Acquisition of blood and injection phobia and anxiety response patterns in clinical patients
Abstract
The ways in which blood phobics (N = 81) and injection phobics (N = 56) had acquired their phobias were retrospectively investigated. The patients were required to answer a questionnaire concerning: (a) the origin of the phobia, with items relevant for conditioning experiences, vicarious experiences and experiences of negative information/instruction; (b) physiological reactions; (c) anticipatory anxiety; and (d) negative thoughts while in the phobic situation. In addition background data on marital and occupational status, family history of phobia, fainting history, and severity of the phobia were obtained. Furthermore, the patients' behavioral, physiological, and cognitive-subjective reactions during the behavioral test were assessed. The results showed that a majority (52%) of the patients attributed the onset of their phobias to conditioning experiences, while 24% recalled vicarious experiences, 7% instruction/information and 17% could not remember any specific onset circumstances. There was no significant relationship between ways of acquisition and anxiety components, nor did conditioning and indirectly acquired phobias differ in severity.
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Learning and parenting are also critically involved in the development of BII phobia, making it both an inherited and learned disease.
“Still, learning and parenting are also critically involved in the development of BII phobia (39), making it both an inherited and learned disease (49, 50).”
From Combined Fainting and Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures as Significant Therapy Hurdles in Blood-Injury-Injection Phobia: A Mini-Review and Case Report (2022) · cites this paper as [49]
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- Authors
- Öst, L.-G.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Öst, Lars-Göran
- ORCID
- Öst, Lars-Göran
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1991
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 323-332
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1990408770
- Cited by
- 190
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 12.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Oral Surgery › Dental Anxiety and Anesthesia Techniques
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- blood phobia, injection phobia, observational learning, anticipatory anxiety, negative thinking
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Arousal, Blood, Conditioning, Classical, Desensitization, Psychologic, Female, Humans, Injections, Male, Middle Aged, Phobic Disorders, Retrospective Studies
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