Human muscle metabolism during intermittent maximal exercise
Open accessAbstract
Eight male subjects volunteered to take part in this study. The exercise protocol consisted of ten 6-s maximal sprints with 30 s of recovery between each sprint on a cycle ergometer. Needle biopsy samples were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle before and after the first sprint and 10 s before and immediately after the tenth sprint. The energy required to sustain the high mean power output (MPO) that was generated over the first 6-s sprint (870.0 +/- 159.2 W) was provided by an equal contribution from phosphocreatine (PCr) degradation and anaerobic glycolysis. Indeed, within the first 6-s bout of maximal exercise PCr concentration had fallen by 57% and muscle lactate concentration had increased to 28.6 mmol/kg dry wt, confirming significant glycolytic activity. However, in the tenth sprint there was no change in muscle lactate concentration even though MPO was reduced only to 73% of that generated in the first sprint. This reduced glycogenolysis occurred despite the high plasma epinephrine concentration of 5.1 +/- 1.5 nmol/l after sprint 9. In face of a considerable reduction in the contribution of anaerobic glycogenolysis to ATP production, it was suggested that, during the last sprint, power output was supported by energy that was mainly derived from PCr degradation and an increased aerobic metabolism.
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ATP turnover can increase 100-fold from rest to exercise.
“ATP turnover can increase 100-fold from rest to exercise [3,4]”
From Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
Muscle glycogen use increases disproportionately with rising exercise intensity at workloads near or above V̇O2max.
“Muscle glycogen use increases disproportionately with rising exercise intensity at workloads near or above V̇O2max [11].”
From Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
Myostatin-dependent recruitment of SMAD 2/3 is a negative regulator of muscle mass.
“Myostatin-dependent recruitment of SMAD 2/3 is a negative regulator of muscle mass [3].”
From The connection between the dynamic remodeling of the mitochondrial network and the regulation of muscle mass (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
Energy requirements during intense contraction in skeletal muscles increase to 100-fold the consumption of ATP.
“Energy requirements during intense contraction in skeletal muscles increase to 100-fold the consumption of ATP [3].”
From The connection between the dynamic remodeling of the mitochondrial network and the regulation of muscle mass (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
The recovery of muscle force during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise is linked to muscle PCr resynthesis, which is largely an O2-dependent process.
“The recovery of muscle force during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise is linked to muscle PCr resynthesis [104,105,106], which is largely an O2-dependent process [107,108].”
From Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Weightlifting Exercise Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [106]
Dietary NO3− supplementation has also been shown to increase muscle blood flow, which might aid muscle PCr resynthesis between sets to failure and the recovery of force and performance.
“Dietary NO3− supplementation has also been shown to increase muscle blood flow [109], which might aid muscle PCr resynthesis between sets to failure [107,108] and the recovery of force and performance [104,105,106].”
From Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Weightlifting Exercise Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review (2020) · cites this paper as [106]
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“Muscle glycogen use increases disproportionately with rising exercise intensity at workloads near or above V̇O 2 max [11].”
- Authors
- Gaitanos, G. C., Williams, C., Boobis, L. H., & Brooks, S.
- Affiliations
- Loughborough University (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1993-08-01
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 712-719
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2149069857
- Cited by
- 967
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 30.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- dspace.lboro.ac.uk
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) (submittedVersion)
- Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Loughborough University Research Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- muscle metabolism, sprint exercise, anaerobic glycolysis, muscle lactate, glycogenolysis, epinephrine, aerobic metabolism, output power, vastus lateralis, energy substrate utilization
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine Triphosphate, Adult, Blood Glucose, Blood Volume, Energy Metabolism, Epinephrine, Exercise Test, Glycogen, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Lactates, Male, Muscles, Norepinephrine, Oxygen Consumption, Phosphocreatine, Exercise, Lactic Acid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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