Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides and Skin Infections in Atopic Dermatitis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The innate immune system of human skin contains antimicrobial peptides known as cathelicidins (LL-37) and beta-defensins. In normal skin these peptides are negligible, but they accumulate in skin affected by inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis. We compared the levels of expression of LL-37 and human beta-defensin 2 (HBD-2) in inflamed skin from patients with atopic dermatitis and from those with psoriasis. METHODS: The expression of LL-37 and HBD-2 protein in skin-biopsy specimens from patients with psoriasis, patients with atopic dermatitis, and normal subjects was determined by immunohistochemical analysis. The amount of antimicrobial peptides in extracts of skin samples was also analyzed by immunodot blot analysis (for LL-37) and Western blot analysis (for HBD-2). Quantitative, real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assays were used to confirm the relative expression of HBD-2 and LL-37 messenger RNA (mRNA) in the skin-biopsy specimens. These peptides were also tested for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with the use of a colony-forming assay. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the presence of abundant LL-37 and HBD-2 in the superficial epidermis of all patients with psoriasis. In comparison, immunostaining for these peptides was significantly decreased in acute and chronic lesions from patients with atopic dermatitis (P=0.006 and P=0.03, respectively). These results were confirmed by immunodot blot and Western blot analyses. Real-time RT-PCR showed significantly lower expression of HBD-2 mRNA and LL-37 mRNA in atopic lesions than in psoriatic lesions (P=0.009 and P=0.02, respectively). The combination of LL-37 and HBD-2 showed synergistic antimicrobial activity by effectively killing S. aureus. CONCLUSIONS: A deficiency in the expression of antimicrobial peptides may account for the susceptibility of patients with atopic dermatitis to skin infection with S. aureus.
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AMPs can amplify the proinflammatory cytokine response and can thus, in some circumstances, assume pathogenic roles as in psoriasis, rosacea, and other skin diseases.
“AMPs can amplify the proinflammatory cytokine response and can thus, in some circumstances, assume pathogenic roles as in psoriasis, rosacea, and other skin diseases.36–38”
From The Innate Immune System in Acute and Chronic Wounds (2016) · cites this paper as [37]
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The role of keratinocytes in defense against infection
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Early immunologic changes during the onset of atopic dermatitis
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Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptide Expression in Response to Bacterial Epidermal Colonization
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- Authors
- Ong, P. Y., Ohtake, T., Brandt, C., Strickland, I., Boguniewicz, M., Ganz, T., Gallo, R. L., & Leung, D. Y. M.
- Affiliations
- National Jewish Health (US)
- VA San Diego Healthcare System (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2002-10-10
- Volume
- 347
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1151-1160
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2094036101
- Cited by
- 1,960
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 78 · 2014: 91 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 111
- FWCI
- 58.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Center, University of Colorado
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 36577, R01HL046809, P01HL036577, HL46809, HL 37260)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32AI007365, AI48176, R21AI048176)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (AR 41256, R01AR041256)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000051)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
- Keywords
- antimicrobial peptides, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, LL-37, cathelicidin, human beta-defensin 2, Staphylococcus aureus, skin infections, innate immunity, epidermis, antimicrobial activity, gene expression
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cell Line, Dermatitis, Atopic, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Psoriasis, RNA, Messenger, Skin, Staphylococcus aureus, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Immunoblotting, Keratinocytes, Gene Expression, beta-Defensins, Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides, Cathelicidins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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