Muscle Glycogen Metabolism and High-Intensity Exercise Performance: A Narrative Review

Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms

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Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance.

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Cellular mechanisms of muscle fatigue

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Human muscle metabolism during intermittent maximal exercise

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Muscle and Blood Metabolites during a Soccer Game: Implications for Sprint Performance

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Contribution of phosphocreatine and aerobic metabolism to energy supply during repeated sprint exercise

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Selective glycogen depletion pattern in human muscle fibres after exercise of varying intensity and at varying pedalling rates

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Dynamics and consequences of potassium shifts in skeletal muscle and heart during exercise.

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Dynamic Lactate Monitoring Method Based on Spatiotemporal Inward Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Tomography

Peng, J., Jiang, T., Zhao, Z., Sun, B., Zhang, Y., Liu, K., & Yao, J. (2025) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2025.3562965 · Cited by 3

Dietary Intake of Young Male Ice Hockey Players 10–13 Years of Age during a Week-Long Hockey Camp

Vermeulen, T. F., Boville, S. M., Gamble, A. S. D., Bigg, J. L., McCarthy, D. G., Eskedjian, G. S., & Spriet, L. L. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14142978 · Cited by 3

Less than 4% of participants in studies of carbohydrate-based fuelling strategies for soccer performance have been female: results from an audit of her representation

McManus, L., Faria, V. S., Scriney, M., & Egan, B. (2025) · Science and Medicine in Football · doi:10.1080/24733938.2025.2501809 · Cited by 2

Cold Stress Regulates Muscle Development and Promotes Muscle Fiber Transformation by Regulating Mib1/Notch Pathway

Zheng, M., Qi, J., Wang, X., Fu, T., Chang, Z., Zhao, T. M., Sun, Y., Lu, J., Yan, Y., & Wang, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/fbl40141 · Cited by 2

Advancing training effectiveness prediction in mass sport through longitudinal data: A mathematical model approach based on the Fitness-Fatigue Model

Wang, W., Zhao, Y., Hou, X., Yu, W., & Ren, H. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0337824 · Cited by 2

α-Klotho Supplementation Mitigates Cumulative Exercise-Induced Fatigue via Coordinated NRF2-Mediated Antioxidant Defense and AKT/GS-Driven Hepatic Glycogen Supercompensation in Mice

Zheng, L., Wang, Y., Xiao, Z., Rao, Z., & Shi, R. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27010412 · Cited by 2

Mechanism of Morchella polysaccharide in anti-fatigue: the role of the gut microbiota-metabolite axis in mice

Liu, J., Li, J., Li, Y.-X., Gao, Z.-H., Wang, L., Song, Q., Ye, Y., & Liang, J. (2026) · npj Science of Food · doi:10.1038/s41538-026-00763-1 · Cited by 2

Ganoderic Acid A Enhances Glycometabolism in Mouse Gastrocnemius Muscle During Exercise‐Induced Fatigue via AMPK / PGC ‐1α Pathway Activation

Zhu, J., Peng, F., Zhang, L., Guo, Y., Liu, W., Li, J., Shang, S., Zhang, B., & Qiu, T. (2026) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.71596 · Cited by 2

A Review of Central and Peripheral Limitations to Endurance Exercise Performance on the Road to the Milano‐Cortina 2026 Olympics

Skattebo, Ø., Martín-Rincón, M., Calbet, J. A. L., Hallén, J., & Holmberg, H. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.70266 · Cited by 2

Full-Body Circuit Training Improves Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Overweight Sedentary Adults

Rago, V., & Mohr, M. (2023) · Collegium Antropologicum · doi:10.5671/ca.47.1.2 · Cited by 4

Polarized running training adapted to versus contrary to the menstrual cycle phases has similar effects on endurance performance and cardiovascular parameters

Kubica, C., Ketelhut, S., & Nigg, C. R. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05545-9 · Cited by 6

Activation of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Improves Muscle Endurance by Upregulating Orosomucoid Expression and Glycogen Content in Mice

Chen, F., Zhang, Z., Zhang, H., Guo, P., Feng, J., Shen, H., & Liu, X. (2024) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.30630 · Cited by 2

Negligible Effects of Fructose–Glucose Composite Carbohydrates on Performance Across a Prolonged Soccer Match Simulation Compared With a Glucose-Only Control in Semiprofessional Soccer Players

Fischer, A., Corr, L. D., Birdsey, L. P., Hearris, M. A., Morgan, P. T., Hodson, N. W., Martinho, D. V., Fleming, J., Mohr, M., Krustrup, P., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0253 · Cited by 2

Rapid 3D Saturation Transfer Imaging for Simultaneous Phosphocreatine and Glycogen Mapping in Human Muscle

Xu, X., Chen, X., Liu, Y., Bie, C., Wu, H., Cai, S., Jia, S., Chen, L., Liang, D., Zheng, H., et al. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2025.3581341 · Cited by 2

The Effects of a Six-Week Ketogenic Diet on CrossFit Performance Parameters: A Pilot Study

Vitti, S. N., Miele, E. M., Bruneau, M. L., & Christoph, L. (2022) · International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science · doi:10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.10n.2p.25 · Cited by 3

Associations between skeletal muscle phenotype, positional role, and on‐ice performance in elite male ice hockey players

Vigh-Larsen, J. F., Thorsteinsson, H., Thomassen, M., Panduro, J., Fristrup, B., Randers, M. B., Olesen, J. L., Krustrup, P., Overgaard, K., Nybo, L., et al. (2024) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.70081 · Cited by 1

Isoenergetic Pre‐Exercise Meals Varying in Carbohydrate Similarly Affect Resistance Training Volume Performance Compared to Placebo: A Crossover Trial

King, A., Jukić, I., Sousa, C. A., Zinn, C., & Helms, E. R. (2025) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.12274 · Cited by 1

Combining High-Intensity Interval Training and Game-Based Approach to Enhance Aerobic Endurance in Amateur Futsal Athletes

Masjid, I., Kusuma, I. D. M. A. W., Suyoko, A., Bulqini, A., Nugraha, A. D., Pranoto, A., Bharlaman, M. B. F., & Nirwansyah, W. T. (2025) · Physical Education Theory and Methodology · doi:10.17309/tmfv.2025.2.07 · Cited by 1

Dietary gamma-aminobutyric acid enhances endurance exercise capacity through mechanisms involving activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha

Sakashita, M., Yamada, H., Kim, Y., Li, X., Yamashita, Y., Kim, Y., Ito, Y., Aoi, W., & Fujita, S. (2025) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.152208 · Cited by 1

A novel fatigue monitoring system using sweat lactate: a preliminary study

Takemoto, A., Okawara, H., Sudo, T., Sawada, T., Hirakawa, R., Muramoto, Y., Katsumata, Y., Nakamura, M., Nagura, T., & Nakashima, D. (2025) · Fatigue Biomedicine Health & Behavior · doi:10.1080/21641846.2025.2554557 · Cited by 1

The Relationship Between Aerobic Capacity, Lactate Clearance, and Heart Rate Recovery in Ice Hockey Players

Roczniok, R., Terbalyan, A., Šťastný, P., Zielonka, H., Manilewska, D., Ornowski, K., Blaha, M., & Pietraszewski, P. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app151910310 · Cited by 1

Energy, carbohydrates and fats in clinical sports nutrition

Kozjek, A. K., Knap, K., Tonin, G., Kozjek, N. R., & Gleeson, M. (2026) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.102900 · Cited by 3

Fueling Performance of Female Soccer Players: Appraisal of the Likelihood of Between-Sex Differences in Carbohydrate Requirements

McManus, L., Brady, A. J., & Egan, B. (2026) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0164 · Cited by 1

Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GKLC1 enhances endurance and metabolism in mice with low exercise capacity

Tsai, Y., Hsu, Y.-J., Huang, C., Lin, S.-W., Chen, Y., & Chen, C.-C. (2026) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-026-07757-y · Cited by 1

Supplementation of Maltotetraose Enhances Endurance Capacity and Energy Metabolism of ICR Mice

Gao, F., Kong, H., Tian, Y., Li, D., Li, C., Ban, X., Gu, Z., & Li, Z. (2026) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14350 · Cited by 1

Carbohydrate and Electrolyte Supplementation Strategies to Enhance Sports Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Bravo‐Sànchez, A., Ramírez-delaCruz, M., Sánchez-Infante, J., Abián, P., & Abián‐Vicén, J. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16062967 · Cited by 1

Ketone bodies in metabolism and signaling: Revisiting the paradigm from biochemistry to pancreatic β-cell regulation

Liu, J., & Xia, L. (2026) · Metabolism and Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.metdis.2026.100005 · Cited by 1

Recovery Kinetics After Repeated Sprint Training With Directional Changes in Soccer: It Is a Matter of Angle

Poulios, A., Grammenos, N., Fatouros, I. G., Avloniti, A. A., Tsimeas, P. D., Papanikolaou, K., Syrou, N., Rosvoglou, A., Tsaousidis, I., Chatzinikolaou, A., et al. (2026) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000005526 · Cited by 1

The Acute Effects of Short-Bout High-Intensity Interval Training on Physiological and Perceptual Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Thurlow, F., Cowley, N., Slattery, K., & Weakley, J. J. S. (2026) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-026-02456-x · Cited by 1

Maximal glycolytic flux modulates metabolic thresholds independent of maximal oxygen uptake

Meixner, B. J., Leo, P. D., & Sperlich, B. (2026) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-026-06270-1 · Cited by 2

Harnessing the power of date fruit: nutritional, bioactive, and functional roles in sustainable nutrition

Khedr, E. H., & Alomran, M. M. (2026) · Biodegradation · doi:10.1007/s10532-026-10332-8 · Cited by 1

Comprehensive Endurance Enhancing Effect of INDUS1710, a Composition of Standardised Fenugreek Seed Extracts, During Treadmill Running Exercise in Laboratory Rats

Thakurdesai, P. A., Deshpande, P. O., Nimse, S. R., & Sathiyanarayanan, A. (2024) · International journal of Nutrition Pharmacology Neurological Diseases · doi:10.4103/ijnpnd.ijnpnd_96_23 · Cited by 1

Moderate-intensity continuous training reduces triglyceridemia and improves oxygen consumption in dyslipidemic apoCIII transgenic mice

Júnior, N. R. T., Jimenes, D. R., Schultz, C., Almeida, D. L., Mathias, P. C. D. F., & Berti, J. A. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/1414-431x2024e13202 · Cited by 3

Evaluation of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on the Gastrocnemius Muscle of Mice with Muscular Dystrophy: A Preliminary Study

Fernandes, V. A. R., dos Santos, G. P., Iatecola, A., Buchaim, D. V., Garcia, I. J. F., Reis, C. H. B., Bueno, L. M. M., Pagani, B. T., Buchaim, R. L., & da Cunha, M. R. (2025) · Pathophysiology · doi:10.3390/pathophysiology32010002 · Cited by 2

The effect of acute branched-chain amino acids ingestion on rate of force development in different time intervals: a controlled crossover study

Zhang, X.-N., Li, L.-J., Tu, Y.-H., Zhang, L.-F., Shang, H., Liu, M., & Li, M.-D. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1463202 · Cited by 2

13C-glucose breath test quantifies differences in glucose metabolism between endurance and non-athletes

Fujimi, T. J., Mekata, Y., Kikuchi, K., Musha, K., & Matsuura, T. (2023) · The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine · doi:10.7600/jpfsm.12.141

A non-antibiotic erythromycin derivative improves muscle endurance by regulating endogenous anti-fatigue protein orosomucoidPreprint

Feng, J., Wan, J., Sun, Y., Chen, F., Chen, Y., Guo, P., Sun, Q., Zhang, W., & Liu, X. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3320987/v1

Lacticaseibacillus Rhamnosus Gklc1 Improves Exercise Performance of Mice with Intrinsic Low Aerobic Exercise CapacityPreprint

Lin, S.-W., Tsai, Y., Hsu, Y.-J., Huang, C., Fang, T. J., & Chau, C. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4673894

Effect of high-intensity exercise on fat oxidation followed by endurance training.

Oki, S., & Nabekura, Y. (2024) · Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education Health and Sport Sciences) · doi:10.5432/jjpehss.23076

Особливості кореляційного зв’язку між зовнішнім стресовим подразником та адаптаційними змінами в організму спортсменів Mixed Martial Arts

Savenko, A., Shtefiuk, I., Чернозуб, А. А., Альошина, А. І., Niga, M., & Potop, V. (2024) · Physical education sport and health culture in modern society · doi:10.29038/2220-7481-2024-01-68-75

A non‐antibiotic erythromycin derivative improves muscle endurance by regulating endogenous anti‐fatigue protein orosomucoid in mice

Feng, J., Wan, J., Guo, P., Sun, Y., Chen, F., Chen, Y., Sun, Q., Zhang, W., & Liu, X. (2024) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/1440-1681.13873

Gliclazide enhances exercise performance and recovery of muscle strength in healthy trained individuals: a randomized controlled trialPreprint

Martins, J. B., Dipp, T., Schaan, B. D., & Lehnen, A. M. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4450743/v1

Energy Metabolism: Responses to Exercise and Training

Geor, R. J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-8370-9.00040-0

Steep uphill cycling using repeated transitions between seated and standing positions results in a lower blood-lactate concentration than continuous use of either seated or standing position

Carlsson, M., Lindblom, O., & Carlsson, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1395415

Advanced Sports Nutrition Assessment Technique

Butt, A. A., & Ahmed, Z. (2024) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-6317-1.ch013

Sports Nutrition

(2025) · American Academy of PediatricsItasca, IL eBooks · doi:10.1542/9781610027700-ch12

The Effects of a High Carbohydrate Diet Combined with High Molecular Weight Carbohydrate Supplementation on Anaerobic Performance and Oxidative Stress in Elite Swimmers

Gawełczyk, M., Jagsz, S., Zając, A., & Langfort, J. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14113846

Targeting Low Exercise Capacity: A Probiotic Strategy Using Lactobacillus rhamnosus GKLC1 to Improve Endurance and MetabolismPreprint

Tsai, Y., Hsu, Y.-J., Huang, C., Lin, S., Chen, Y., & Chen, C. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6928109/v1

Muscle metabolic responses to a 5v5 football game in trained female football players

Randers, M. B., Panduro, J., Ermιdis, G., Vigh-Larsen, J. F., Yousefian, F., Søgaard, K., Krustrup, P., & Mohr, M. (2025) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-025-06028-1

Joint Associations of Intensity-Specific Physical Activity and Adiposity With Incident Microvascular Disease Among Prediabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study

Yu, L., Liu, Y., Xing, X., Wang, M., Zhang, B., Tong, Z., Sun, G., Zhang, Q., Zhao, J. V., Zhang, X., et al. (2025) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2025-0195

Why and when does one have high blood sugar?

Sharma, M., Bains, A., & Chawla, P. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33355-2.00002-5

Fully hydrogenated vegetable oil-based non-dairy creamer intake impairs athletic performance in mice: serum metabolomics and intestinal microbiota analyses

Xu, S. Q., Gong, W., Li, J., Qin, W., Dang, D. X., Yu, Y., & Chung, D.-H. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1657205

Metabolic and biomechanical responses to running-related fatigue assessed with optimal control simulations tracking wearable sensor signals

McConnochie, G. E., Fox, A., Bellenger, C. R., & Thewlis, D. (2026) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.250668

Short-Term Moderately High-Fat Diet Has No Effect on Physical Performance

Dawson, M. A., Whitney, C. C., Ndou, T. V., Karl, J. P., Margolis, L. M., Smith, T. J., Finlayson, G., Gaffney‐Stomberg, E., & Jayne, J. M. (2026) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003908

Association between antioxidant status and special strength performance in combat athletes: a cross-sectional study

Huang, J., Miao, L., & Mao, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1683090

Prévention de l’hypoglycémie liée à l’exercice physique chez les personnes vivant avec le diabète de type 1

Molveau, J. (2025) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/bd2bda54z3647z4fc4z9eebz1d71ad50a8b2

Does a low-carbohydrate diet impede endurance sports performance? No

Noakes, T. D., & Burke, L. M. (2026) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101269

Low carbohydrate availability reduces power output at the moderate-to-heavy transition, impairs efficiency, and increases median power frequency during cycling in females

Main, E., Yoon, S., James, S. L., Mellor, K. M., Brick, M. J., Leigh, W. B., & Maunder, E. (2026) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-026-06260-3

The Ten Performance Pillars: An evidence-informed expert statement for teams preparing for the FIFA Men's World Cups and elite international tournaments

Chmura, P., Nassis, G. P., Castagna, C., Mohr, M., Carling, C., Randers, M. B., Wei, X., Fahrenholtz, I. L., Oliva‐Lozano, J. M., Webb, J., et al. (2026) · Football Studies · doi:10.1016/j.footst.2026.100059

Ergothioneine alleviates exercise-induced fatigue associated with modulation of muscle transcriptome and gut microbiota

Su, J., Hu, Y., Wang, T., Li, X., Gao, G., Chen, J. Z., Zhou, L., Xie, Z., & Huang, H. (2026) · Applied Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1186/s13765-026-01104-2

Nutrition for Elite Male Ice Hockey: Evidence-Based Recommendations

Nordstrøm, A. (2026) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0260

High-Intensity Exercise Performance as a Complex Adaptive System: An Integrative Review

Alkasasbeh, W. J., Amawi, A. T., & Grivas, G. V. (2026) · Muscles · doi:10.3390/muscles5030053

Comparison of 2 Days of Moderate or High Carbohydrate Intake on Physical and Cognitive Performance in Female Team Sport Players During a Simulated Soccer Match Protocol

McManus, L., Scriney, M., & Egan, B. (2026) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2026-0098

Integrative Nutritional Strategies for Performance, Recovery, and Weight Management in Taekwondo

Amawi, A. T., Alkasasbeh, W. J., Grivas, G. V., Jalali, P., & Mohammadi, A. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18172894

Metabolic effects of a GLP-1 analog combined with aerobic training in ovariectomized rats

Selau, B., Bastos, L. M., Normann, R. S., Cubas, G. K., Herrmann, R. D. O. C. D. C., de Barros, L. D. A. D. O., de Amaral, M., Trapp, M., Kucharski, L. C., Vogt, É. L., et al. (2026) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2026.112917

Maximal Fat Oxidation Is Associated With Moderate- and High-Speed Running Performance During Competitive Matches in Youth National-Level Football Players: A Retrospective In-Season Study

Hernot, P., Guillotel, A., Horeau, M., Boumpoutou, R., Bessière, L., Sangnier, S., Martin, D., & Derbré, F. (2026) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2026-0143

From podium to daily practice: A narrative review of energy-based nutrition strategies for athletes and everyday exercisers

Liu, W., Ai, H., Li, X., Yang, J., Jiang, D., & Chang, C. (2026) · The Innovation Medicine · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-med.2026.100260

Shen-Qi-Ling extract alleviates spleen deficiency syndrome in mice: insights into the gut microbiota–metabolite axis and PI3K/Akt/NF-κB/AQP3 signaling pathway

Qiang, X., Gao, M., Li, Z., & Li, W. (2026) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2026.110120

Is the End-Exercise Potentiated-Twitch Decrement a Regulated Variable? A Mechanism-Oriented Review of Muscle Fatigue During High-Intensity Aerobic Exercise

Ramos‐Jiménez, A., Rubio-Valles, M., Trejo-Trejo, M., López-Campos, C. E., Arvizuo, J. G., Sollano-Trejo, O. A., DELGADILLO-RAMOS, M. G., & Hernández-Lepe, M. A. (2026) · Muscles · doi:10.3390/muscles5040074

Muscle glycogen and metabolic regulation

Hargreaves, M. (2004) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns2004344 · Cited by 72

Exercise and Muscle Glycogen Metabolism

Ørtenblad, N., Nielsen, J., Morton, J. P., & Areta, J. L. (2022) · Physiology in health and disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9_5 · Cited by 5

Muscle glycogen: where did you come from, where did you go?

Schweitzer, G. G., Kearney, M. L., & Mittendorfer, B. (2016) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp273536 · Cited by 7

Muscle glycogen stores and fatigue

Ørtenblad, N., Westerblad, H., & Nielsen, J. (2013) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.251629 · Cited by 353

Muscle glycogen and cell function – Location, location, location

Ørtenblad, N., & Nielsen, J. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12599 · Cited by 55