Acquisition of blood, injury, and needle fears and phobias
Abstract
The origins of fear and phobia of blood, injury, and injections were investigated in a sample of 128 fearful university students. Based on Mutilation Questionnaire scores, subjects were designated as common fear, high fear, or phobic. Ss reports of their onset experiences obtained from structured interviews were categorized into one or more acquisition pathways of conditioning, vicarious observation, and information. Of the 73% of Ss who recalled one or more onset experiences, 76% reported conditioning-like events as the primary pathway with the majority reporting fear-related UCSs. Vicarious experiences were reported as primary by 20% and 3% reported information as being primary in their fear onset. Severity of fear was unrelated to the pathway by which it was acquired, to whether the onset was recalled, and if recalled, whether it was due to a single or to multiple traumatic events. Results are discussed in terms of methodological problems of memory issues and means by which data are collected.
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Learning and parenting are also critically involved in the development of BII phobia, making it both an inherited and learned disease.
“Still, learning and parenting are also critically involved in the development of BII phobia (39), making it both an inherited and learned disease (49, 50).”
From Combined Fainting and Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures as Significant Therapy Hurdles in Blood-Injury-Injection Phobia: A Mini-Review and Case Report (2022) · cites this paper as [50]
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- Authors
- Kleinknecht, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Western Washington University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kleinknecht, Ronald A.
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1994-11
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 817-823
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2083250528
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- blood-injection-injury phobia, fear acquisition, conditioning, observational learning, information acquisition, mutilation, fear memory, traumatic events
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Blood, Conditioning, Classical, Fear, Female, Humans, Injections, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Assessment, Phobic Disorders, Mental Recall, Syncope, Wounds and Injuries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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