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Worry and the incubation of intrusive images following stress
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of post-event processing on intrusive images following exposure to stress. It was hypothesized that ruminative activity, especially verbal worry about a stressor leads to an incubation of intrusions. Five groups which differed in the use of post-event processing strategies were used to test for a hypothesized co-joint mechanism underlying the effect. Worrying about a stressor for a period of 4 min after exposure led to significantly more intrusions in the next 3 days than a settle-down control condition. The strategies of imaging about the stressor, distraction, and worrying about usual concerns, produced a significant incremental linear pattern of intrusions across these groups. The pattern of results was as predicted by a co-joint model in which incubation results from 'tagging' of memories and blocked emotional processing. The clinical implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
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“Similarly, worrying causes an incubation of negative thought intrusions (Borkovec et al., 1983; Butler, Wells, & Dewick, 1995; Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995; York et al., 1987).”
From A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: A review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry (2011) · cites this paper as Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995
In the citing paper
“Following exposure to stress, brief periods of induced worrying have been shown to be associated with an increase in intrusive thoughts over three days (Butler, Wells, & Dewick, 1995;Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995).”
From Metacognitive Theory and Therapy for Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Review and Status (2010) · cites this paper as Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995
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Items 101–188 of 188
Effects of rumination on intrusive memories: Does processing mode matter?
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“Rumination led to significantly more analogue PTSD symptoms and/or a significantly slower recovery from the film than the control conditions (Butler, Wells, & Dewick, 1995; Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995; Zetsche, Ehring, & Ehlers, 2009).”
BackgroundThe motivational effects of thinking and worrying about the effects of smoking cigarettes
Mccaul, K., Mullens, A., Romanek, K., Erickson, S. C., & Gatheridge, B. J. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701442840 · Cited by 41
“Wells and Papageorgiou (1995) asked participants in a laboratory experiment to spend 4 minutes processing emotional images and found a subsequent reduction in intrusive thoughts, whereas worrying for a like amount of time increased later intrusive thinking.”
BackgroundRegulation of emotion in generalized anxiety disorder
Mennin, D. S., Turk, C. L., Heimberg, R. G., & Carmin, C. N. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139087094.005 · Cited by 38
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“Metacognitions are defined as the information individuals hold about inner cognitive-affective experiences and coping strategies involved in regulating these experiences (Wells, 1995; 2000).”
BackgroundSzkodny, L. E., & Newman, M. G. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117698753 · Cited by 38
Näätänen, P., Ryynänen, A., & Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (1999) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000012341 · Cited by 36
“It is possible that this inability is subjectively manifested as a prolonged self-perception of exertion and unpleasantness after the stressor. It is probable that these feelings are no more particularly adaptive after the stressful episode. This pattern rather resembles a ruminative style in which the stressful episo…”
BackgroundEhring, T. W., Kleim, B., & Ehlers, A. (2011) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2011.4.2.165 · Cited by 36
“In line with the hypotheses, all studies showed that rumination led to significantly more analogue PTSD symptoms and/or a significantly slower recovery from the film than the control conditions (Butler, Wells, & Dewick, 1995; Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995; Zetsche, Ehring, & Ehlers, 2009).”
ResultMaack, D. J., Tull, M. T., & Gratz, K. L. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.05.005 · Cited by 33
Ball, S. C., & Brewin, C. R. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.019511 · Cited by 32
The Metacognitions about Smoking Questionnaire: Development and psychometric properties
Nikčević, A. V., Caselli, G., Adrian Wells, A., & Spada, M. M. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.004 · Cited by 34
“Metacognitions refer to knowledge or beliefs about one's own cognitive system and factors that affect its functioning and regulation (Wells, 1995).”
Self-citationPsychometrische Gütekriterien des Metakognitionsfragebogens (Kurzversion, MKF-30)
Arndt, A., Patzelt, J., Andor, T., Hoyer, J., & Gerlach, A. (2011) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000087 · Cited by 32
Schweizer, T., Schmitz, J., Plempe, L., Sun, D., Becker-Asano, C., Leonhart, R., & Tuschen-Caffier, B. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190360 · Cited by 30
Neurophysiological correlates of the attention training technique: A component study
Rosenbaum, D., Maier, M. J., Hudak, J., Metzger, F. G., Adrian Wells, A., Fallgatter, A. J., & Ehlis, A. (2018) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.06.021 · Cited by 30
“In the same way, worry is associated with higher levels of anxiety as a main symptom of generalized anxiety disorder (Dilling et al., 2016) and is linked to the development of PTSD and intrusive thoughts following stress exposure (Holeva et al., 2001; Wells and Papageorgiou, 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHjemdal, O., Hagen, R., Nordahl, H. M., & Adrian Wells, A. (2013) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.01.002 · Cited by 22
“Following exposure to the stress of watching a distressing video, brief periods of induced worrying have been shown to be associated with an increase in intrusive thoughts about the stressor over 3 days (Butler, Wells, & Dewick, 1995; Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWhat Comes First Metacognition or Negative Emotion? A Test of Temporal Precedence
Capobianco, L., Heal, C., Bright, M., & Wells, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02507 · Cited by 30
Self-citationSpada, M. M., Gay, H., Nikčević, A. V., Fernie, B. A., & Caselli, G. (2015) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12081 · Cited by 25
“…refers to the “stable knowledge or beliefs about one’s own cognitive system, and knowledge about factors that affect the functioning of the system; the regulation and awareness of the current state of cognition, and appraisal of the significance of thought and memories” (p.302; Wells, 1995).”
BackgroundThe clinical use of palmtop computers in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder
Newman, M. G. (1999) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(99)80080-7 · Cited by 25
Pile, V., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103508 · Cited by 39
The Impact of Worry on Attention to Threat
Oathes, D. J., Squillante, C. M., Ray, W. J., & Nitschke, J. B. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013411 · Cited by 26
“This slowing is consistent with prior research documenting interference from worry on subsequent processing of unrelated material [27,49].”
ResultChronic Worry as Avoidance of Arousal
Laguna, L. B., Ham, L. S., Hope, D. A., & Bell, C. C. (2004) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/b:cotr.0000021545.79764.69 · Cited by 25
“Wells and Papageorgiou (1995) found that participants who engaged in worrying after exposure to a gruesome film reported less anxiety following the postprocessing period compared to those who engaged in imaginal rehearsal.”
BackgroundThe Metacognitions about Symptoms Control Scale: Development and Concurrent Validity.
Fernie, B., Maher-Edwards, L., Murphy, G., Nikčević, A., & Spada, M. (2015) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1906 · Cited by 23
Is worry a thought control strategy relevant to obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Fergus, T. A., & Wu, K. D. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.12.003 · Cited by 22
“For example, participants instructed to worry about events from a film reported more intrusive images related to that film than did participants given other instructions (e.g., imagine the events; Butler, Wells, & Dewick, 1995; Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995).”
BackgroundWolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Sewart, A. R., Zinbarg, R. E., Mineka, S., & Craske, M. G. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106915 · Cited by 21
Worry, Metacognition, and GAD: Nature, Consequences, and Treatment
Adrian Wells, A. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcop.16.2.179.63994 · Cited by 26
Self-citationEffects of a training in mental imagery on worry: A proof-of-principle study
Skodzik, T., Leopold, A., & Ehring, T. W. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.11.009 · Cited by 18
Varma, M. M., Zeng, S., Singh, L., Holmes, E. A., Huang, J., Chiu, M. H., & Hu, X. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01956-y · Cited by 24
Landmann, S., Cludius, B., Tuschen‐Caffier, B., Moritz, S., & Külz, A. K. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103449 · Cited by 28
Role of prior negative cognitions on the development of intrusive thoughts
Wilksch, S. R., & Nixon, R. D. V. (2009) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049530903089513 · Cited by 18
Ellard, K., Gosai, A., Bernstein, E. E., Kaur, N., Sylvia, L., Camprodon, J., Dougherty, D., Nierenberg, A., & Deckersbach, T. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.06.002 · Cited by 18
Gierski, F., Spada, M. M., Fois, E. C., Picard, A., Naassïla, M., & der Linden, M. V. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.003 · Cited by 21
ReWIND: A CBT-Based Serious Game to Improve Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Anxiety Disorder
Heng, Y. K., Yan, J. L. S., Abdullah, M. F. I. L. B., Tang, Y., & Prestopnik, N. R. (2023) · International Journal of Serious Games · doi:10.17083/ijsg.v10i3.603 · Cited by 28
Shea, S. E., & Coyne, L. W. (2017) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.03.001 · Cited by 22
An experimental investigation of the effect of worry on responses to a discrimination learning task
Salters-Pedneault, K., Suvak, M., & Roemer, L. (2008) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.01.001 · Cited by 16
Gender Differences In Anxiety, Depression And Metacognition
Lenzo, V., Toffle, M. E., Tripodi, F., & Quattropani, M. (2016) · The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.15405/epsbs.2016.05.02.1 · Cited by 16
A qualitative exploration of emotional inhibition: a basic emotions and developmental perspective.
Coggins, J., & Fox, J. R. E. (2009) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.604 · Cited by 16
Boye, B., Munkvold, O., Bentsen, H., Notland, T. H., Lersbryggen, A., Oskarsson, K. H., Uren, G., Ulstein, I., Lingjærde, O., & Malt, U. (1998) · doi:10.1080/08039489850139283 · Cited by 16
An exploration of Intolerance of Uncertainty and memory bias
Francis, K., Dugas, M. J., & Ricard, N. C. (2016) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.03.011 · Cited by 16
“In fact, some research indicates that worrying about a stressful situation reduces short-term anxiety, but generates more intrusive thoughts in the long term (Butler, Wells, & Dewick, 1995; Stokes & Hirsch, 2010; Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995).”
BackgroundWells, A., & Matthews, G. (1996) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00001504-199611000-00011 · Cited by 15
Self-citationApplications of Cognitive Models of OCD in Clinical Practice
Freeston, M., Ladouceur, R., Rhéaume, J., & Léger, E. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008043437-7/50010-7 · Cited by 15
Gray, M., & Stiles, W. B. (2011) · Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy · doi:10.14713/pcsp.v7i4.1115 · Cited by 14
“Conceptual models of GAD similar to this one have also been proposed elsewhere, most notably by Wells & Papageorgiou (1995); Dugas, Freeston, Ladouceur, Rheame, Provencher & Boisvert (1998); and by psychodynamic theorists Crits-Christoph, Connolly, Azarian, CritsChristoph, & Shapell (1996).”
MethodGrieger, T. A., Staab, J. P., Carde�a, E., McCarroll, J. E., Brandt, G. T., Fullerton, C. S., & Ursano, R. J. (2000) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/1520-6394(2000)11:4 · Cited by 28
Khosravani, V., Zandifar, A., Bastan, F. S., Kolubinski, D. C., & Amirinezhad, A. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106113 · Cited by 14
Winter, L., Naumann, F., Olsson, K., Fuge, J., Hoeper, M. M., & Kahl, K. G. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00143 · Cited by 12
Does a novel training in mental imagery reduce pathological worry?
Skodzik, T., Adelt, M., Nossek, V. A., Kuck, S., & Ehring, T. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.07.005 · Cited by 12
Spada, M., Caselli, G., Fernie, B., Nikčević, A., Ruggiero, G. M., Boccaletti, F., Dallari, G., & Sassaroli, S. (2016) · Eating and Weight Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40519-015-0205-0 · Cited by 12
“Metacognitions refer to knowledge or beliefs about one’s own cognitive system and factors that affect its functioning and regulation (Wells, 1995).”
BackgroundUnconscious thought reduces intrusion development: A replication and extension
Krans, J., Janecko, D., & Bos, M. W. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.08.004 · Cited by 12
Adamis, A. M., & Olatunji, B. O. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.029 · Cited by 12
Najafi, M., Khosravani, V., Shahhosseini, M., & Afshari, A. (2018) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.03.016 · Cited by 10
Conceptual Models of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Fisher, P., & Adrian Wells, A. (2011) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20110203-11 · Cited by 12
Self-citationStevens, E. S., Jendrusina, A. A., Sarapas, C., & Behar, E. (2014) · The Wiley Handbook of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch21 · Cited by 9
Dinis, A., & Pinto‐Gouveia, J. (2011) · Psychologica · doi:10.14195/1647-8606_54_11 · Cited by 9
Intolerance of Uncertainty and Meta-Worry: Relative Importance in Discriminating GAD
Khawaja, N., McMahon, J., & Strodl, E. (2011) · Behaviour change · doi:10.1375/bech.28.4.181 · Cited by 8
“While the meta-cognitive model proposes that both Type 1 worry and Type 2 worry (meta-worry) are causal factors for pathological worry and GAD, the model suggests that meta-worry is the primary causal factor (Wells, 1999; Wells & Carter, 2001; Wells & King, 2006; Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995).”
BackgroundMeynen, G. (2011) · Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine · doi:10.1186/1747-5341-6-7 · Cited by 8
“The proposed view adds to our understanding of why CBT is effective in these patients: on the one hand it aims at direct cognitive correction of the relevant GAD-metacognitions; on the other hand its behavioral component provides the GAD patients with the experience that their resources are much richer than prolonged…”
BackgroundInfluentialAppraisal of activating thoughts in generalized anxiety disorder.
Upatel, T., & Gerlach, A. (2008) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.004 · Cited by 8
“Over the course of 3 days following the confrontation, however, subjects who had worried as compared to other activities endure more negative intrusive images (Butler, Wells, & Dewick, 1995; compare also Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialFrom Intrusive to Oscillating Thoughts
Peirce, A. G. (2007) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2007.06.005 · Cited by 8
Rausch, L., Rovella, A., de Barbenza, C. M., & Rodríguez, M. (2011) · Psicología y Salud · doi:10.25009/pys.v21i2.574 · Cited by 8
Kubota, R., & Nixon, R. D. V. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.058516 · Cited by 9
“Earlier research has also found that experimentally induced worry leads to the development of intrusive experiences of analogue trauma (Butler, Wells, & Dewick, 1995; Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995).”
BackgroundAdrian Wells, A. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118001851.ch4 · Cited by 44
Self-citationBassanini, A., Caselli, G., Fiore, F., Ruggiero, G. M., Sassaroli, S., & Watkins, E. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.063 · Cited by 6
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“Thought Control Questionnaire: A 30-item questionnaire [71] consisting of five subscales and assesses individual differences in the control of intrusive thoughts by strategies of distraction, worry, social control, punishment, and reappraisal, is used, which participants rate on a 4- point scale.”
MethodWhy Can’t I Stop Thinking About It?
Pfaltz, M. C., Mörstedt, B., Meyer, A. H., Wilhelm, F. H., Kossowsky, J., & Michael, T. (2015) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024/1421-0185/a000150 · Cited by 6
Adamis, A. M., Jessup, S. C., Cole, D. A., & Olatunji, B. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2386124 · Cited by 4
“However, directly targeting the daily high and low arousal NA that is characteristic of chronic worriers may require addressing other mechanisms, such as excessive attention towards emotionally distressing cognitions (Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995).”
Changing Metacognitive Appraisal Bias in High-Worriers Through Reappraisal Training
Ikani, N., Radix, A., Rinck, M., & Becker, E. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-022-10297-x · Cited by 4
“Worry evokes thoughts related to potential negativity, which gives rise to further worrying (Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995).”
BackgroundPruitt, L. D., & Hazlett‐Stevens, H. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.008010 · Cited by 3
Cognitive Therapy for Generalised Anxiety Disorder
Wells, A. (2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470713020.ch6 · Cited by 4
Self-citationMetacognitive Therapy: Theoretical Background and Model of Depression
Adrian Wells, A., & Fisher, P. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119114482.ch6 · Cited by 1
Self-citation송, 수., & 김, 은. (2009) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2009.28.2.011 · Cited by 3
Ruminative worrying during pregnancy: a case series.
Einarson, A., Burt, V., Pătroi, D., & Young, B. (2006) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/s1701-2163(16)32225-3 · Cited by 3
Relapse Prevention for Return of Pathological Worry in CBT-Treated GAD
Whiteside, U. S., Nguyen, T., Logan, D. E., Fagan, C., Marlatt, G. A., & Witkiewitz, K. A. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012369429-4/50035-5 · Cited by 2
Do metacognitions contribute to pathological health anxiety? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ivan, L., Foerster, P., Bermpohl, F., Gerlach, A., & Pohl, A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0325563 · Cited by 2
Szczepanowski, R., Cichoń, E., Niemiec, T., Andrzejewska, B. E., & Wójta-Kempa, M. (2021) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s286245 · Cited by 2
이, 슬., & 권, 석. (2014) · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2014.33.1.012012 · Cited by 2
Mental Control of Trauma Related Intrusions
Falsetti, S. (2009) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2009.2.3.252 · Cited by 2
Badeja, D., Schier, F., Straka, H.-C., McGinity, M., & Hoyer, J. (2026) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2026.103150 · Cited by 1
Namdarpour, F., Fatehizade, M., Bahrami, F., & Fesharaki, R. M. (2017) · doi:10.4103/iahs.iahs_27_17 · Cited by 1
“The cognitive attentional component creates the problem that rumination and threat monitoring strategies could increase access to thoughts, information and negative thoughts.[5] The rumination in response to the depressed mood which is lowered experimentally or naturally results in damaging consequences.”
BackgroundPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder, problem gambling and metacognition
Boldrini, M., Caselli, G., & Spada, M. (2016) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY TRAUMA STUDIES · doi:10.3280/ijm2016-001009 · Cited by 1
How to Treat the Passion of Enneagram Type 6
HeyKyoung, K. (2014) · doi:10.22284/qr.2014.15.1.64 · Cited by 1
Metacognition and cravings during smoking cessation
Nosen, E. (2012) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0072865 · Cited by 1
Pary, R., Matuschka, P. R., Lewis, S., Caso, W., & Lippmann, S. (2003) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/01.smj.0000054499.21994.a5 · Cited by 20
Immune-spectrum disease among female veterans
Mullen-Houser, E. (2013) · doi:10.17077/etd.9wam6b4r
Kolubinski, D. C., Nikčević, A. V., Lawrence, J. A., & Spada, M. M. (2015) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-015-0230-y · Cited by 35
“In this respect self-critical rumination shows some similarity with other forms of perseverative thinking such as desire thinking, rumination, and worry (Caselli et al., 2010; Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995; Wells, 2000).”
BackgroundFergus, T. A., Williams, S. E., & Ginty, A. (2025) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2025.2498253
“…may be diminished while worrying (Behar et al., 2005; Freeston et al., 1996), worry is associated with greater imaginal activity over subsequent time periods ranging from following the worry period to three days later (Butler et al., 1995; Stokes & Hirsch, 2010; Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995).”
Bronk, J. (2021) · Whitehall Papers · doi:10.1080/02681307.2021.2005905
“…relation between worry and unwanted intrusive thoughts has also been demonstrated after exposure to a stressful stimulus in which instructions to worry after viewing a film resulted in a greater number of unwanted film intrusions (see Butler, Wells, & Dewick, 1995; Wells & Papageorgiou, 1995).”
Esquemes emocionals en un grup de pacients depressius d'un hospital de la ciutat de Lima
Roger, B., & Pilar, G. M. M. (2016) · Anuari de Psicologia de la Societat Valenciana de Psicologia · doi:10.7203/anuari.psicologia.17.1.173
“Wells, A. i Papageorgiou, C. (2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialWells, A., & McNicol, K. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch37
Self-citationHoyer, J., & Beesdo‐Baum, K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61814-1_48 · Cited by 2
MDS Analysis Using Basic MDS Model
Ding, C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78172-3_5
A metacognitive model and therapy for generalized anxiety disorder
Wells, A. (1999) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0879(199905)6:2
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Wells, A., & Papageorgiou, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-06
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 579-583
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2014438097
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 4.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- intrusive memories, worry, rumination, post-event processing, stress, memory tagging, distraction
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Imagination, Internal-External Control, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory, Stress, Psychological
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