Circumscription—A form of non-monotonic reasoning
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
It is too difficult to specify all the relevant rules for a given situation, and the legal domain is no exception.
“It turned out to be too dif fi cult to specify all the relevant rules for a given situation (McCarthy 1980), and the legal domain was no exception (Leith 2016).”
From Human Judgment in algorithmic loops: Individual justice and automated <scp>decision‐making</scp> (2022) · cites this paper as McCarthy 1980
Legal expert systems, like expert systems in general, did not transpire to be as effective as hoped.
“However, legal expert systems, like expert systems in general, did not transpire to be as effective as hoped.”
From Human Judgment in algorithmic loops: Individual justice and automated <scp>decision‐making</scp> (2022) · cites this paper as McCarthy 1980
Cites
Reiter, R. (1980) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(80)90014-4 · Cited by 3,926 · see citing works
Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence
McCarthy, J., & Hayes, P. J. (1981) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-934613-03-3.50033-7 · Cited by 3,296 · see citing works
Self-citationMcDermott, D., & Doyle, J. (1980) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(80)90012-0 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
McCarthy, J. (1960) · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Self-citationEPISTEMOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
McCarthy, J. (1981) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-934613-03-3.50035-0 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Self-citationHewitt, C. E. (1972) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 316 · see citing works
On Representations of Problems of Reasoning about Actions
Amarel, S. (1981) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-934613-03-3.50006-4 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Ascribing Mental Qualities to MachinesPreprint
McCarthy, J. (1979) · CogPrints (University of Southampton) · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Self-citationPhilosophical Perspectives in Artificial Intelligence
Ringle (1980) · Cited by 202 · see citing works
First Order Theories of Individual Concepts and Propositions.Preprint
McCarthy, J. (1979) · CogPrints (University of Southampton) · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 12 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
(1988) · Cited by 16,582 · see citing works
Phan, D. T. (1995) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(94)00041-x · Cited by 5,300 · see citing works
A computational approach to fuzzy quantifiers in natural languages
Zadeh, L. A. (1983) · Computers & Mathematics with Applications · doi:10.1016/0898-1221(83)90013-5 · Cited by 1,828 · see citing works
PDDL2.1: An Extension to PDDL for Expressing Temporal Planning Domains
Fox, M., & Long, D. (2003) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research · doi:10.1613/jair.1129 · Cited by 1,741 · see citing works
Nonmonotonic reasoning, preferential models and cumulative logics
Kraus, S., Lehmann, D. J., & Magidor, M. (1990) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(90)90101-5 · Cited by 1,660 · see citing works
The role of fuzzy logic in the management of uncertainty in expert systems
Zadeh, L. A. (1983) · Fuzzy Sets and Systems · doi:10.1016/s0165-0114(83)80081-5 · Cited by 1,290 · see citing works
Hobbs, J. R., Stickel, M. E., Appelt, D. E., & Martin, P. (1988) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(93)90015-4 · Cited by 1,222 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis
(1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-27773-7 · Cited by 1,207 · see citing works
Towards a Theory of Declarative Knowledge
Apt, K. R., Blair, H. A., & Walker, A. (1988) · Foundations of Deductive Databases and Logic Programming · doi:10.1016/b978-0-934613-40-8.50006-3 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
Applications of circumscription to formalizing common-sense knowledge
McCarthy, J. (1986) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(86)90032-9 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
Self-citationSolar forecasting methods for renewable energy integration
Inman, R. H., Pedro, H. T. C., & Coimbra, C. F. M. (2013) · Progress in Energy and Combustion Science · doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2013.06.002 · Cited by 1,081 · see citing works
A review: Knowledge reasoning over knowledge graph
Chen, X., Jia, S., & Xiang, Y. (2020) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2019.112948 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence techniques for photovoltaic applications: A review
Mellit, A., & Kalogirou, S. A. (2008) · Progress in Energy and Combustion Science · doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2008.01.001 · Cited by 1,037 · see citing works
Institutions: abstract model theory for specification and programming
Goguen, J. A., & Burstall, R. M. (1992) · Journal of the ACM · doi:10.1145/147508.147524 · Cited by 991 · see citing works
(1990) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/3839.001.0001 · Cited by 901 · see citing works
Extending and implementing the stable model semantics
Simons, P., Niemelä, I., & Soininen, T. (2002) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0004-3702(02)00187-x · Cited by 844 · see citing works
What does a conditional knowledge base entail?
Lehmann, D. J., & Magidor, M. (1992) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(92)90041-u · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
Lee, N. (2024) · Encyclopedia of Computer Graphics and Games · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-23161-2_300700 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
Evaluating ontological decisions with OntoClean
Guarino, N., & Welty, C. A. (2002) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/503124.503150 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
Logic and Databases: A Deductive Approach
Gallaire, H., Minker, J., & Nicolas, J.-M. (1984) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/356924.356929 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
An abstract, argumentation-theoretic approach to default reasoning
Bondarenko, A. G., Dung, P. M., Kowalski, R., & Toni, F. (1997) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0004-3702(97)00015-5 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Temporal interpretation, discourse relations and commonsense entailment
Alex Lascarides, Y., & Asher, N. M. (1993) · Linguistics and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/bf00986208 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Knowledge representation in fuzzy logic
Zedeh, L. A. (1989) · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering · doi:10.1109/69.43406 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Actions and Events in Interval Temporal Logic
Allen, J. F., & Ferguson, G. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-585-28322-7_7 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Towards a Logical Reconstruction of Relational Database Theory
Reiter, R. (1984) · Topics in information systems · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5196-5_8 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Pollock, J. L. (1987) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1104_4 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Multivalued logics: a uniform approach to reasoning in artificial intelligence
Ginsberg, M. L. (1988) · Computational Intelligence · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8640.1988.tb00280.x · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Chesñevar, C. I., Maguitman, A. G., & Loui, R. P. (2000) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/371578.371581 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Logical Dynamics of Information and Interaction
van Benthem, J. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511974533 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Giunchiglia, E., Lee, J., Lifschitz, V., McCain, N., & Turner, H. (2004) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.artint.2002.12.001 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Exhaustive Interpretation of Complex Sentences
van Rooij, R., & Schulz, K. (2004) · Journal of Logic Language and Information · doi:10.1007/s10849-004-2118-6 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Shanahan, M. (1999) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-48317-9_17 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Human Reasoning and Cognitive Science
Stenning, K., & van Lambalgen, M. (2008) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/7964.001.0001 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Nonmonotonic logic and temporal projection
Hanks, S., & McDermott, D. (1987) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(87)90043-9 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Logic programming and knowledge representation
Baral, C. R., & Gelfond, M. (1994) · The Journal of Logic Programming · doi:10.1016/0743-1066(94)90025-6 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Marek, W., & Truszczyński, M. (1991) · Journal of the ACM · doi:10.1145/116825.116836 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Autonomous agents modelling other agents: A comprehensive survey and open problems
Albrecht, S. V., & Stone, P. (2018) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.artint.2018.01.002 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Logic programming and negation: A survey
Apt, K. R., & Bol, R. N. (1994) · The Journal of Logic Programming · doi:10.1016/0743-1066(94)90024-8 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
McDermott, D. (1982) · Journal of the ACM · doi:10.1145/322290.322293 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Generality in artificial intelligence
McCarthy, J. (1987) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/33447.33448 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Self-citationA philosophical basis for knowledge acquisition
Compton, P., & Jansen, R. (1990) · Knowledge Acquisition · doi:10.1016/s1042-8143(05)80017-2 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Lifschitz, V. (1985) · International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence · Cited by 385 · see citing works
All I know: A study in autoepistemic logic
Levesque, H. J. (1990) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(90)90056-6 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
On indefinite databases and the closed world assumption
Minker, J. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/bfb0000066 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
On the computational cost of disjunctive logic programming: Propositional case
Eiter, T., & Gottlob, G. (1995) · Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1007/bf01536399 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Pragmatic Meaning and Non-monotonic Reasoning: The Case of Exhaustive Interpretation
Schulz, K., & van Rooij, R. (2006) · Linguistics and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10988-005-3760-4 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Takeda, H., Veerkamp, P., Tomiyama, T., & Yoshikawa, H. (1990) · Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI), the national research institute for mathematics and computer science in the Netherlands · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Supporting ontological analysis of taxonomic relationships
Welty, C. A., & Guarino, N. (2001) · Data & Knowledge Engineering · doi:10.1016/s0169-023x(01)00030-1 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Theoretical Foundations for Non-Monotonic Reasoning in Expert Systems
Gabbay, D. M. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-82453-1_15 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Foundations of a functional approach to knowledge representation
Levesque, H. J. (1984) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(84)90009-2 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
On the complexity of propositional knowledge base revision, updates, and counterfactuals
Eiter, T., & Gottlob, G. (1992) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(92)90018-s · Cited by 351 · see citing works
McDermott, D. (1987) · Computational Intelligence · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8640.1987.tb00183.x · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Goguen, J. A., & Burstall, R. M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-0346-0145-0_26 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing: Behavioral and Cognitive Modeling of the Human Brain
Konar, A. (1999) · Thammasat University Digital Collections · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Answer Set Solving in Practice
Gebser, M., Kaminski, R., Kaufmann, B., & Schaub, T. H. (2012) · Synthesis lectures on artificial intelligence and machine learning · doi:10.2200/s00457ed1v01y201211aim019 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
A Framework for Theory Development in Design Science Research: Multiple Perspectives
Kuechler, W. L., Jr., & Vaishnavi, V. (2012) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00300 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
On the relation between default and autoepistemic logic
Konolige, K. (1988) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(88)90021-5 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
General theory of cumulative inference
Makinson, D. (1989) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-50701-9_16 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Answer Set Solving in Practice
Gebser, M., Kaminski, R., Kaufmann, B., & Schaub, T. H. (2013) · Synthesis lectures on artificial intelligence and machine learning · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-01561-8 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Learning to Solve Arithmetic Word Problems with Verb Categorization
Hosseini, M. J., Hajishirzi, H., Etzioni, O., & Kushman, N. (2014) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.3115/v1/d14-1058 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Out of context: Computer systems that adapt to, and learn from, context
Lieberman, H. A., & Selker, T. (2000) · IBM Systems Journal · doi:10.1147/sj.393.0617 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Logical Tools for Modelling Legal Argument
Prakken, H. (1997) · Law and philosophy library · doi:10.1007/978-94-015-8975-8 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Current approaches to handling imperfect information in data and knowledge bases
Parsons, S. (1996) · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering · doi:10.1109/69.506705 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
The probabilistic approach to human reasoning
Oaksford, M., & Nick Chater, A. (2001) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01699-5 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Embedding defaults into terminological knowledge representation formalisms
Baader, F., & Hollunder, B. (1993) · doi:10.22028/d291-24896 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
On selecting a satisfying truth assignment
Papadimitriou, C. H. (2002) · Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science · doi:10.1109/sfcs.1991.185365 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Second generation expert systems
Steels, L. (1985) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/0167-739x(85)90010-x · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Database Repairing and Consistent Query Answering
Bertossi, L. (2011) · Synthesis lectures on data management · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-01883-1 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Gruber, T. (2009) · Encyclopedia of Database Systems · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-39940-9_1318 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Ginsberg, M. L., & Smith, D. E. (1988) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(88)90011-2 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Reconciling description logics and rules
Motik, B., & Rosati, R. (2008) · Journal of the ACM · doi:10.1145/1754399.1754403 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
On distributed artificial intelligence
Eduardo, L., & Hern, C. (1988) · The Knowledge Engineering Review · doi:10.1017/s0269888900004367 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Dialectic proof procedures for assumption-based, admissible argumentation
Dung, P. M., Kowalski, R., & Toni, F. (2005) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.artint.2005.07.002 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Ramírez, M., & Geffner, H. (2009) · Cited by 244 · see citing works
A skeptical theory of inheritance in nonmonotonic semantic networks
Horty, J. F., Thomason, R. H., & Touretzky, D. S. (1990) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(90)90057-7 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Semantics and complexity of recursive aggregates in answer set programming
Faber, W., Pfeifer, G., & Leone, N. (2010) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.artint.2010.04.002 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Arieli, O., & Avron, A. (1998) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0004-3702(98)00032-0 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Grounding the Lexical Semantics of Verbs in Visual Perception using Force Dynamics and Event Logic
Siskind, J. (1999) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research · doi:10.1613/jair.790 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Conditional logics of normality: A modal approach
Boutilier, C. E. (1994) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(94)90096-5 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
A formal theory of plan recognition
Kautz, H. (1987) · UR Research (University of Rochester) · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Against Logicist Cognitive Science
Oaksford, M., & Nick Chater, A. (1991) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.1991.tb00173.x · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Chapter 2 – A Formal Theory of Plan Recognition and its Implementation
Kautz, H. A. (1991) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-55860-137-6.50008-x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Learning at the Knowledge Level
Dietterich, T. G. (1986) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1023/a:1022858530318 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Open Information Systems Semantics for distributed artificial intelligence
Hewitt, C. E. (1991) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(91)90051-k · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Essentials of Artificial Intelligence
Ginsberg, M. L. (1993) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-27845-7 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
A survey on knowledge compilation
Cadoli, M., & Donini, F. M. (1997) · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Reiter, R., & Criscuolo, G. (1981) · Cited by 218 · see citing works
From statistical knowledge bases to degrees of belief
Fahiem Bacchus, A., Grove, A. J., Halpern, J. Y., & Koller, D. (1996) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0004-3702(96)00003-3 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Connectionism, Eliminativism, and the Future of Folk Psychology
Ramsey, W., Stich, S., & Garan, J. (1990) · Studies in cognitive systems · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1882-5_5 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Cobreros, P., Égré, P., Ripley, D., & van Rooij, R. (2013) · Mind · doi:10.1093/mind/fzt110 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Ginsberg, M. L. (1986) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(86)90067-6 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence, Logic and Formalizing Common Sense
McCarthy, J. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2448-2_6 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Self-citationA probabilistic plan recognition algorithm based on plan tree grammars
Geib, C., & Goldman, R. P. (2009) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.artint.2009.01.003 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Goguen, J. A., & Burstall, R. M. (1984) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3-540-12896-4_366 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Logic and artificial intelligence
Nilsson, N. J. (1991) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(91)90049-p · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Conditional entailment: Bridging two approaches to default reasoning
Geffner, H., & Pearl, J. (1992) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(92)90071-5 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Stable models and circumscription
Ferraris, P., Lee, J., & Lifschitz, V. (2010) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.artint.2010.04.011 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
A valuation-based language for expert systems
Shenoy, P. P. (1989) · International Journal of Approximate Reasoning · doi:10.1016/0888-613x(89)90009-1 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Logic programming and knowledge representation—The A-Prolog perspective
Gelfond, M., & Leone, N. (2002) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0004-3702(02)00207-2 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence technique for modelling and forecasting of solar radiation data: a review
Mellit, A. (2008) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing · doi:10.1504/ijaisc.2008.021264 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
- Authors
- McCarthy, J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- McCarthy, John
- ORCID
- McCarthy, John
- Venue
- Artificial Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1980-04
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 27-39
- ISSN
- 0004-3702 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2945259913
- Cited by
- 2,017
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 55
- FWCI
- 10.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Artificial Intelligence (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI-based Problem Solving and Planning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation
- Keywords
- circumscription, nonmonotonic reasoning, default reasoning, closed world assumption
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
