The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system
Abstract
To understand the pathophysiology of thyroid heart disease, it is necessary to recognize that thyroid hormone has effects on both the peripheral circulation and the myocardium. One of the earliest responses to thyroid hormone administration is a decline in systemic vascular resistance and an increase in cardiac output and cardiac contractility. In many ways, this response is similar to the cardiovascular response to exercise and is associated with increased left ventricular work. The majority of cardiac adaptations to changes in thyroid function are physiologic; however, certain patients do demonstrate clinical evidence of cardiac disease. Atrial arrhythmias, limitations in exercise tolerance, and congestive heart failure are reported to occur as a result of hyperthyroidism and are more common in older patients. Thyroid hormone also plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. Diastolic hypertension is a common accompaniment of hypothyroidism. By understanding the mechanisms by which thyroid hormone affects both the peripheral circulation as well as the myocardium, it is possible to predict the clinical response to the treatment of various thyroid disease states.
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“Sympatho-adrenal stimulation could thus contribute to sustain BP levels during acute hypothyroidism as a possible mechanism counteracting the decrease in myocardial inotropism and cardiac output (4,14,15).”
From The Role of Thyroid Hormone in Blood Pressure Homeostasis: Evidence from Short-Term Hypothyroidism in Humans (2002) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“A sensation of palpitation may stem from sinus tachycardia and/or increased cardiac contractility, both of which may have various causes: fever, anaemia, orthostatic hypotension, hyperthyroidism/ thyreotoxicosis, postmenopausal syndrome, pregnancy, hypoglycaemia, hypovolaemia, pheochromocytoma, arteriovenous fistula, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, among others.31 -39”
From Management of patients with palpitations: a position paper from the European Heart Rhythm Association (2011) · cites this paper as [32]
Citations
Cites
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Thyroid Hormone Action at the Cellular Level
Oppenheimer, J. H. (1979) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.218285 · Cited by 501
Advances in Our Understanding of Thyroid Hormone Action at the Cellular Level*
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Myosin isoenzymic distribution correlates with speed of myocardial contraction
Schwartz, K. (1981) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0022-2828(81)90297-2 · Cited by 353
Samuels, H. H., & Tsai, J. S. (1973) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.70.12.3488 · Cited by 337
Thyroid hormone and blood pressure regulation
Danzi, S., & Klein, I. (2003) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-003-0060-7 · Cited by 261
Self-citationNoninvasive Evaluation of Cardiac Function in Hypothyroidism
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Biochemical and physiologic effects of thyroid hormone on cardiac performance
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system.
Klein, I., & Ojamaa, K. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200102153440707 · Cited by 2,300
Self-citationDuntas, L. H. (2002) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/10507250252949405 · Cited by 725
Thyroid Hormone Action in the Heart
Kahaly, G. J., & DILLMANN, W. H. (2005) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2003-0033 · Cited by 710
Genesis and Regulation of the Heart Automaticity
Mangoni, M. E., & Nargeot, J. (2008) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2007 · Cited by 602
Thyroid Hormone Treatment after Coronary-Artery Bypass Surgery
Klemperer, J. D., Klein, I. L., Gomez, M., Helm, R. E., Ojamaa, K., Thomas, S. J., Isom, O. W., & Krieger, K. H. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199512073332302 · Cited by 458
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Klein, I.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Klein, Irwin
- Venue
- The American Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1990-06
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 631-637
- ISSN
- 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2073919574
- Cited by
- 370
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r01hl041304-01)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-41304)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- thyroid hormones, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, systemic vascular resistance, cardiac output, cardiac contractility, left ventricular work, atrial arrhythmias, exercise intolerance, congestive heart failure, diastolic hypertension, blood pressure regulation, myocardium
- MeSH terms
- Heart, Heart Diseases, Hemodynamics, Humans, Myocardial Contraction, Thyroid Diseases, Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine
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