Online Formative Assessment and Feedback Practices of ESL Teachers in India, Bangladesh and Nepal: A Multiple Case Study
Open accessAbstract
ESL/EFL teachers, especially those working in higher education, across the world were required to teach online after the spread on COVID-19. Many empirical studies have been conducted in the last 1 year to investigate various aspects of online teaching and learning of languages. However, online ESL teaching in South Asian contexts remains almost unexplored. This paper reports a multiple case study that aimed to bridge this gap and explore online formative assessment (FA) and feedback practices of three ESL teachers working in three universities in India, Bangladesh and Nepal. Data were collected through classroom observations, interviews and document analysis. The results indicate that all three teachers actively engaged their students in a variety of FA practices, although they did not use the obtained information from assessments properly and there remained many areas of improvement. Their feedback practices, which involved the integration of a few digital tools, were regular and student-friendly. The study is significant in that it is the first of its kind. Future researchers can conduct large scale studies to verify if the findings of the study are true for other university ESL teachers who are teaching online.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Hartley, J. (2004) · Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research · doi:10.4135/9781446280119.n26 · Cited by 15,461 · see citing works
Hattie, J., & Timperley, H. (2007) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/003465430298487 · Cited by 12,905 · see citing works
(1996) · Cited by 11,584 · see citing works
An Introduction to Qualitative Research
Flick, U. (2023) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781036231712 · Cited by 9,550 · see citing works
Guest, G., MacQueen, K., & Namey, E. (2012) · doi:10.4135/9781483384436 · Cited by 7,924 · see citing works
Stake, R. E. (2005) · Cited by 4,706 · see citing works
Developing the theory of formative assessment
Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (2009) · Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability · doi:10.1007/s11092-008-9068-5 · Cited by 3,301 · see citing works
Online teaching-learning in higher education during lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic
Mishra, L., Gupta, T., & Shree, A. (2020) · International Journal of Educational Research Open · doi:10.1016/j.ijedro.2020.100012 · Cited by 2,542 · see citing works
Qualitative Data Analysis: Practical Strategies
Bazeley, P. (2020) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,388 · see citing works
Online formative assessment in higher education: A review of the literature
Gikandi, J., Morrow, D., & Davis, N. E. (2011) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.06.004 · Cited by 1,383 · see citing works
Gerring, J. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511803123 · Cited by 1,040 · see citing works
An Introduction to Qualitative Research
Bryden, E. (2010) · doi:10.52439/uzxe5427 · Cited by 1,028 · see citing works
Policy Brief: Education during COVID-19 and beyond
Giusti, A. E. D. (2020) · Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnología en Educación y Educación en Tecnología · doi:10.24215/18509959.26.e12 · Cited by 1,019 · see citing works
MacIntyre, P. D., Gregersen, T., & Mercer, S. (2020) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2020.102352 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
Islam, M. A., Barna, S. D., Raihan, H., Khan, M. N. A., & Hossain, M. T. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238162 · Cited by 834 · see citing works
The Electronic Journal of e-Learning
(2023) · The Electronic Journal of e-Learning · doi:10.34190/ejel · Cited by 765 · see citing works
Teacher feedback literacy and its interplay with student feedback literacy
Carless, D., & Winstone, N. (2023) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2020.1782372 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Usability, quality, value and e-learning continuance decisions
Chiu, C., Hsu, M., Sun, S., Lin, T., & Sun, P. (2004) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2004.06.001 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Yilmaz, R. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.085 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Chien, S., Hwang, G., & Jong, M. S. (2019) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103751 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
van Schoor, B. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-17838-3_4 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Sedrakyan, G., Malmberg, J., Verbert, K., Järvelä, S., & Kirschner, P. A. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.004 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Current Issues in English Language Teacher‐Based Assessment
Davison, C., & Leung, C. (2009) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/j.1545-7249.2009.tb00242.x · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Exploring factors that influence adoption of e‐learning within higher education
King, E., & Boyatt, R. (2014) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.12195 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Recommendations for Mandatory Online Assessment in Higher Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic
García‐Peñalvo, F. J., Corell, A., García, V. A., & de Prado, M. G. (2020) · Lecture notes in educational technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-7869-4_6 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
A qualitative synthesis of video feedback in higher education
Mahoney, P., Macfarlane, S., & Ajjawi, R. (2018) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2018.1471457 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Menard‐Warwick, J. (2008) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/j.1545-7249.2008.tb00151.x · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Technology Enhanced Formative Assessment for 21st Century Learning
Spector, J. M., Ifenthaler, D., Sampson, D. G., Yang, L., Mukama, E., Warusavitarana, A., Dona, K. L., Eichhorn, K., Fluck, A. E., Huang, R., et al. (2016) · NIE Digital Repository (National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University) · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Online assessments: Exploring perspectives of university students
Khan, S. N., & Khan, R. A. (2018) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-018-9797-0 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Mediating EFL learners’ academic writing skills in online dynamic assessment using Google Docs
Ebadi, S., & Rahimi, M. (2019) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2018.1527362 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Australian Indigenous students: addressing equity issues in assessment
Klenowski, V. (2009) · Teaching Education · doi:10.1080/10476210802681741 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
(2015) · The Electronic Journal of e-Learning · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Mamun, M. A., Chandrima, R. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00362-5 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Diverse delivery methods and strong psychological benefits: A review of online formative assessment
McLaughlin, T., & Yan, Z. (2017) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12200 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Comparative effect of online summative and formative assessment on EFL student writing ability
Mohamadi, Z. (2018) · Studies In Educational Evaluation · doi:10.1016/j.stueduc.2018.02.003 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Ai, H. (2017) · ReCALL · doi:10.1017/s095834401700012x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Student Perceptions and Use of Technology-Mediated Text and Screencast Feedback in ESL Writing
Cunningham, K. J. (2019) · Computers & composition/Computers and composition · doi:10.1016/j.compcom.2019.02.003 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Evaluation of mobile assessment in a learning management system
Bogdanović, Z. M., Barać, D., Jovanić, B. R., Popović, S., & Radenković, B. (2013) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.12015 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The impact of online automated feedback on students' reflective journal writing in an EFL course
Cheng, G. (2017) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2017.04.002 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Wang, Y.-C. (2014) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2014.01.007 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Emerging Patterns in Transferring Assessment Practices from F2f to Online Environments.
Beebe, R. S., Vonderwell, S., & Boboc, M. (2010) · The Electronic Journal of e-Learning · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Where angels fear to tread: online peer-assessment in a large first-year class
Mostert, M., & Snowball, J. D. (2012) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2012.683770 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Chen, I., Gamble, J. H., Lee, Z.-H., & Fu, Q.-L. (2020) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103833 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Computer‐mediated feedback for L2 learners: Challenges versus affordances
Bahari, A. (2020) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12481 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Improving English Learners’ Speaking through Mobile-assisted Peer Feedback
Wu, J. G., & Miller, L. (2020) · RELC Journal · doi:10.1177/0033688219895335 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Writing through WhatsApp: an evaluation of students writing performance
Allagui, B. (2014) · International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation · doi:10.1504/ijmlo.2014.067022 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Daradoumis, Τ., Puig, J. M. M., Arguedas, M., & Calvet, L. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.021 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The effect of personalized feedback on listening and reading skills in the learning of EFL
Pérez-Segura, J. J., Ruiz, R. S., González‐Calero, J. A., & Gutiérrez, R. C. (2020) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2019.1705354 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
van Ginkel, S. O., Ruiz, D., Mononen, A., Karaman, A. C., de Keijzer, A., & Sitthiworachart, J. (2020) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12424 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Formative assessment use in university EFL writing instruction: a survey report from China
Qiang, G., & Xu, Y. (2020) · Asia Pacific Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/02188791.2020.1798737 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Feedback and Mobile Instant Messaging: Using WhatsApp as a Feedback Tool in EFL
Universitat Rovira i Virgili, S., Soria, S., Gutiérrez‐Colón, M., Universitat Rovira i Virgili, S., Frumuselu, A. D., & Universitat Rovira i Virgili, S. (2019) · International Journal of Instruction · doi:10.29333/iji.2020.13151a · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Rassaei, E. (2019) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2019.03.004 · Cited by 43 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, more information is required about how online feedback is provided in language classrooms (Rassaei, 2019) and also about the type of feedback provided using technology (Sedrakyan, 2018).”
BackgroundIdentifying Challenges and Opportunities in Teaching Chemistry Online in India amid COVID-19
Giri, S., & Dutta, P. (2020) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00720 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Johnson, G. M., & Cooke, A. (2015) · Distance Education · doi:10.1080/01587919.2015.1081737 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Moret, M., Reuzel, R. P. B., van der Wilt, G. J., & Grin, J. (2007) · Field Methods · doi:10.1177/1525822x06295630 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Daşkın, N. C., & Hatipoğlu, Ç. (2019) · Language Testing · doi:10.1177/0265532219857066 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Namaziandost, E., Alekasir, S., Sawalmeh, M. H. M., & Miftah, M. Z. (2020) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2020.1856764 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Using IT to assess IT: Towards greater authenticity in summative performance assessment
Newhouse, C. P. (2010) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.08.023 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Language Assessment in Higher Education
Elder, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02261-1_35 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Acharya, A., Subedi, S., Gyawali, N., Poudyal, N., Lamichhane, G., Bastola, G., Aryal, B., Bhattarai, B. R., Adhikari, B., Marahatha, R., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Asian Education · doi:10.46966/ijae.v2i3.224 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
E-Feedback as a Scaffolding Teaching Strategy in the Online Language Classroom
Alharbi, W. M. H. (2017) · Journal of Educational Technology Systems · doi:10.1177/0047239517697966 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Google Forms: A Real-Time Formative Feedback Process for Adaptive Learning
Haddad, R. J., & Kalaani, Y. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--20540 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Investigating Learners’ Satisfaction Utilizing Google Classroom as Online Formative Feedback Tool
Agustina, M., & Purnawarman, P. (2020) · doi:10.1109/icet51153.2020.9276616 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Acharya, A., Poudyal, N., Lamichhane, G., et al. (2020) · doi:10.35542/osf.io/r85bc · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Google Forms: A Real-Time Formative Assessment Approach for Adaptive Learning
Haddad, R. J., & Kalaani, Y. (2014) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Examining University Students Acceptance of Web-based Formative Assessment System
Yılmaz, F. G. K., Yılmaz, R., & Öztürk, T. (2020) · Hacettepe University Journal of Education · doi:10.16986/huje.2020063671 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ansari, M. (2020) · Birat Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.3126/bjhs.v5i1.29652 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Problems of Communicative Syllabuses
Fish, H., & Dudley-Evans, T. (1982) · RELC Journal · doi:10.1177/003368828201300201 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Language Assessment in Higher Education
Elder, C. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02326-7_35-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ishikawa, Y., Akahane-Yamada, R., Kitamura, M., Smith, C. M., Tsubota, Y., & Dantsuji, M. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07485-6_15 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mohamed, H. M. M. (2016) · CDELT Occasional Papers in the Development of English Education · doi:10.21608/opde.2016.86787 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Yin, R. K. C. (2018). Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Impact of ChatGPT on ESL students’ academic writing skills: a mixed methods intervention study
Mahapatra, S. (2024) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-024-00295-9 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Self-citationApplication of corrective feedback using emerging technologies among L2 university students
Klímová, B., & Pikhart, M. (2022) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2022.2132681 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Assessment in Undergraduate Competency-Based Medical Education: A Systematic Review
Gupta, S. K., & Srivastava, T. K. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.58073 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mahapatra, S. K., & Koltovskaia, S. (2025) · Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education · doi:10.1186/s40862-025-00350-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationKılıçkaya, F. (2023) · English language education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27825-9_8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Reducing Stress Through Formative Assessments: A Case of the Digital Platform
Hysaj, A., Farouqa, G., Khan, S. A., & Hiasat, L. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35927-9_33 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Singh, A. K., & Halim, H. B. A. (2023) · Advanced Education · doi:10.20535/2410-8286.278042 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Esfandiari, R., & Allaf-Akbary, O. (2025) · Innoeduca International Journal of Technology and Educational Innovation · doi:10.24310/ijtei.111.2025.20896 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Labuschagne, C., Ramaila, S. M., & Dhurumraj, T. (2023) · International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) · doi:10.20525/ijrbs.v12i8.2924 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The difficulty and implementation of online assessment in higher education
Jarrah, H. Y., Alwaely, S., Darawsheh, S. R., & Alkhasawneh, T. (2022) · Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences (PEN) · doi:10.21533/pen.v10i1.2723 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Peter, L. G., & Asmawi, A. (2023) · JOALL (Journal of Applied Linguistics and Literature) · doi:10.33369/joall.v8i2.26821 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Covid-19: An Impromptu or Trend-setting Factor in Research on Language and Education?
Raitskaya, L., & Тихонова, Е. В. (2021) · Journal of language and Education · doi:10.17323/jle.2021.13458 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Methods of Evaluation and Assessment in Digital Learning
Khan, H., Kushwah, K. K., Khare, K., Mahobia, S. K., & Thakur, J. S. (2022) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5400-8.ch004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Feedback on-line na formação inicial de professores de línguas: estado da arte
Zocaratto, B. L., & Quevedo-Camargo, G. (2022) · Estudos em Avaliação Educacional · doi:10.18222/eae.v33.9532 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
EFL E-Assessment in Higher Education: A Review
Nguyen, A.-P. L. (2022) · International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development · doi:10.6007/ijarped/v11-i4/15575 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
University Students’ Perception of Online Speaking Assessment
Alumalai, L., & Paramasivam, S. (2023) · International Journal of Linguistics · doi:10.5296/ijl.v15i6.21503 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Preservice and In-Service EFL Teachers' Assessment Preferences
Hafour, M. F. (2022) · International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.4018/ijcallt.309098 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Use of Zoom in Giving Writing Conferences in Foreign Language Writing Classes
YASTIBAŞ, A. E. (2023) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6682-7.ch006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Numerical literacy during a pandemic through HOTS try to success questions in elementary school
Patriana, W. D., Sutama, Wulandari, M. D., Rahmawati, L. E., Prastiwi, Y., & Fuadi, D. (2023) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0141463 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Digital Assessment Practices in Indian Higher Education
Prakasha, G. S., & Lhawang, T. (2022) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-2468-1.ch014
Formative Assessment of College English Teaching Based on the CLA Model
Yuan, S. (2023) · Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences · doi:10.2478/amns.2023.1.00317
The Impact of Online Feedback Practice on Pre-Service English Teachers During the Pandemic
Zocaratto, B. L., & Quevedo-Camargo, G. (2023) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6227-0.ch004
Singla, G., Singla, B., Singla, S., & Bansal, H. (2023) · Muller Journal of Medical Sciences and Research · doi:10.4103/mjmsr.mjmsr_55_22
The online testing and evaluation in the higher education
Tran, T. T. T. (2022) · Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities · doi:10.32508/stdjssh.v6i2.737
Alignment of English as a foreign language teachers’ understanding of classroom assessment practices
Widiastuti, I. A. M. S., Weir, K., Sukoco, H., & Sulistyo, G. H. (2023) · International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) · doi:10.11591/ijere.v12i4.25492
La retroalimentación formativa en la producción de textos argumentativos, una revisión literaria
Palacios, Y. B. (2023) · Revista de Climatología · doi:10.59427/rcli/2023/v23cs.3006-3011
Feedback on Oral English in the time of COVID-19 crisis: The Bangladesh Chapter
Haque, M. S., & Salma, U. (2023) · BELTA Journal · doi:10.36832/beltaj.2023.0701.05
The Impact of Digital formative Assessment on Improving Primary-Stage Pupils’ Oral Skills
ابراهيم, ا. ر. ا. (2024) · مجلة جامعة جنوب الوادى الدولية للعلوم التربوية · doi:10.21608/musi.2024.290573.1160
Assessing STEM Literacy: Development and Implementation of a Geoscience Project-Based Evaluation
Najah, T. S., & Nastiti, L. R. (2025) · Journal of Education Research and Evaluation · doi:10.23887/jere.v9i1.85764
Development and validation of the online formative assessment validity scale (OFAVS) in EFL contexts
Maleki, A., Khodabakhshzadeh, H., Zeraatpishe, M., & Baghaei, P. (2025) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-025-01336-0
Yabancılara Türkçe Öğretenlerin Yazma Geri Bildirimleri ve Öğrenen Motivasyonlarına Dair Gözlemleri
ZİLELİ, E. N., & Çocuk, H. E. (2025) · Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17860/mersinefd.1704352
Online Teaching Practices in STEM in Higher Education During the Pandemic
Ponce, D., & Gonzalez, C. (2026) · Canadian Journal of Science Mathematics and Technology Education · doi:10.1007/s42330-026-00457-6
Alakaleek, W. (2026) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-12697-9_18
Evaluation in Language and Literature Learning in Elementary Schools
Widiastini, N. W. E., Sari, N. M. D. S., Mulyadin, & Hafizin, M. (2025) · International Journal of Language and Literature · doi:10.23887/ijll.v9i4.104383
Grades without growth? Rethinking continuous assessment at the tertiary level in Bangladesh
Roy, B. K., & Rabbi, M. F. (2026) · SN Social Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43545-026-01736-7
Digital Transformation in English Education: Exploring Online Assessment Strategies in Pakistan
Abbasi, H., & Shaikh, T. S. (2026) · English language teaching · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-9805-2_26
- Authors
- Mahapatra, S. K.
- Affiliations
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Hyderabad Campus (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Mahapatra, Santosh Kumar
- Venue
- The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher
- Published
- 2021-07-19
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 519-530
- ISSN
- 0119-5646 (ISSN-L)
- 2243-7908
- PMC
- PMC8288836
- OpenAlex
- W3184510032
- Semantic Scholar
- f77454c5388970c0cb862f9695b19c572b3df82a
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 11.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Student Assessment and Feedback
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › English Language Learning and Teaching
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Keywords
- online formative assessment, teacher feedback practices, ESL teachers, online language teaching, COVID-19 pandemic, higher education, digital tools in teaching, South Asia, India, Bangladesh, Nepal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
