The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 42 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Importance of Being Consistent: Circularity Policy Aims in the European Wastewater Sector
Open accessAbstract
Abstract The challenge of governing transitions towards circular economy cuts across different levels and sectors. However, existing literature has had scarce attention to the multi-level and multi-sectoral nature of circular economy governance. This article investigates these topics through a multiple case study of a little studied sector in the literature on the governance of circular economy: wastewater. The article analyses the consistency of public policy aims between different levels (European Union [EU], national and local), and sectors (such as agriculture and wastewater) in three cases: (1) wastewater reuse for irrigation of urban greeneries in Czechia, (2) nutrient recovery from wastewater for fertilizer production in Norway, and (3) resource recovery from wastewater for use in building and construction sector in the Netherlands. Through the analysis of policy documents, the article illustrates the importance of consistent policy aims for the governance of circular economy. The article shows that inconsistent policy aims (a) between governance levels, especially between EU and national levels, and (b) across sectors, such as wastewater and agriculture, complicates the uptake of circular economy solutions. However, the article also demonstrates that policy consistency alone is not sufficient for accelerating the transitions towards circular economy.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper analyzes policy-aim consistency across governance levels and sectors for circular wastewater solutions in three European cases. It finds that vertical and horizontal inconsistencies complicate uptake, but consistency alone is not sufficient to accelerate circular economy transitions.
Key findings
- In Czechia, the EU-level water reuse aim (A2a) was not adopted in the national Water Act; the Ministry of Agriculture stated in 2023 that it did not intend to amend legislation to accommodate water reuse for irrigation, and by summer 2024 water reuse had not materialized locally due to costs and regulatory uncertainties.
- In Norway, nutrient recovery (A2b) was established at all governance levels but with sectoral inconsistencies; struvite recovery showed high consistency, while sludge-based products faced EU trade limits, and the Regulation Relating to Fertilisers of Organic Origin requires hygienized/stabilized sludge and limits soil improvement mixtures to no more than 30% sewage sludge.
- In the Netherlands, resource recovery for building and construction (A2c) was consistent across levels, though stronger at national and local than EU level; the national Circular Economy Strategy targets 50% less primary abiotic resources by 2030 and full circularity by 2050, and the National Approach to Biobased Building specifies that by 2030 more than 30% of new riverbank protections shall be made of biocomposite or willow wood, yet uptake remained limited partly due to high costs.
- Overall, inconsistent policy aims between governance levels—especially EU and national—and across sectors such as wastewater and agriculture complicate the uptake of circular economy solutions, but policy consistency alone is not sufficient.
Methods
- Qualitative multiple case study of three European circular wastewater strategies: wastewater reuse for urban irrigation in Czechia, nutrient recovery for fertilizer production in Norway, and resource recovery for building and construction in the Netherlands.
- Data included key trans-national, national, and local policy documents from public databases and websites, triangulated with semi-structured interviews and workshops; prior governance and business-model analyses were used for scoping.
- Analysis proceeded through scoping, mapping, and analytical phases, identifying high-level goals and middle-level objectives, assessing consistency across governance levels and sectors, and checking whether objectives were mirrored in implemented policy instruments.
Limitations
- The paper states that all case studies are in relatively similar European countries, limiting generalizability to contexts with highly different political systems, wastewater-sector organization, and socio-economic conditions; it suggests Global South analyses would complement the study.
- The paper states that it omitted other policy aspects, including coherence and comprehensiveness of policy mixes, and policy processes.
- Evident from the text: the study is a qualitative three-case design relying on policy documents and supplementary interviews/workshops, with interview data not publicly available and no quantitative measurement of consistency or outcomes.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Statistics
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Claims the paper makes
83 No basis given · 33 Own interpretation · 20 Not checked yet · 18 Own result · 8 No full text of the sources · 2 Own method · 1 Supported · 1 Partly supported · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Indeed, differences in sectoral policies may lead to inconsistencies [20].”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [20] Markard J, Geels FW, Raven R (2020) Challenges in the acceleration of sustainability transitions. Environ Res Lett 15(8):081001 source
Section 3, “Interaction between multiple systems,” says policies are often compartmentalized by sector rather than integrated. Section 6, “Governance,” adds that alignment between sectoral and other policies is needed and that coordination is often hampered. Together, these support the claim that differences in sectoral policies may lead to inconsistencies. (LLM, conf=0.87)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our analysis shows that CE is a high-level policy aim in the wastewater sector alongside the well-established policy aims of protecting human health and environment.”
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Instead, the Ministry of Agriculture stated in 2023 that it does not intend to amend the legislation to accommodate water reuse for irrigation [48].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Wanner J (2023) Regulation (EU) 2020/741 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 2020 on minimum requirements for water reuse and its implications for the water management of the Czech Republic. in Water 2023
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It also puts forwards more specific circularity aims, such as recovery of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) and safe reuse of treated wastewater.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While circularity is not a key goal, PVS has shown interest in water reuse through participation in the EU research project WIDER UPTAKE, which tested the suit -ability and safety of treated wastewater from their main facility for irrigation.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second proposal, on the use of fertilisers of organic origin (2024) tightens the requirements for spreading sludge directly.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, digestate from biogas production is mixed with organic waste and mineral components into a mineral-organic fertilizer distributed by the company Terramarine.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Norway, A1 is well-pronounced in wastewater policies.”
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, by summer of 2024, water reuse had not yet materialized due to, e.g., additional transport costs and regulatory uncertainties.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, promotion of circularity (A2), or related themes, is not part of its aims.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 57
- It may state two separate claims as one. 52
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Through the subsidiary Hias How2O, Hias has been central in a regional bio-innovation cluster [50].”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [50] Lund HB, Damman S, Mäkitie T (2024) Agency in green path development: circular bioeconomy in the wastewater sector. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Nor J Geogr 1–13 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable in our copy) says the utility company and its municipal owners established a subsidiary technology company to develop and commercialize wastewater-treatment technology, creating new economic activity in the region. The copy does not name that subsidiary Hias How2O or establish that Hias was central to a regional bio-innovation cluster. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It has a stated objective of maintaining and improving the aquatic environment in the European Community, thus compliant with A1, but does not recognize A2.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The EU Water Framework Directive from 2000 is a central policy governing water resources management in Europe.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The fertilizer is approved for use in Norway, but currently exported to Vietnam, which has a better fit with the local soil conditions and equipment.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A1 is the key aim of this directive, adopted in 1991.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some forms of A2, such as water reuse, featured already in 2012 in European Commission's communication 'A Blueprint to Safeguard Europe's Water Resources', which outlined that besides addressing water pollution, also water efficiency, resilience and sustainability were important topics to be addressed in the wastewater sector.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Wastewater management falls under the Norway's Pollution Regulation (2004), which implements the (past, for now) UWWTD at the national level, and has a focus on A1, as far as wastewater is concerned.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first proposal, on the trade of fertilisers of organic origin (2023), seeks to simplify trade and export of processed products based on sewage sludge and digestate.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meanwhile, the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (UWWTD) is a cen -tral policy governing wastewater management.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Norway's Waste Regulation (2004) forbids deposition of sewage sludge in landfills.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The accompanying Regulation on Frameworks for Water Management (2006) implements the EU Water Framework Directive (A1).”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This EU legislation is not yet adopted in Czechia, despite efforts by a group of Czech scientists to convince the Ministry of Agriculture to do this and to revise the Water Act.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Otherwise, the city's Circular Prague 2030 Strategy from 2022 mentions water reuse as one way of promoting CE in Prague.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Central goals for PVS is efficient investments and administration of facilities, as well as safety (A1).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In Czechia, the national Water Act (254/2001 Coll) governs the water and wastewater domains.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“EU's Circular Economy Action Plan and Bioeconomy Action Plan include an aim of nutrient recovery, pointing to the (long delayed) Integrated Nutrient Management Plan that seeks to stimulate the market for recovered nutrients.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Instead, according to a statement from the Ministry of Agriculture, the Water Act currently considers the reuse of treated wastewater in irrigation as a discharge of wastewater to groundwater, which would require a special permit from authorities.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A2 is present in the national Circular Economy Strategy from 2021, which also includes A2b by calling for a national report on phosphorous, and discusses the establishment of a potential turnover requirement for phosphorous.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regulation relating to Fertilisers of Organic Origin has been under revision since 2009.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the Stavanger region, IVAR is the regional provider of both water, wastewater and waste management services.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Water management is regulated through the Water Resources Act from 2000 whose main objectives are to promote sustain -able development and maintain biological diversity and riverine ecosystems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the UWWTD was revised in 2022. The new version has revised aims, now including A2, highlighting potential synergies with climate change adaptation, conser -vation of ecosystems, and contributions to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and achievement of energy neutrality.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Recently, this resulted in the proposal of two new regulations.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Recently, this company has also established full-scale harvesting of struvite (phosphorus), distributed as a fertilizer by an established actor in the greens sector.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, the Regulation Relating to Fertilisers of Organic Ori -gin (2003) requires that all sludge used in farming must be hygienized and stabilized, and soil improvement mixtures may not contain more than 30% sewage sludge.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the EU Fertilising Products Regulation excludes sewage sludge from the list of eligible feedstocks for fertilizers and pyrolysis/gasification materials in agri -culture.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Management of sewage sludge falls under the Sludge Regulation (1995), specifying conditions for treatment and use of all kinds of sludge, e.g., on farmland.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In summary, A2a is established in the EU, with key policy instruments pursuing this aim.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The A2 and A2a in particular have thus not yet entered the central national policy land -scape of Czechia [49], and despite droughts, only feature in few and rather disconnected policies in Czechia.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Wanner J, Srb M, Beneš O (2023) Chap. 10 - Water reuse in the frame of circular economy. In: Mannina G, Pandey A, Sirohi R (eds) Current developments in biotechnology and bioengineering. Elsevier, Editors, pp 221–266 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Its stated purpose is to protect water resources and the environment, and to create conditions for actors regarding the use of water resources in the country (A1).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Regulation 2020/741 thus promotes both A1 and A2a.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The national Organic Fertiliser Regulation from 2022 permits use of recovered struvite as a fertilizer in organic farming in line with EU's Organic Farming Regulations.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hias aims to provide safe and sustainable water services (A1) while also aiming to become a circular wastewater resource recovery facility (A2b).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The revised UWWTD does not specifically address the potential for recovery of cellulose fibres, biopolymers, or other resources for biocomposite materials.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, the National Water Plan 2022-2027 includes 'a competitive, sustainable and circular delta' among its main objectives, stressing the need for integrated management across sectors and levels.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, a National Approach to Biobased Building (2023) has been launched to promote non-wood biobased materials, based on, e.g., straw.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, the Norwegian case shows that even though the policy aim of wastewater-based nutrient recovery has recently emerged at all levels of governance, there are still regulatory obstacles to free trade in sludge-based products within EU that limit the export opportunities for sludge-based products.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By 2026, the Regional Water Authority and the City of Amsterdam will define a roadmap for making Amsterdam's water management 50% circular by 2030, and 100% circular by 2050.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Bioeconomy strategy and action plan aims to scale up the biobased sectors and reduce dependence on unsustainable resources.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Strategy includes different measures to enforce environmental costing in public procurement, as well as public funding and capacity building.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the Approach specifies that by 2030, more than 30% of new riverbank protections shall be made of biocomposite or willow wood.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the local level, Innlandet County and Rogaland County (home to Hias and IV AR, respec -tively) have developed bioeconomy strategies.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These (in)consistencies could be observed at the level of high-level policy aims, signaling fundamental rationales guiding the introduction of policies (e.g., the need to advance CE), and at the level of specific policy objectives (e.g., advancing specific kinds of resource recovery) [11 , 56].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] Cashore B, Howlett M (2007) Punctuating which equilibrium?? Understanding thermostatic policy dynamics in Pacific Northwest forestry. Am J Polit Sci 51(3):532–551 source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Gong H, Hansen T (2023) The rise of china’s new energy vehicle lithium-ion battery industry: the Coevolution of battery technological innovation systems and policies. Environ Innov Societal Transitions 46:100689 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Innlandet's strategy emphasises industrial sym -bioses, linking traditional biobased industry with new types of production in local bio-hubs.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, a revised Construction Products Regulation has been proposed, including new rules for how to express environmental, climate and safety performance, and aims to boost circular business models.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while EU's policies reflect differences in member countries' attitudes regarding the use of resources from sewage sludge, and lack common rules for trade in fertilisers based on such materials.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, Energy and Resources Factory was founded by the Association of Dutch water authorities to promote the recovery of biogas, phosphate, cellulose, and other resources.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, the national authorities have moved ahead of the EU on occasion, e.g., with a court ruling on the legality of utilizing recovered grass and reed clippings in new products, concluding that- subject to conditions- such material use is 'continued use' rather than 'removal' (i.e. waste) [ 54].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Circulair Terreinbeheer. Rechtsoordeel bermgras (2024) 26 November 2024]; Available from: https://circulairterreinbeheer.nl/rechtsoordeel-bermgras/
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An example of the former are EU policies in water reuse vis-à-vis national policies in Czechia, while an example of the latter are Dutch policies for resource recovery for building and construction vis-à-vis EU policies.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, IV AR has a stated ambition to take a role in CE.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Amsterdam Circular Strategy 2023-2026 a central aim is to substitute fossil materials with biomateri -als in buildings, and there are ambitions to become 100% circular in procurement by 2030.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In terms of A2c, residues and recovered bioresources fall under the National Waste Manage -ment Plan (2024), aligning with the EU Waste Framework Directive.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But EU's Circular Economy Action Plan includes the aim of introducing circular products in the building and construction sector.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the Regulation of Support for Agricultural Production (2015), aim -ing to contribute to a sustainable agriculture sector, supports the purchase of recommended fertilisers and does not provide incentives for use of products based on recovered resources.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This reflects the national Circular Economy Strategy (2016) which sets a target of using 50% less primary abiotic resources by 2030, and the Dutch economy to be fully circu -lar by 2050.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, extensive documentation requirements under the REACH Regulation add costs that conventional products lack.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A central actor is NPSP, a private company developing and supplying innovative biocomposite materials.”
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in the wastewater sector in Norway, while some other forms of CE, such as biogas production from wastewater treatment plants, has been a priority, A2b has not been so.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Agenda promotes the use of biobased materials, and proposes that other biobased materials than wood are suited for niche uses (due to limited availability and high costs) where their quali -ties are better suited than wood.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Dutch Water Act (2010) focuses on A1 as well as preventing flooding, swamping and water shortage, and allowing water systems to fulfil societal functions.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meanwhile in the Netherlands, we found relatively high consistency, and also more progressive implementation of resource recovery.”
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) includes, e.g., ambitious CE targets, but lacks definitions of end-of-waste criteria for some of the materials applied in biocomposite production.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rogaland's strategy aims to increase the production of biomass, processing of agricultural products, and local vegetable production.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the EU level, there is thus an increasing convergence around A2b, though there are some tensions relating to regulations and guidelines that specifically address nutrients recovered via wastewater treatment.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, trade in sludge-based products is allowed under bilateral agreements between countries, but not freely across the EU.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The policy analysis is triangulated with insights from semi-structured interviews and workshops with key stakeholders in each case study.”
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Thus, our multiple case study approach [44] aimed to create external generalizability regarding how (lack of) policy consistency may shape the transition towards CE in the wastewater sector.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] Yin RK (2009) Case study research: design and methods. Applied social research methods series, vol 5, 4th edn. Sage, Thousand Oaks, Calif
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the circularity strategies and local conditions differ between cases, the case study countries are all located in the temperate climate of Northern and Central Europe, with relatively similar climatic, political, and socio-economical contexts.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The seeming reason for this was the conviction to prioritize safety and protection of human health and environment (A1), and the perceived tension between A2a and A1.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Such interactions can be synergic for transitions [42], but are also giving rise to tensions [43].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Mäkitie T et al (2022) Complementarity formation mechanisms in technology value chains. Res Policy 51(7):104559 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Not checked yetcites [43] Andersen AD et al (2023) Building multi-system nexuses in low-carbon transitions: conflicts and asymmetric adjustments in Norwegian ferry electrification. Proc Natl Acad Sci 120(47):e2207746120 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In building and construction, the Dutch Building Decree from 2012 is expected to be amended soon in line with the Circular Economy Strategy and Transition Agenda for the Dutch construction sector (2015).”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the regional strategies do not place special emphasis on wastewater, there are important synergies with A2b.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is nevertheless expected that when the revised UWWTD is implemented in Norway, also wastewater treatment policies will become more aligned with A2b, and A2 in general.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This highlights the multi-sectoral nature of tran -sitions towards CE in the wastewater sector, meaning that the wastewater-based resources are often adopted as an input material in another sector [19].”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Andersen AD et al (2020) The role of inter-sectoral dynamics in sustainability transitions: A comment on the transitions research agenda. Environ Innov Societal Transitions 34:348–351 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, it can be concluded that there is consensus in the policy landscape regarding the aim of pursuing resource recovery from wastewater sector for use in construction and building which is conducive for CE-oriented actors in these sectors.”
boostedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A2b links with A1 as removal of nutrients reduces eutro -phication.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lack of consistency signals that CE is not a shared goal between relevant policymakers, and that there is no consensus regarding the priority or even the desirability of reducing barriers to a systemic transition towards CE.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Close ties between the Regional Water Authority (Amstel, Gooi en Vecht) and the city of Amsterdam, and that Waternet manages the entire urban water cycle, have been considered conducive for CE innovation in the case study [55].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] van Leeuwen K et al (2018) The energy & Raw materials factory: role and potential contribution to the circular economy of the Netherlands. Environ Manage 61(5):786–795 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plainconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may imply that wastewater treatment plants must find new ways of managing these resources - such as Hias' and IVAR's solutions.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such panels may substitute the tropical hardwood panels currently used in the Dutch canal systems.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These increase the challenges and complexity for the governance of such transitions, requiring the consideration of sectoral interdependencies and policy coor -dination between sectors [20 , 58].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Markard J, Geels FW, Raven R (2020) Challenges in the acceleration of sustainability transitions. Environ Res Lett 15(8):081001 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Not checked yetcites [58] Bergek A et al (2023) Complexity challenges for transition policy: lessons from coastal shipping in Norway. Environ Innov Societal Transitions 46:100687 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the high-level aims A1 and A2 are both firmly established in the Dutch water management policy.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results thus suggest that inconsistency in specific policy objec -tives is an important hindrance for circular economy value chains (especially in terms of regulatory barriers), but the presence of consistency in policy aims in itself is not sufficient for accelerating CE in the wastewater sector.”
hedgeddirectn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Second, we have omitted the analysis of several other aspects of policies and policymaking, including characteristics such as coherence and comprehensiveness of policy mixes, and policy processes [13].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Rogge KS, Reichardt K (2016) Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: an extended concept and framework for analysis. Res Policy 45(8):1620–1635 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
In most cases, circular solutions create new value chains where wastewater-based resources become input materials in other sectors, such as agriculture or processing sectors.
“In most cases, circular solu -tions create new value chains where wastewater-based resources become input materials in other sectors, such as in agriculture or processing sectors.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The key policies of the receiving sectors are not necessarily aligned with the goals of increasing circularity or introducing wastewater-based materials as input resources.
“However, the key policies of the receiving sectors are not necessarily aligned with the goals of increasing circularity or introducing wastewater-based materials as input resources.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The governing policies are developed at different levels of governance (local, national and trans-national), whose policy goals also may not be aligned.
“Furthermore, the governing policies are developed at different levels of governance (local, national and trans-national), whose policy goals also may not be aligned.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ambitious EU policies occasionally lack complementary policies at the national or local levels, and vice versa.
“For example, ambitious European Union (EU) poli -cies occasionally lack complementary policies at the national or local levels, and vice versa.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Policy aims and means evolve over time and may differ between governance levels.
“Policy aims and means evolve over time and may differ between governance levels.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Governance at one level may influence governance at other levels.
“Governance at one level may influence governance at other levels.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Water reuse in irrigation would reduce the pressure on the limited potable water resources, particularly helpful during droughts.
“Water reuse in irrigation would reduce the pressure on the limited potable water resources, particularly helpful during droughts, such as the one experienced during 2014-2019.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The implementation of CE in Czech wastewater sector is affected by the strong focus on protecting the environment after pollution during cold war era.
“The implementation of CE in Czech wastewater sector is affected by the strong focus on protecting the environment after pollution during cold war era.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Norway implements most EU policies and regulations despite not being an EU member state.
“Although not a member state, most EU policies and regulations are implemented in Norway.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is a tradition in Norway for spreading treated wastewater sludge directly on farmland without payment from farmers.
“There is a tradition in Norway for spreading treated wastewater sludge directly on farmland without payment from farmers.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The costs of implementing UWWTD solutions in some cases may outweigh the benefits.
“There are nevertheless tensions regarding the UWWTD, since the costs of implementing solutions in line with the new requirements in some cases may outweigh the benefits.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Struvite recovery has perceived benefits in all related domains.
“due to perceived benefits in all related domains.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ National Policy · p. 12
“the National Water Plan 2022-2027 includes 'a competitive, sustainable and circular delta' among its main objectives”
§ Table 3 (continued) · p. 18
“National Water Plan 2022-2021 (with preview towards 2050) Dutch water act (Water Wet)”
Citations
Cites
Case Study Research: Design and Methods
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Ghisellini, P., Cialani, C., & Ulgiati, S. (2016) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.007 · Cited by 6,536
Sectoral systems of innovation and production
Malerba, F. (2002) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/s0048-7333(01)00139-1 · Cited by 2,733
Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: an extended concept and framework for analysis
Rogge, K. S., & Reichardt, K. (2016) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2016.04.004 · Cited by 1,524
Legitimizing research, technology and innovation policies for transformative change
Weber, K. M., & Rohracher, H. (2012) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2011.10.015 · Cited by 1,077
The structuration of socio-technical regimes—Conceptual foundations from institutional theory
Fuenfschilling, L., & Truffer, B. (2013) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2013.10.010 · Cited by 878
Doménech, T., & Bahn‐Walkowiak, B. (2017) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.001 · Cited by 545
Water reuse from a circular economy perspective and potential risks from an unregulated approach
Voulvoulis, N. (2018) · Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health · doi:10.1016/j.coesh.2018.01.005 · Cited by 411
Challenges in the acceleration of sustainability transitions
Markard, J., Geels, F. W., & Raven, R. (2020) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab9468 · Cited by 368
Circular economy and resilience: A research agenda
Kennedy, S., & Linnenluecke, M. K. (2022) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3004 · Cited by 325
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Sedlacek Z, Novotna J, Forejtnikova M (2024) Protected areas of natural water accumulation– their meaning in the current system of water environment protection. Water Manage Tech Economical Inform J 66(1):28–36
- Havekes H et al (2017) Water governance: The Dutch water authority model. Dutch water Authorities: The Hague, the Netherlands
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dbouk, H. M., Attieh, L., Dbouk, N., & Ezzeddine, M. (2026) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2026.121718 · Cited by 12
Public Perceptions of Circular Economy in Latvia: Insights for Municipal Governance
Lagzdiņa, Ē. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17188496 · Cited by 5
Enabling a Circular Water Transition: Identifying Governance Pathways for Wastewater Reuse
Holstead, K. L., Pakizer, K., Jager, N. W., Lieberherr, E., & Fischer, M. (2026) · Environmental Policy and Governance · doi:10.1002/eet.70069 · Cited by 1
Mishra, S., & Das, A. (2026) · Materials Circular Economy · doi:10.1007/s42824-026-00232-w
Determinants of circular economy adoption in wastewater treatment plants
Mishra, S., Sahoo, D., & Mohapatra, S. (2026) · Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2026.101652
Metadata
- Authors
- Mäkitie, T., Damman, S., Hansen, T., Haugland, B. T., & Lund, H. B.
- Affiliations
- SINTEF Digital (NO)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Mäkitie, Tuukka
- Venue
- Circular Economy and Sustainability
- Published
- 2025-07-03
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 7197-7219
- ISSN
- 2730-597X (ISSN-L)
- 2730-5988
- OpenAlex
- W4411981190
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 3.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circular Economy and Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- SINTEF
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Sustainable Industrial Ecology
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
- Keywords
- circular economy governance, wastewater sector, policy coherence, multi-level governance, European Union policy, nutrient recovery, wastewater reuse for irrigation, urban green space, fertilizer production, resource recovery, construction industry, agricultural policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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