Autism screening practices in preschools and early childcare centers: A systematic review

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement

Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042 · see citing works

Manual for ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles

Achenbach, T. M. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,676 · see citing works

National Center for Education Statistics

Carlson, C. L. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Educational Psychology · doi:10.4135/9781412963848.n192 · Cited by 4,546 · see citing works

Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2016

Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., Baio, J., EdS1, Washington, A., Patrick, M., DiRienzo, M., Christensen, D. L., Wiggins, L. D., Pettygrove, S., et al. (2020) · MMWR. Surveillance Summaries · doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6904a1 · Cited by 3,780 · see citing works

Identification and Evaluation of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Johnson, C. P., Myers, S. M., & and the Council on Children With Disabilities (2007) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2361 · Cited by 2,011 · see citing works

The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: Revised Algorithms for Improved Diagnostic Validity

Gotham, K., Risi, S., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0280-1 · Cited by 1,161 · see citing works

Validation of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised With Follow-up (M-CHAT-R/F)

Robins, D. L., Casagrande, K., Barton, M., Chen, C.-M. A., Dumont-Mathieu, T., & Fein, D. (2014) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1813 · Cited by 1,081 · see citing works

Factors Associated With Age of Diagnosis Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Mandell, D. S., Novak, M. M., & Zubritsky, C. D. (2005) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0185 · Cited by 896 · see citing works

Race differences in the age at diagnosis among medicaid-eligible children with autism

MANDELL, D. S., LISTERUD, J., LEVY, S. E., & PINTO-MARTIN, J. A. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200212000-00016 · Cited by 684 · see citing works

The Female Autism Phenotype and Camouflaging: a Narrative Review

Hull, L., Petrides, K. V., & Mandy, W. (2020) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-020-00197-9 · Cited by 614 · see citing works

Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Recommendations for Practice and Research

Zwaigenbaum, L., Bauman, M. L., Stone, W. L., Yirmiya, N., Estes, A. M., Hansen, R. L., McPartland, J. C., Natowicz, M. R., Choueiri, R., FEIN, D. A., et al. (2015) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3667c · Cited by 512 · see citing works

Age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2012 to 2019

Hof, M. V. ’., Tisseur, C., van Berckelear-Onnes, I., van Nieuwenhuyzen, A. D. Y., Daniels, A. M., Deen, M. L., Hoek, H. W., & Ester, W. A. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320971107 · Cited by 504 · see citing works

Reciprocal Social Behavior in Children With and Without Pervasive Developmental Disorders

CONSTANTINO, J. N., PRZYBECK, T., FRIESEN, D., & TODD, R. D. (2000) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200002000-00002 · Cited by 398 · see citing works

Brief Report: Screening Tool for Autism in Two-Year-Olds (STAT): Development and Preliminary Data

Stone, W. L., Coonrod, E. E., & Ousley, O. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005647629002 · Cited by 377 · see citing works

Autism Spectrum Disorder Screening and Management Practices Among General Pediatric Providers

dosReis, S., Weiner, C. L., JOHNSON, L., & Newschaffer, C. J. (2006) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200604002-00006 · Cited by 217 · see citing works

ESCAP practice guidance for autism: a summary of evidence-based recommendations for diagnosis and treatment

Fuentes, J., Amaia Hervas, G., Howlin, P., & Party), (. A. W. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01587-4 · Cited by 211 · see citing works

Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Clinical Report

Hyman, S. L., Levy, S. E., & Myers, S. M. (2020) · American Academy of Pediatrics eBooks · doi:10.1542/9781610024716-part01-ch002 · Cited by 177 · see citing works

Observing Students in Classroom Settings: A Review of Seven Coding Schemes

Volpe, R. J., DiPerna, J. C., Hintze, J. M., & Shapiro, E. S. (2005) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2005.12088009 · Cited by 175 · see citing works

Collaborating with parents: Using Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status to detect and address developmental and behavioral problems.

Glascoe, F. P. (1998) · Cited by 149 · see citing works

Primary care autism screening and later autism diagnosis

Carbone, P. S., Campbell, K., Wilkes, J., Stoddard, G. J., Huynh, K., Young, P. C., & Gabrielsen, T. P. (2020) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-2314 · Cited by 144 · see citing works

Sociodemographic Barriers to Early Detection of Autism: Screening and Evaluation Using the M-CHAT, M-CHAT-R, and Follow-Up

Khowaja, M., HAZZARD, A. P., & Robins, D. L. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2339-8 · Cited by 137 · see citing works

Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Spanish School-Age Children

Morales‐Hidalgo, P., Castellví, J. R., Hernández‐Martínez, C., Voltas, N., & Canals, J. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3581-2 · Cited by 137 · see citing works

A DSM-IV–Referenced Screening Instrument for Preschool Children: The Early Childhood Inventory-4

SPRAFKIN, J., VOLPE, R. J., GADOW, K. D., NOLAN, E. E., & KELLY, K. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200205000-00018 · Cited by 128 · see citing works

Quantitative assessment of autistic symptomatology in preschoolers

Pine-Twaddell, E. D., Luby, J. L., Abbacchi, A. M., & Constantino, J. N. (2006) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361306064434 · Cited by 100 · see citing works

Sex/Gender Differences in Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Implications for Evidence-Based Assessment

Evans, S. C., Boan, A. D., Bradley, C. C., & Carpenter, L. A. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1437734 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

Attitudes of the autism community to early autism research

Fletcher‐Watson, S., Apicella, F., Bonnie Auyeung, B., Beranová, Š., Bonnet‐Brilhault, F., Canal‐Bedia, R., Charman, T., Chericoni, N., Conceição, I. C., Davies, K., et al. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315626577 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

Trends in Access to Health Care Services for US Children: 2000–2014

Larson, K., Cull, W. L., Racine, A. D., & Olson, L. M. (2016) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2176 · Cited by 79 · see citing works

Brief Report: Concurrent Validity of Autism Symptom Severity Measures

Reszka, S. S., Boyd, B. A., McBee, M. T., Hume, K., & Odom, S. L. (2013) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1879-7 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

Screening for autism spectrum disorder in underserved communities: Early childcare providers as reporters

Janvier, Y. M., Harris, J. F., Coffield, C. N., Louis, B., Xie, M., Cidav, Z., & Mandell, D. S. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315585055 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

Systematic Review of Level 1 and Level 2 Screening Tools for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Toddlers

Petrocchi, S., Levante, A., & Lecciso, F. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10030180 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

Screening for autism spectrum disorders in Flemish day-care centres with the checklist for early signs of developmental disorders

Dereu, M., Warreyn, P., Raymaekers, R., Meirsschaut, M., Pattyn, G., Schietecatte, I., & Roeyers, H. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0984-0 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Sex Differences in Age of Diagnosis and First Concern among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

McDonnell, C. G., DeLucia, E. A., Hayden, E. P., Penner, M., Curcin, K., Anagnostou, E. A., Nicolson, R., Kelley, E. A., Georgiades, S., Liu, X., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2020.1823850 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

A Novel System for Supporting Autism Diagnosis Using Home Videos: Iterative Development and Evaluation of System Design

Nazneen, N., Rozga, A., Smith, C. J., Oberleitner, R., Abowd, G. D., & Arriaga, R. I. (2015) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.4393 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Autism Spectrum Disorder Early Screening Practices

Self, T. L., Parham, D. F., & Rajagopalan, J. (2014) · Communication Disorders Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1525740114560060 · Cited by 60 · see citing works

Can Child Care Workers Contribute to the Early Detection of Autism Spectrum Disorders? A Comparison Between Screening Instruments with Child Care Workers Versus Parents as Informants

Dereu, M., Raymaekers, R., Warreyn, P., Schietecatte, I., Meirsschaut, M., & Roeyers, H. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1307-9 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

How is autistic identity in adolescence influenced by parental disclosure decisions and perceptions of autism?

Riccio, A., Kapp, S. K., Jordan, A., Dorelien, A. M., & Gillespie‐Lynch, K. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320958214 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

Best Practices in Multidimensional Assessment of Emotional or Behavioral Disorders.

McConaughy, S. H., & Ritter, D. R. (2002) · Cited by 48 · see citing works

EDUTEA: A DSM-5 teacher screening questionnaire for autism spectrum disorder and social pragmatic communication disorder

Morales‐Hidalgo, P., Hernández‐Martínez, C., Voltas, N., & Canals, J. (2017) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.05.002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Naturalistic evaluation of preschoolers’ spontaneous interactions: The Autism Peer Interaction Observation Scale

Bauminger‐Zviely, N., & Shefer, A. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361321989919 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Age of autism spectrum disorder diagnosis is associated with child's variables and parental experience

Mishaal, R. A., Ben‐Itzchak, E., & Zachor, D. A. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.04.001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Parent-Endorsed Sex Differences in Toddlers with and Without ASD: Utilizing the M-CHAT

Øien, R. A., Hart, L., Schjølberg, S., Wall, C. A., Kim, E. S., Nordahl-Hansen, A., Eisemann, M. R., Chawarska, K., Volkmar, F. R., & Shic, F. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2945-8 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Assessment of Autistic Traits in Children Aged 2 to 4½ Years With the Preschool Version of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS‐P): Findings from Japan

Stickley, A., Tachibana, Y., Hashimoto, K., Haraguchi, H., Miyake, A., Morokuma, S., Nitta, H., Oda, M., Ohya, Y., Senju, A., et al. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1742 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Girls and Autism

(2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781351234429 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Preschoolers assessed for autism: Parent and teacher experiences of the diagnostic process

Andersson, G. W., Miniscalco, C., & Gillberg, C. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.08.027 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Children with autistic spectrum disorder in early childhood education programs: A social constructivist perspective on inclusion

Walker, S., & Berthelsen, D. C. (2008) · International Journal of Early Childhood · doi:10.1007/bf03168362 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Validation of the Developmental Check-In Tool for Low-Literacy Autism Screening

Harris, J. F., Coffield, C. N., Janvier, Y. M., Mandell, D. S., & Cidav, Z. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3659 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Parent–Teacher Agreement on Social Skills and Behavior Problems Among Ethnically Diverse Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Thompson, B. N., & Winsler, A. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3570-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Autism in Preschoolers: Does Individual Clinician’s First Visit Diagnosis Agree with Final Comprehensive Diagnosis?

Andersson, G. W., Miniscalco, C., & Gillberg, C. (2013) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2013/716267 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorder with the Early Childhood Inventory-4

DeVincent, C. J., Gadow, K. D., Strong, G., Schwartz, J. E., & Cuva, S. (2008) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e3181468c32 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

The challenges of screening pre-school children for autism spectrum disorders in Iran

Samadi, S. A., Mohammad, M. P., Ghanimi, F., & McConkey, R. (2016) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2015.1107637 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Spotting Signs of Autism in 3-Year-Olds: Comparing Information from Parents and Preschool Staff

Jobs, E. N., Bölte, S., & Falck‐Ytter, T. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3821-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Parents and teachers reports of DSM-IV psychopathological symptoms in preschool children

Jané, M. C., Canals, J., Ballespí, S., Viñas, F., Esparó, G., & Domènech, E. (2006) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-006-0038-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Autism in Toddlers: Can Observation in Preschool Yield the Same Information as Autism Assessment in a Specialised Clinic?

Andersson, G. W., Miniscalco, C., Johansson, U., & Gillberg, C. (2013) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2013/384745 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Agreement between concern about autism spectrum disorder at the time of referral and diagnosis, and factors associated with agreement

Lo, B. H., Klopper, F., Barnes, E. H., & Williams, K. J. (2017) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.13511 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Validating the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales-2: Preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders

Major, S. D. O., Seabra‐Santos, M. J., & Albuquerque, C. P. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.04.008 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Brief report: Agreement between parents and day-care professionals on early symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders

Larsen, K., Aasland, A., & Diseth, T. H. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3355-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Mainstream Preschool Teachers’ Skills at Identifying and Referring Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Taresh, S. M., Ahmad, N. A., Roslan, S. B., Ma’rof, A. M., & Zaid, S. M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17124284 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Autism spectrum disorder screening in preschools

Au, A. H.-C., Shum, K. K., Cheng, Y., Tse, H. M., Wong, R. M.-F., Li, J., & Au, T. K.-F. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320967529 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Identification of Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Second Year of Life at Day-Care Centres by Day-Care Staff: Step One in the Development of a Short Observation List

Larsen, K., Aasland, A., & Diseth, T. H. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3489-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher’s Report Form for assessing autism spectrum disorder in preschool-aged children

Bara, T. D. S., de Farias, A. C., Felden, E., & Cordeiro, M. L. (2017) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s151185 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Preschool Staff Spot Social Communication Difficulties, But Not Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors in Young Autistic Children

Jobs, E. N., Bölte, S., & Falck‐Ytter, T. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-03867-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children below the age of 5 years A draft report for the UK National Screening Committee

Allaby, M., & Sharma, M. (2011) · Cited by 10 · see citing works

A comparison of parent and professional perceptions of children with autism spectrum disorder in Portugal

Reis, H. I. D. S., Pereira, A. P. D. S., & Almeida, L. S. (2017) · British Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1111/1467-8578.12180 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Piloting the use of a short observation list for ASD-symptoms in day-care: Challenges and further possibilities

Larsen, K., Aasland, A., Schjølberg, S., Hansen, U. I., & Diseth, T. H. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04313-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Screening for attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and developmental delay in Taiwanese aboriginal preschool children

Chan, H., Liu, W., Hsieh, Y.-H., Lin, C.-F., Ling, T.-S., & Huang, Y. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s113880 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Multi-Informant Universal Mental Health Screening for Preschool-Aged Children by Parents and Educators: A PRISMA Systematic Review

McLean, R. K., Tully, L. A., Brinley, S. K., Carl, T., Turnell, A. I., Northam, J. C., & Dadds, M. R. (2024) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-024-00506-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Consensus recommendations for usability and acceptability of mobile health autism screening tools

Tangkilisan, G., Vazquez, L. A. R., Fuchu, P., Sanders, B., Dolata, J. K., Bedrick, S. D., Fombonne, E. J., Broder‐Fingert, S., & Zuckerman, K. E. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251360276 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Investigating the Predictive Validity of the Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Toddlers and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 in Children at Elevated Likelihood for Autism

Schaubroeck, S., Demurie, E., Ali, J. B., Bölte, S., Boterberg, S., Buitelaar, J. K., Charman, T., Falck‐Ytter, T., Hunnius, S., Johnson, M. H., et al. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06585-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Navigating the Challenges: A Commentary on Barriers to Autism Screening in Childcare Centers

Wieckowski, A. T., Perez Liz, G., McGhee Hassrick, E., Koku, E., Frick, E., Austin, A., & Robins, D. L. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16010079

Empowering preschool teachers to identify early signs of autism using the Classroom Observation Scale for Autism in Preschool

Tang, J. W.-Y., & Shum, K. K. (2026) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2026.202897

EarlyBot, dispositif numérique de repérage précoce d’un trouble du Neuro-Développement : évaluation de son acceptabilité

Fontaine, T. J.-L., Baduel, S., Guillon, Q., & Batty, M. (2026) · Enfance · doi:10.3917/enf2.261.0003

Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Young Children: Still Not Enough Evidence

Grigore, B., Peters, J., Williams, J., Russell, G., Coles, P., Visintin, C., Rogers, M., Hayward, R. C., Zhelev, Z., Logan, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501319241263223 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Early detection of childhood autism: a review of screening instruments and rating scales

Vostanis, P., SMITH, B., Chung, M. C., & CORBETT, J. (1994) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.1994.tb00378.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Early Screening of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Recommendations for Practice and Research

Zwaigenbaum, L., Bauman, M. L., FEIN, D. A., Pierce, K., Buie, T. M., Davis, P. A., Newschaffer, C. J., Robins, D. L., Wetherby, A. M., Choueiri, R., et al. (2015) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3667d · Cited by 309 · see citing works

A new screening programme for autism in a general population of Swedish toddlers

Nygren, G., Sandberg, E., Gillstedt, F., Ekeroth, G., Arvidsson, T., & Gillberg, C. (2012) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.02.018 · Cited by 98 · see citing works

Early screening of autism: Is age a confounding factor when screening for autism?

Thomaidis, L., Kyprianou, M., & Choleva, A. (2015) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.12997 · Cited by 7 · see citing works