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Evaluation of event-related desynchronization (ERD) preceding and following voluntary self-paced movement
Abstract
A method of accurate storage and on-line preprocessing of an EEG signal, preceding and following a trigger signal, elicited by button pressing, is described. The method was used to study the changes occurring in the power of the rhythmic activity within the alpha band in central areas, during voluntary, self-paced movement in 10 normal humans. A short-lasting decrease or phasic event-related desynchronization (ERD) of alpha power, representing mu activity, was observed in all 10 subjects. During the 2 sec period preceding movement the phasic ERD was mostly bilateral, but larger prior to right than to left thumb movement. At onset and during the first second of execution of movement, the phasic ERD was mostly bilateral but predominant in ipsilateral areas. Preceding or during movement, maximum ERD was observed in most cases in central-vertex regions.
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“It is known that the amplitudes, for example of the alpha, beta and gamma bands, provide class‐discriminative information for motor tasks [Ball et al., 2008; Pfurtscheller, 1981; Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979].”
From Deep learning with convolutional neural networks for EEG decoding and visualization (2017) · cites this paper as Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979
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Cites
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“This change of power in the specific frequency band of EEG is caused by a decreased synchronization of related nerve oscillations in the cortex (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979).”
BackgroundInfluentialFatourechi, M., Birch, G. E., & Ward, R. K. (2007) · Journal of Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s10827-006-0017-3 · Cited by 20
“Further evidence from the analysis of EEG signals (Defebvre et al., 1994; Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) (Feige et al., 1996; Muller et al., 2003; Narici et al., 1990) strengthens these findings.”
BackgroundPivik, R. T., & Dykman, R. A. (2006) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.11.003 · Cited by 19
Pfurtscheller, G., & Klimesch, W. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-72658-3_33 · Cited by 19
Self-citationLin, B.-S., Huang, Y., & Lin, B. (2019) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.06.009 · Cited by 18
Hilbert-transform based predictions of hand movements from EEG measurements
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“An important principle is the Event-Related Desynchronization (ERD), a synonym for attenuation or blocking oscillations in the alpha band [2].”
BackgroundSelf-citationA model of event-related EEG synchronization changes in beta and gamma frequency bands
Grabska‐Barwińska, A., & Żygierewicz, J. (2005) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.07.001 · Cited by 18
“These measures are known as ERD—event-related desynchronization—and ERS— event-related synchronization (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979).”
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“Spectral changes observed during event-related desynchronization were denoted by a drop in energy coincident with a motor action (Pfurtscheller 1979).”
BackgroundSemiasynchronous BCI Using Wearable Two-Channel EEG
Jiang, Y., Nguyen, T.-H., & Chung, W. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems · doi:10.1109/tcds.2017.2716973 · Cited by 17
“Following the standard ERD/ERS calculation proposed by Pfurtscheller and Aranibar [15], a short-time Fourier transform was used to calculate power values from the amplitude, and then a relative power value (ERD) was measured according to (1), where A is the average power value in the MI interval and R is the average p…”
MethodPredictive encoding of motor behavior in the supplementary motor area is disrupted in parkinsonism
Hendrix, C. M., Campbell, B. A., Tittle, B., Johnson, L. A., Baker, K. B., Johnson, M. D., Molnar, G. F., & Vitek, J. L. (2018) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00306.2018 · Cited by 17
“Bicoherence values less than a threshold value ( 0.50) was used as a determinant of largely independent signaling (Kim and Powers 1979; Pfurtscheller and Aranibar 1979).”
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Li, J., Wang, H., Zheng, T. Q., Hua, C., & Zhang, N. N. (2018) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2018.11.009 · Cited by 17
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“Finally, based on previous literature, we evaluated the effects in the μ frequency band, which is traditionally defined as an 8–12 Hz rhythm that decreases, or desynchronizes, with movement (McFarland et al., 2000; Niedermeyer, 1997; Pfurtscheller & Aranibar, 1979).”
MethodCatrambone, V., Averta, G., Bianchi, M., & Valenza, G. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abe7b9 · Cited by 17
Reconstruction of reaching movement trajectories using electrocorticographic signals in humans
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Soekadar, S. R., & Birbaumer, N. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4707-4_41 · Cited by 16
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The Graz Brain-Computer Interface
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Self-citationHypnotic State Modulates Sensorimotor Beta Rhythms During Real Movement and Motor Imagery
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“Topographic analysis (Figure 5) shows that the ERD is bilateral during a real movement while the post-movement ERS phase is contralateral, as previously established (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979; Bai et al., 2005).”
Rolandic Mu Rhythms and Assessment of Cerebral Functions
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Self-citationCharacteristics of Travelling Waves under Various Conditions
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“…and transient changes in the primary sensorimotor area, with ERD detected in the opposite hemisphere of the brain, particularly within the mu and beta rhythms, while voluntary movement also leads to localized ERD in the mu and beta bands, which is always confined to the sensorimotor region [47–52].”
Symmetry of post‐movement beta‐ERS and motor recovery from stroke: a low‐resolution EEG pilot study
Eder, C. F., Sokić, D. V., Čovičković‐Šternić, N., Mijajlovic, M. D., Savić, M., Sinkjær, T., & Popović, D. B. (2006) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01550.x · Cited by 15
“It might be worth mentioning that we compared a few PMBS time courses obtained by this method compared with the one obtained by the classical band-power method [33] and did not determine significant differences in their morphology.”
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Li, X., Guan, C., Zhang, H., & Ang, K. K. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2016.2601084 · Cited by 15
“Given the event-related (de)synchronization (ERD/ERS) in EEG during the imagination of certain movements, CSP extracts the ERD/ERS effects by maximizing the power of the spatially filtered signals for one class while minimizing it for the other class [13], [14].”
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“In 1993 another paper [36] emphasized the use of sensorimotor rhythm in 1D (left–right) control of a cursor on a computer screen.”
BackgroundLiu, G., Huang, G., Meng, J., & Zhu, X. (2010) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2010.02.004 · Cited by 15
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“: +81 3 3411 lateralised EEG activity related to the preparation and execution of the motor response (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979; Pfurtscheller and Berghold, 1989; Leocani et al., 1997; Alegre et al., 2004a, b).”
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“3A, right column) (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979; Pfurtscheller and Lopes da Silva, 1999) and construct comprehensive time-frequency plots (e.g., Tallon-Baudry and Bertrand, 1999).”
BackgroundOn the Complexity of Resting State Spiking Activity in Monkey Motor Cortex
Dąbrowska, P. A., Voges, N., von Papen, M., Ito, J., Dahmen, D., Riehle, A., Brochier, T. G., & Grün, S. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex Communications · doi:10.1093/texcom/tgab033 · Cited by 17
Effects of muscle contraction on somatosensory event-related EEG power and coherence changes
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Changes in Central EEG Activity in relation to Voluntary Movement. I. Normal Subjects
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Threat imminence modulates neural gain in attention and motor relevant brain circuits in humans
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“…localized MEG/EEG beta- band desynchronization (15 to 35 Hz) as a marker of premotor and motor cortex excitability (Lachert et al., 2017; Park et al., 2013; Pfurtscheller & Aranibar, 1979; Pfurtscheller & Lopes da Silva, 1999; Tzagarakis et al., 2015) will also covary with HR change differences.”
BackgroundAltered Pallidocortical Low-Beta Oscillations During Self-Initiated Movements in Parkinson Disease
Choi, J. W., Malekmohammadi, M., Sparks, H. D., Kashanian, A., Cross, K. A., Bordelon, Y. M., & Pouratian, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2020.00054 · Cited by 14
When should MI-BCI feature optimization include prior knowledge, and which one?
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Self-citationMetastability demystified — the foundational past, the pragmatic present, and the potential futurePreprint
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Rizzo, M., Petrini, L., Percio, C. D., Lopez, S., Arendt‐Nielsen, L., & Babiloni, C. (2022) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14116 · Cited by 12
“A standard quantification of the alpha ERD/ERS was performed for the anticipation and the execution of the movements (Babiloni et al., 2010; Pfurtscheller et al., 1997; Pfurtscheller & Aranibar, 1979; Pfurtscheller & Lopes Da Silva, 1999; Pfurtscheller & Neuper, 1994).”
MethodMoscaleski, L. A., Fonseca, A. R. O., Brito, R. D. M., Morya, E., Morgans, R., Moreira, A., & Okano, A. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroergonomics · doi:10.3389/fnrgo.2022.932542 · Cited by 13
“Moreover, the presence of low-frequency oscillations (delta and theta) has been associated with event-related desynchronization (ERD), as the amplitude decreases in alpha and beta waves during the preparation and execution of motor activities (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979).”
BackgroundBinias, B., Palus, H., & Jaskot, K. (2015) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23437-3_24 · Cited by 13
George, K., Damiano, D. L., Kim, Y., & Bulea, T. C. (2020) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/17518423.2020.1756005 · Cited by 13
Multiclass Classification Based on Combined Motor Imageries
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Puzzo, I., Cooper, N. R., Cantarella, S., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Russo, R. (2013) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.10.016 · Cited by 12
“…demonstrate that desynchronization of sensorimotor rhythms occurs not only during action execution (Gastaut and Bert, 1954; Chatrian et al., 1959; Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979; Semlitsch et al., 1986), but also during action observation (Babiloni et al., 2002; Cochin, Barthelemy, Lejeune,…”
BackgroundInfluentialPlank, M., Snider, J., Kaestner, E. J., Halgren, E., & Howard Poizner, A. (2014) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00114.2014 · Cited by 15
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“Their amplitude decreases during realmovement [5] or duringmotor imagination [6].”
BackgroundHashimoto, H., Takahashi, K., Kameda, S., Yoshida, F., Maezawa, H., Oshino, S., Tani, N., Khoo, H. M., Yanagisawa, T., Yoshimine, T., et al. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102786 · Cited by 13
“To investigate motor- and sensory-related neural oscillations, various tasks have been used including motor-related tasks, such as button pressing (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979), hand and elbow movements (Yanagisawa et al.”
MethodWang, Y., Xiang, J., Kotecha, R. R., Vannest, J. J., Liu, Y., Rose, D. F., Schapiro, M. B., & deGrauw, T. J. (2008) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-008-0060-7 · Cited by 13
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“The power decrease, frequently called event-related desynchronization (ERD), is a typical response observed during preparation, execution, and imagination of voluntary movement [10], and it is often used to implement BCI systems.”
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“To investigate these disparities, we examined the signal characteristics of the subjects, focusing on event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) phenomena [34,35].”
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“The pre-movement decrease in oscillatory power in the alpha and beta bands is a classic central signature of the preparation of voluntary action (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979; Pfurtscheller and Lopes da Silva, 1999; Stančák et al., 2000).”
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“The three features used for the detection of an imaginary motion are pre-event gamma ERS (36Hz-40Hz), beta ERD (10Hz-12Hz) during event onset and post event beta ERS (14Hz-18Hz).”
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Scherer, R., Schwarz, A., Muller-Putz, G. R., Pammer‐Schindler, V., & García, M. L. (2016) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc.2016.7844815 · Cited by 12
Stančák, A. (2000) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(00)00953-8 · Cited by 12
Müller, M. (2000) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.55782/ane-2000-1326 · Cited by 12
“With respect to oscillations in the alpha range, it was hypothesized that these oscillations reflect idling in neural mass systems (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar 1979, Pfurtscheller 1992, Pfurtscheller and Klimesch 1992, Pfurtscheller et al. 1993, Hari and Salmelin 1997).”
BackgroundQuantification of spindles in comatose patients
Pfurtscheller, G., Schwarz, G. L., Pfurtscheller, B., & List, W. F. (1983) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(83)90014-7 · Cited by 12
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“Movement accompanies a decrease in alpha band power in the central area, in a process called event-related desynchronization [66].”
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“BCI can be categorized according to its control features, in which motor imagery BCI is an active BCI that uses the brain signals generated when people imagine body movement, such as moving both hands, feet, and tongue [3, 4].”
BackgroundKhan, H. F., Dutta, S., Scott, A. N., Xiao, S., Yadav, S., Chen, X., Aryal, U. K., Kinzer‐Ursem, T. L., Rochet, J., & Jayant, K. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54945-0 · Cited by 12
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Hasan, S. M. S., Siddiquee, M. R., Marquez, J. S., & Bai, O. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2020.3025004 · Cited by 11
“Those are: Event-related Synchronization/ Desynchronization (ERS/ ERD) [6] and Movement-related Cortical Potential (MRCP) [7].”
Manohare, M., Rajasekar, E., & Parida, M. (2023) · Noise and Health · doi:10.4103/nah.nah_58_22 · Cited by 10
“[50] Calculating ERSP requires computing the power spectrum over a sliding latency window then averaging across data trials.”
Schwarz, A., Pereira, J., Lindner, L., & Müller-Putz, G. (2019) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8857138 · Cited by 9
“This goes in line with findings of Pfurtscheller [25] [26] and their research on event-related desynchronization who showed that”
ResultParr, J. V. V., Gallicchio, G., Harrison, N., Johnen, A.-K., & Wood, G. (2020) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107943 · Cited by 13
Review of tDCS Configurations for Stimulation of the Lower-Limb Area of Motor Cortex and Cerebellum
Quiles, V., Ferrero, L., Iáñez, E., Ortíz, M., & Azorín, J. M. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12020248 · Cited by 11
Yoshor, D., & Mizrahi, E. M. (2012) · Cited by 12
Theta and alpha oscillations linked to risk identifications
Qin, J., Lee, T. M. C., & Han, S. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.077 · Cited by 11
“…the event-related desynchronization and synchronization (ERD/ERS) of spectrum power for each stimulus condition using the following formula (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979): ERD=ERS = A Rð Þ=R½ 100k: The formula defined the ERD/ERS as a percentage decrease/ increase of spectrum power…”
MethodReaction Time Predicts Brain–Computer Interface Aptitude
Darvishi, S., Gharabaghi, A., Ridding, M. C., Abbott, D., & Baumert, M. (2018) · IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine · doi:10.1109/jtehm.2018.2875985 · Cited by 11
“For those FUIs that revealed significant correlations between the ITR and SRT, two follow-up analyses were implemented, investigating: (i) how interaction between BCI aptitude and FUIs affect ITR, and (ii) how interaction between BCI aptitude and FUIs affects event-related de-synchronization (ERD) in alpha (8–13 Hz) a…”
MethodEEG Event-Related Desynchronization and Event-Related Synchronization
Pfurtscheller, G., & Lopes, F. H. D. S. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0040 · Cited by 12
Self-citationIoannides, A. A., Taylor, J. G., Liu, L. C., Groß, J., & Müller-Gärtner, H.-W. (1998) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0353 · Cited by 11
“Much of the progress in electrophysiology, at the level of single cell for local field potentials and for macromeasures mapped with electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) (Hämälä inen et al., 1993) has been built on methods relying on averaging.”
InfluentialMulti-channel linear descriptors for event-related EEG collected in brain computer interface
Pei, X.-M., Zheng, C., Xu, J., Bin, G., & Wang, H. (2006) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/3/1/006 · Cited by 11
Simões, C., Salenius, S., & Curio, G. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.045 · Cited by 11
Westphal, K. P., Grözinger, B., Becker, W., Diekmann, V., Scherb, W., Reeß, J., Leibing, U., & Kornhuber, H. H. (1992) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(92)90095-h · Cited by 11
Miller, L. E., & Weber, D. J. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2011.2168989 · Cited by 11
Oscillatory cortical activities in the human brain
Müller, M. M. (1997) · KOPS (University of Konstanz) · Cited by 11
A procedure to minimize EEG variability for BCI applications
de Melo, G. C., Castellano, G., & Forner‐Cordero, A. (2023) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2023.105745 · Cited by 10
Quantitative measure of complexity of the dynamic event-related EEG data
Pei, X.-M., Zheng, C., Wei-xing, H., & Xu, J. (2006) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2006.02.011 · Cited by 10
Wronkiewicz, M., Larson, E., & Lee, A. K. C. (2016) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/13/5/056017 · Cited by 10
“The fi rst BCI controlled by sensorimotor rhythms was published 25 years ago by Wolpaw et al ( 1991 ) , and the underlying event-related desynchronization was characterized as reliably detectable over 35 years ago by Pfurtscheller and Aranibar ( 1979 ) .”
MethodByrne, A., Hewitt, D., Henderson, J. R., Newton‐Fenner, A., Roberts, H., Tyson‐Carr, J., Fallon, N., Giesbrecht, T., & Stančák, A. (2021) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13897 · Cited by 10
Kim, S., Jung, K., & Lee, J.-H. (2012) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.04.009 · Cited by 10
Caravaglios, G., Castro, G., Muscoso, E. G., Crivelli, D., & Balconi, M. (2016) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/1550059416676144 · Cited by 12
Neural Mechanism of Altered Limb Perceptions Caused by Temporal Sensorimotor Incongruence
Katayama, O., Tsukamoto, T., Osumi, M., Kodama, T., & Morioka, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00282 · Cited by 10
The Recognition of Driving Action Based on EEG Signals Using Wavelet-CSP Algorithm
Lin, J., Liu, S., Huang, G., Zhang, Z., & Huang, K. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP) · doi:10.1109/icdsp.2018.8631540 · Cited by 10
“It shows that ERD/ERS appears in the corresponding area of the motor cortex.”
BackgroundInfluentialChoi, J. W., & Kim, K. H. (2019) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2019/4259369 · Cited by 10
“Two major approaches have been pursued for the intention decoding. first is based on voluntary self-regulation of specific brain signals such as slow cortical potential [7] and sensorimotor rhythms [8].”
BackgroundHasan, S. M. S., Marquez, J. S., Siddiquee, M. R., Fei, D.-Y., & Bai, O. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3075253 · Cited by 10
“5-2 seconds after the event [12], [18].”
BackgroundEffects of motor response expectancy on cortical processing of noxious laser stimuli
Stančák, A., Johnstone, J., & Fallon, N. B. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.018 · Cited by 10
Schulter, G., Kreuzthaler, A., & Pfurtscheller, G. (1990) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/0167-8760(90)90019-a · Cited by 10
Self-citationLevy, R., Lozano, A. M., Lang, A. E., & Dostrovsky, J. O. (2010) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-010-2312-5 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Pfurtscheller, G., & Aranibar, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Graz (AT)
- Venue
- Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1979-02
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 138-146
- ISSN
- 0013-4694 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2052684349
- Cited by
- 758
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 1.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Keywords
- event-related desynchronization, mu rhythm, alpha band, EEG preprocessing, thumb movement, motor cortex
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alpha Rhythm, Brain, Computers, Cortical Synchronization, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Male, Movement
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