The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
High Involvement Versus Pathological Involvement in Video Games: a Crucial Distinction for Ensuring the Validity and Utility of Gaming Disorder
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In the citing paper
“The evolution of the components model of addiction has often been misattributed to the psychologist Iain Brown.”
From The evolution of the 'components model of addiction' and the need for a confirmatory approach in conceptualizing behavioral addictions (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“In their latest paper on gaming disorder, Billieux et al. (16) made the case that there is a distinction between excessive involvement in gaming and addiction to it. I cannot think of a single researcher working in the behavioral addiction field who would not agree that there is a clear and differentiated distinction between high involvement and pathological involvement.”
From The evolution of the 'components model of addiction' and the need for a confirmatory approach in conceptualizing behavioral addictions (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Where the problem really lies is that the operationalization of salience in many psychometric instruments based on my model does not necessarily include a negative wording and it is this aspect that Billieux et al. (16) concentrated on in their paper, not the operational definition of salience in the actual components model of addiction.”
From The evolution of the 'components model of addiction' and the need for a confirmatory approach in conceptualizing behavioral addictions (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Another key criticism made by Billieux et al. (16) is that many researchers in the behavioral addiction field (and I would argue it is the overwhelming majority including myself) adhere to the confirmatory approach where behavioral addictions are classified on the basis of criteria of substance use disorders or behavioral addictions such as gambling disorder.”
From The evolution of the 'components model of addiction' and the need for a confirmatory approach in conceptualizing behavioral addictions (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Finally, I could not help but notice that almost all the examples of 'moot behavioural addictions' that Billieux et al. (16) cited - as did the paper by Kardefelt-Winther et al. (31) - are papers that I co-authored.”
From The evolution of the 'components model of addiction' and the need for a confirmatory approach in conceptualizing behavioral addictions (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Finally, Billieux et al. (16) made observations about the problems in operationalizing tolerance (in relation to gaming rather than addiction more generally); but again, the components model of addiction defines tolerance in relation to mood modifying experiences which as explained above are rooted in more negative than positive experiences:”
From The evolution of the 'components model of addiction' and the need for a confirmatory approach in conceptualizing behavioral addictions (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Some authors have reported that gamers who do not exhibit evidence of other psychopathology or functional impairment may endorse such items intended to parallel substance addiction 174-176 , thus challenging their diagnostic utility 172 .”
In the citing paper
“An advantage of the more streamlined ICD-11 conceptualization of gaming disorder as compared to DSM-5's has been its clarity regarding the scope and clinical description of the condition, eschewing some traditional addiction concepts that have been criticized or have received mixed support as applied to problem gaming 140,141,172 .”
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
A “components” model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework
Griffiths, M. (2005) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659890500114359 · Cited by 3,088
Les passions de l'ame: on obsessive and harmonious passion
Vallerand, R. J., Blanchard, C., Mageau, G. A., Koestner, R., Ratelle, C., Léonard, M., Gagné, M., & Marsolais, J. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.4.756 · Cited by 2,566
Distinguishing addiction and high engagement in the context of online game playing
Charlton, J. P., & Danforth, I. D. W. (2007) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2005.07.002 · Cited by 946
Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research
Billieux, J., Schimmenti, A., Khazaal, Y., Maurage, P., & Heeren, A. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.009 · Cited by 920
Self-citationAn international consensus for assessing internet gaming disorder using the new DSM ‐5 approach
Petry, N. M., Rehbein, F., Gentile, D. A., Lemmens, J. S., Rumpf, H., Mößle, T., Bischof, G., Tao, R., Fung, D. S. S., Borges, G., et al. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12457 · Cited by 919
Self-citationHow can we conceptualize behavioural addiction without pathologizing common behaviours?
Kardefelt‐Winther, D., Heeren, A., Schimmenti, A., van Rooij, A., Maurage, P., Carras, M., Edman, J., Blaszczynski, A., Khazaal, Y., & Billieux, J. (2017) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13763 · Cited by 780
Self-citationThe Internet Gaming Disorder Scale.
Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Gentile, D. A. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000062 · Cited by 742
Scholars’ open debate paper on the World Health Organization ICD-11 Gaming Disorder proposal
Aarseth, E., Bean, A. M., Boonen, H., Colder Carras, M., Coulson, M., Das, D., Deleuze, J., Dunkels, E., Edman, J., Ferguson, C. J., et al. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.5.2016.088 · Cited by 629
Rehbein, F., Kliem, S., Baier, D., Mößle, T., & Petry, N. M. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12849 · Cited by 567
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–233 of 233
Firth, D., Johnson, T., Clouse, S. F., & Akello, P. (2025) · Information Systems Education Journal · doi:10.62273/rqwn6726
González-Álvarez, S., Solabarrieta, J., & Ruiz-Narezo, M. (2025) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2025.103255 · Cited by 1
Lin, S., & Zheng, L. (2025) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-025-03200-8
“The conflict, relapse, and withdrawal components may be considered core symptoms, while salience, tolerance, and mood modification are considered peripheral symptoms of problematic behaviors (Billieux et al., 2019).”
Stigma and Behavioral Addictions: Problematic Gambling and Video Game Addiction
Villanueva‐Blasco, V. J., Eslava, D., & Boubeta, A. R. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-94813-8_6
Paquin, V., Raugh, I. M., Davies, M., Lepage, M., Lavigne, K. M., Dion, J., Abdel‐Baki, A., Shah, J. L., Iyer, S. N., & Ferrari, M. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-103685 · Cited by 3
“13 14 Clinical research seeks to advance the detection and treatment of gaming disorder with the hope of improving youth mental health, 15 and in this context, it has been suggested that high engagement in games might trigger or amplify psychotic symptoms in some individuals.”
Wilson, N., Stavropoulos, V., Latifi, M. Q., & Brown, T. (2025) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2025.2570761
Parietal Alpha Asymmetry as a Correlate of Internet Use Severity in Healthy Adults
Šimkutė, D., Tarailis, P., & Griškova-Bulanova, I. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15111207
Comparing functional impairments related to social network use disorder and internet gaming disorder
Zumrode, L., Reinicke, L., Bischof, A., Bischof, G., Schlossarek, S., Schmidt, H., Borgwardt, S., & Rumpf, H. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00087
“They criticize the mixing of crucial, so-called core criteria (Billieux, Flayelle, Rumpf, & Stein, 2019) with less important, peripherical criteria (Besser, Loerbroks, Bischof, Bischof, & Rumpf, 2019), which diminishes the diagnostical accuracy.”
Self-citationAruguete, M. S., Grieve, F. G., Zsila, Á., Horváth, R., Demetrovics, Z., & McCutcheon, L. E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26710745
Psychological Factors in Substance Use
Edinoff, A. N., Sarkar, P., Sall, S., & Suzuki, J. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-57159-6_36-1
Widdershoven, P., Lemmers-Jansen, I. L. J., Chan, G., Stjepanović, D., Leung, J., Saunders, J. B., McClure‐Thomas, C., van den Brink, W., Long, J., Siste, K., et al. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6104332
Paquin, V., Lavallee, Z., Huot‐Lavoie, M., Ku, B. S., Díaz-Caneja, C. M., & Gülöksüz, S. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00094
James, R., & Hitcham, L. (2026) · Palgrave Studies in Cyberpsychology. · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-96188-5_2
Food addiction in behavioral addictions: a network approach
Gaspar‐Pérez, A., Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Rosińska, M., Sabariegos-Campos, N., Artero, C., Ruiz-Torras, S., Gearhardt, A. N., Demetrovics, Z., Czakó, A., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1703292
“; Petry et al., 2014), considering a 12-month period to establish the diagnosis (Deleuze et al., 2017; Billieux et al., 2019).”
Digital Dilemmas: Unpacking Identity, Leisure, and Mental Health in a Screen-Saturated World
Bediou, B., Nguyen-Danse, A., Billieux, J., Marciano, L., Achab, S., Gentile, D. A., Bavelier, D., & Rich, M. (2026) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-025-00686-z
Self-citationStarzec, S., Śpiewak, S., Starosta, J., & Strojny, P. (2026) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/81407
“Although for most people gaming is a nonproblematic recreational activity, for a minority of users it has become poorly controlled and has negative psychosocial consequences [3-5].”
Griffiths, M. D. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00431
Rhinitis medicamentosa: Still searching for “new” behavioural addictions?
Starčević, V., & Schimmenti, A. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00359
de Ternay, J., Simon, O., Baggio, S., & Billieux, J. (2026) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2026.100701
“This may reflect concerns that the DSM-5 approach is at risk of conflating clinical cases with highly involved (e.g., several hours a day), yet non-pathological, patterns of gaming (Billieux et al., 2019).”
Self-citationDo we need animal models to better understand the molecular basis of internet use disorders?
Montag, C. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00464
Phan, O., & Alais, J. (2026) · Enfances & Psy · doi:10.3917/ep.106.0047
Lyu, Z., Wang, X., Fu, S., & Zheng, P. (2026) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-026-03148-7
Lai, W., Liu, X., Xu, Z., Kong, Z., Ren, P., Zhou, Z.-F., Yang, J.-H., Li, H., Hou, G., & Jiang, W. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2026.109108
Tan, S. A., Yap, C. C., Nainee, S., Gan, S. W., Zaharim, N. M., Lee, L. K., & Goh, Y. S. (2026) · Sexuality Research and Social Policy · doi:10.1007/s13178-026-01377-8
Oelker, A., Knorr, A., Brand, M., & Müller, S. M. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0352776
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of Internet Gaming Addiction: A Systematic Review
Ciner, E. N., & Karaaziz, M. (2026) · Addiction Science Reviews · doi:10.35365/asr.26.2.06
Gaming Motives and Impulsivity in Gaming Disorder: Additive or Interactive Effects?
Meurer, N., Müller, S. M., Schmid, A. M., Steins‐Loeber, S., & Brand, M. (2026) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2026.108846
Screening Instruments for Gaming Disorder: A History and Overview
Hameed, M., Stevens, M. W. R., Radünz, M., Demetrovics, Z., Delfabbro, P., & King, D. L. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52643-5_326-1
The role of emotion regulation in gaming disorder: A quasi-experimental approach
Kim, E. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2025.00554
Development and validation of an ICD-11–based problematic social media use scale
Arıcak, O. T., & Boz, C. (2026) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2026.108877
Bediou, B., Cekic, S., Gentile, D. A., & Bavelier, D. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0356080
“A complementary line of work led by Billieux and colleagues has long argued for separating high engagement from problematic involvement and has shown that time spent playing, on its own, is a poor proxy for harm [73,74]; see also [75].”
(2021) · PubMed Central · doi:10.36131/cnfioritieditore20210106 · Cited by 67
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Billieux, J., Flayelle, M., Rumpf, H.-J., & Stein, D. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Luxembourg (LU)
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- South African Medical Research Council (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Billieux, Joël
- Venue
- Current Addiction Reports
- Published
- 2019-05-23
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 323-330
- ISSN
- 2196-2952 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2946062009
- Cited by
- 242
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 48.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Addiction Reports (publishedVersion)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Keywords
- gaming disorder, gaming addiction, ICD-11, diagnostic validity, overdiagnosis, functional disability, problem gaming
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