The origins of fear of snakes
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Rachman's (1977) three pathways to fear have been widely validated through adult retrospective accounts and experimental studies with non-clinical children.
“Rachman ' s (1977) three pathways to fear have been widely validated through adult retrospective accounts (e.g. Murray & Foote, 1979; Rimm et al., 1977), as well as experimental studies with non-clinical children (Field & Storksen-Coulson, 2007; Merckelbach et al., 1996; Muris & Field, 2010; Ollendick & King, 1991).”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Murray & Foote, 1979
Parents of phobic preschoolers may be especially inclined to provide learning contexts associated with fear as many parents experience phobias themselves.
“Parents of phobic preschoolers may be especially inclined to provide learning contexts associated with fear as many parents experience phobias themselves (King et al., 1998; Murray & Foote, 1979).”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Murray & Foote, 1979
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“There is an interesting parallel here with fear of snakes; Murray and Foote (1979) found that the more experience people have with snakes, the less they fear them.”
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“…model, however, is that many patients with anxiety disorders do not recall such experiences (e.g., an aversive US such as a dog bite) in their past (Murray & Foote, 1979; Rachman, 1977), and this raises the question of whether an aversive US must physically occur in order for fear learning to…”
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“%) was lower than in some studies (e.g., Dinardo et al., 1988; Frederickson et al., 1997; Ost and Hugdahl, 1981), but comparable to other studies (e.g., McNally and Steketee, 1985; Murray and Foote, 1979).”
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“Snake stories and myths, primarily driven by fear of or disgust for snakes, may thus be a complementary means of biocultural evolution (Murray & Foote, 1979; Onyishi et al., 2021).”
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“Importantly, however, there are a number of cases in which participants do not remember any cause of their phobic reactions (McNally & Steketee, 1985; Menzies & Clarke, 1993; Murray & Foote, 1979; Ost & Hugdahl, 1981, 1983; Rimm, Janda, Lancaster, Nahl, & Dittmar, 1977).”
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“The fact that most students believed snakes were portrayed negatively in the media, combined with the fact that the mostcited negative past experience with snakes was hearing about venomous snake bites, highlight the capacity for media to influence wildlife-related attitudes, particularly regarding potentially dangero…”
BackgroundUCS-inflation and acquired fear responses in human conditioning
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“However, for most children, it is unlikely that fear is the result of direct conditioning (e.g., being bitten by a snake) (Murray & Foote, 1979).”
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“Collectively, these experimental findings provide preliminary behavioral evidence in support of the Snake Detection Theory (SDT).”
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- Authors
- Murray, E. J., & Foote, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1979
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 489-493
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2004747394
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Venomous Animal Envenomation and Studies
- Keywords
- fear of snakes, phobia, fear acquisition, observational learning, instructional learning, preparedness, snake phobia
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Female, Humans, Male, Phobic Disorders, Snakes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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