C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s578036 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Anti-Inflammatory Therapies for Atopic Dermatitis: A New Era in Targeted Treatment
Biliński, K., Rakoczy, K., Karwowska, A., Cichy, O., Wojno, A., Wojno, A., Kulbacka, J., & Ponikowska, M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14145053 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lai, X., Huang, J., Li, Y., & Dong, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1649857 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Atopic Dermatitis Management: from Conventional Therapies to Biomarker-Driven Treatment Approaches
Lee, H. W., Ju, Y. J., Choi, S., Rhew, K., Sevilleno, S. S., & Choi, M. S. (2025) · Biomolecules & Therapeutics · doi:10.4062/biomolther.2025.081 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Immunoassay-based biomarkers in atopic dermatitis
Orayj, K. M., Samuel, V. P., Saleem, S., Ravula, S. R., Ali, H., Gupta, G., Kumar, K., Deb, P. K., & Chidambaram, K. (2025) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2025.120634 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Basophils in atopic dermatitis
Das, M., & Geha, R. S. (2025) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.anai.2025.11.005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tinca, A. C., Cozac-Szoke, A. R., & Cotoi, O. S. (2026) · Dermatopathology · doi:10.3390/dermatopathology13020022 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Recent real-world evidence further supports the effectiveness of JAK inhibitors in moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis, particularly in patients with inadequate response to biologic therapies [11,16–19].”
Lim, X. Q., Winter, E., Nograles, K., Xu, J., Zhang, Z., Thankamony, S., Dillinger, L., & Dambkowski, C. L. (2025) · Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1111/cts.70456 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Efficacy of Lebrikizumab on Pruritus: A Narrative Review
Yosipovitch, G., Kim, B., Ständer, S., Elmariah, S. B., Prajapati, V. H., Kabashima, K., Gallo, G., Rueda, M. J., Pierce, E. J., Ding, Y., et al. (2025) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-025-03440-z
Iqbal, S., Chen, J., Pal, D., & Shen, B. (2026) · Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.eng.2026.05.009
Yu, P., Lin, X., Lin, L., Xue, K., Yang, J., Xiaohan, D., 徐洪涛, Ren, Y., Yuan, R., 安月鹏, et al. (2026) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-026-04631-6
Li, Z., & Li, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2026.1902799
Sawicki, S., Dhawan, A., Devkota, D., Elway, M., & Maskey, A. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27177973
IL-13 and skin fibrosis in inflammatory skin diseases
Ikegawa, N., Nguyen, T. M., Saito‐Sasaki, N., & Sawada, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1974049
Tolibov, M., Khamidova, F., Тоиров, Б. А., Nurmatova, I., Abdurakhmanov, A., Sergeevna, O. K., & Турсунович, Т. Х. (2026) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2026.122860
Armstrong, A. W., Kircik, L., Metelitsa, A. I., Warren, R. B., Rodriguez, A. O., Volc, S., Issa, N. T., Chovatiya, R., von Eyben, R., Festini, T., et al. (2026) · Dermatology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13555-026-01922-8
Song, W., Yao, X., Lei, C., & Yao, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1959035
- Authors
- Gorelick, J., Nguyen, A., Schneider, S. K. R., Martel, B. C., Madsen, D. E., & Armstrong, A. W.
- Affiliations
- Leo Pharma (United States) (US)
- Leo Pharma (Denmark) (DK)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gorelick, Joe
- Venue
- American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
- Published
- 2025-01-16
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 199-211
- ISSN
- 1175-0561 (ISSN-L)
- 1179-1888
- PMC
- PMC11850464
- OpenAlex
- W4406429366
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 9
- FWCI
- 3.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Dermatology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- LEO Pharma Inc
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
- Keywords
- atopic dermatitis, biomarkers, IL-13, tralokinumab, IL-13 inhibition, disease severity assessment, skin microbiome, skin barrier, pathogenesis, monoclonal antibody therapy
- MeSH terms
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Dermatitis, Atopic, Humans, Quality of Life, Severity of Illness Index, Skin, Biomarkers, Treatment Outcome, Interleukin-13
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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