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Evaluation of event-related desynchronization (ERD) preceding and following voluntary self-paced movement
Abstract
A method of accurate storage and on-line preprocessing of an EEG signal, preceding and following a trigger signal, elicited by button pressing, is described. The method was used to study the changes occurring in the power of the rhythmic activity within the alpha band in central areas, during voluntary, self-paced movement in 10 normal humans. A short-lasting decrease or phasic event-related desynchronization (ERD) of alpha power, representing mu activity, was observed in all 10 subjects. During the 2 sec period preceding movement the phasic ERD was mostly bilateral, but larger prior to right than to left thumb movement. At onset and during the first second of execution of movement, the phasic ERD was mostly bilateral but predominant in ipsilateral areas. Preceding or during movement, maximum ERD was observed in most cases in central-vertex regions.
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“It is known that the amplitudes, for example of the alpha, beta and gamma bands, provide class‐discriminative information for motor tasks [Ball et al., 2008; Pfurtscheller, 1981; Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979].”
From Deep learning with convolutional neural networks for EEG decoding and visualization (2017) · cites this paper as Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979
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“For all (Chatrian et al. 1959; Pfurtscheller and Aranibar 1979; Sal- muscles the coherence clearly exceeded the estimated significance melin and Hari 1994).”
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Self-citationPfurtscheller, G., Neuper, C., Andrew, C. M., & Edlinger, G. (1997) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(97)00760-5 · Cited by 457
Self-citationKübler, A., & Birbaumer, N. (2008) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2008.06.019 · Cited by 441
“SMR decreases or desynchronizes with movement, preparation for movement or movement imagery and increases or synchronizes in the post-movement period or during motor quiescence (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979).”
BackgroundCentral beta rhythm during sensorimotor activities in man
Pfurtscheller, G. (1981) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(81)90139-5 · Cited by 472
Self-citationFrolov, A., Mokienko, O. A., Lyukmanov, R. K., Biryukova, E., Kotov, S. V., Григорьевна, Т. Л., Nadareyshvily, G., & Bushkova, Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00400 · Cited by 412
“As motor imagery results in specific modulations of brain electroencephalographic (EEG) signals, e.g., sensorimotor rhythms (SMR) (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979), it can be used to voluntarily control an external device, e.g., a robot or exoskeleton using a brain-computer interface (BCI) (Nicolas-Alonso and Gomez-G…”
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“Mu suppression is a commonly used measure of motor cortex activity (Kuhlman, 1978; Pfurtscheller & Aranibar, 1979) and has recently been used to index activity in the mirror-neuron-system by looking at motor cortex activity during observation of action (Marshall, Bouquet, Shipley, & Young, 2009;…”
MethodBabiloni, C., Carducci, F., Febo Cincotti, A., Rossini, P. M., Neuper, C., Pfurtscheller, G., & Babiloni, F. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0504 · Cited by 352
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Discrimination between phase-locked and non-phase-locked event-related EEG activity
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“Keywords: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brain–computer interface, motivation, mood, sensorimotor rhythms, P300 event-related potential relaxation (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979; Pfurtscheller et al., 1999; Pfurtscheller and Neuper, 2010).”
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“Pfurtscheller and Aranibar (1979) investigated the mu rhythm over the central electrode positions (C3, C4).”
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“…activities and their synchronization within the range of 20±40 Hz (beta and gamma band) has been studied intensively in the central nervous system (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979; Gray and Singer, 1989; Murthy and Fetz, 1992; Sanes and Donoghue, 1993; Toro et al., 1994; Roelfsema et al., 1997;…”
BackgroundCharacterization of spontaneous MEG rhythms in healthy adults
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Transients, Metastability, and Neuronal Dynamics
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“See Mayer- Kress et al. (1991) and Fuchs et al. (1992) for compelling examples and Pfurtscheller and Aranibar (1979) for spectral density changes in relation to self-paced move- ment.”
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Cochin, S., Barthélémy, C., Lejeune, B., Roux, S., & Martineau, J. (1998) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0013-4694(98)00071-6 · Cited by 269
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“identifying when motor planning [59], movement initiation [60], and motor imagery [61] occur.”
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“It also has been reported by the same authors that preparation for movement produces attenuation of the 10-12 Hz activity and increase in high frequency power in the central region of the cortex (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar 1979; Pfurtscheller and Berghold 1989).”
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“Furthermore, in analogy to what is known for both movement execution [8] and motor/kinesthetic imagery [43], we confirmed previous findings that after each motor event there is a suppression followed by a rebound of alpha and beta power even in action-observation [24]; consequently, pooling data from long observation…”
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“ERD occurs before and during movements in particular frequency bands in the EEG and has been shown to have a different generator in the brain than the RP, therefore making ERD an index for motor preparation that is independent of the RP (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979; Bai et al., 2006).”
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“reported a shortlasting block/decrease of frequency power or event-related desynchronization (ERD) in the alpha band (8–12 Hz) (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979) and in the central beta band (16–24 Hz) (Pfurtscheller, 1981) beginning about 2 s before self-paced button pushing.”
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“For statistical analyses, the power was first normalized by conversion to a decibel scale, which allowed a direct comparison of effects across frequency bands(Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979) and then divided into 85six consecutive 1000-ms time intervals.”
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“This decrease can be easily observed with electrocorticography (ECoG), electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings, usually with the aid of mathematical tools (Pfurtscheller & Aranibar, 1979; Salmelin & Hari, 1994; Crone et al., 1998b; Alegre et al., 2003).”
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“ERD/ERS were computed according to the commonly used approach (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1977, 1979; Pfurtscheller and Neuper, 1994; Pineda, 2005).”
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“Alpha and beta band oscillations are reduced in amplitude (‘desynchronized’) during voluntary movement (Jasper and Penfield, 1949; Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979).”
BackgroundTransient Interhemispheric Neuronal Synchrony Correlates with Object Recognition
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“Because the EEG a rhythm is regarded as the “cortical idling rhythm,” we quantitatively analyzed the normalized power decrease as an index of cortical activation (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979).”
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“Filtered EEG activity was squared and averaged across trials with the same imperative S2 cue laterality, having first aligned trials to presentation of the imperative S2 cue, according to the classical ERD method (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979).”
MethodHuman cortical 40 Hz rhythm is closely related to EMG rhythmicity
Salenius, S., Salmelin, R. H., Neuper, C., Pfurtscheller, G., & Hari, R. (1996) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(96)12796-8 · Cited by 174
Self-citationMovement‐related frequency modulation of beta oscillatory activity in the human subthalamic nucleus
Foffani, G., Bianchi, A. M., Baselli, G., & Priori, A. (2005) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.089722 · Cited by 174
Differentiation between finger, toe and tongue movement in man based on 40 Hz EEG
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40-Hz oscillations during motor behavior in man
Pfurtscheller, G., Neuper, C., & Kalcher, J. (1993) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90886-p · Cited by 170
Self-citationBrain-Computer Interface-Based Soft Robotic Glove Rehabilitation for Stroke
Cheng, N., Phua, K. S., Lai, H. S., Tam, P. K., Tang, K. Y., Cheng, K. K., Yeow, C., Ang, K. K., Guan, C., & Lim, J. H. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2020.2984003 · Cited by 169
“features known as event-related desynchronization (ERD) and synchronization (ERS) are detectable on the subject’s electroencephalogram (EEG) [23].”
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Ohara, S., Mima, T., Baba, K., Ikeda, A., Kunieda, T., Matsumoto, R., Yamamoto, J., Matsuhashi, M., Nagamine, T., Hirasawa, K., et al. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-23-09377.2001 · Cited by 165
“…in association with various brain functions such as visual (Eckhorn et al., 1988; Gray and Singer, 1989), olfactory (Freeman, 1972), auditory (Pantev et al., 1991), and sensorimotor systems (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar 1979; Sanes and Donoghue, 1993; Murthy and Fetz, 1996; Donoghue et al., 1998).”
BackgroundSebastián-Romagosa, M., Cho, W., Ortner, R., Murovec, N., von Oertzen, T. J., Kamada, K., Allison, B. Z., & Guger, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.591435 · Cited by 165
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Event-related. EEG desynchronization and synchronization during an auditory memory task
Krause, C. M., Lang, A. H., Laine, M., Kuusisto, M., & Pörn, B. (1996) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(96)00283-0 · Cited by 163
“, 1994, 1995) stimulation, during voluntary movement tasks (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979) as well as during cognitive and attentional tasks (Van Winsum et al.”
BackgroundFournier, L. R., Wilson, G. F., & Swain, C. R. (1999) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(98)00049-x · Cited by 158
Visuo‐attentional and sensorimotor alpha rhythms are related to visuo‐motor performance in athletes
Percio, C. D., Babiloni, C., Bertollo, M., Marzano, N., Iacoboni, M., Infarinato, F., Lizio, R., Stocchi, M., Robazza, C., Cibelli, G., et al. (2009) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20776 · Cited by 168
“To quantify the event-related changes of alpha EEG power, we calculated the alpha ERD/ERS [Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979; Pfurtscheller and Neuper, 1994; Pfurtscheller et al., 1997].”
MethodBilateral activation of the human somatomotor cortex by distal hand movements
Salmelin, R. H., Forss, N., Knuutila, J., & Hari, R. (1995) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(95)00193-x · Cited by 158
Fuggetta, G., Fiaschi, A., & Manganotti, P. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.013 · Cited by 154
Thorpe, J., van Oorschot, P. C., & Somayaji, A. B. (2005) · New Security Paradigms Workshop · doi:10.1145/1146269.1146282 · Cited by 156
“Temporal filtering can measure certain parts of a signal by using a band-pass filter [39], or by amplitude in specific spectral bands of Fourier or autoregressive analysis [31].”
MethodVourvopoulos, A., Marin‐Pardo, O., Lefebvre, S., Neureither, M., Saldaña, D., Jahng, E., & Liew, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00210 · Cited by 152
Frequency component selection for an EEG-based brain to computer interface
Pregenzer, M., & Pfurtscheller, G. (1999) · IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/86.808944 · Cited by 150
Self-citationFunctional oropharyngeal sensory disruption interferes with the cortical control of swallowing
Teismann, I. K., Steinstraeter, O., Stoeckigt, K., Suntrup‐Krueger, S., Wollbrink, A., Pantev, C., & Dziewas, R. (2007) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-8-62 · Cited by 150
Spectral and source structural development of mu and alpha rhythms from infancy through adulthood
Thorpe, S., Cannon, E. N., & Fox, N. A. (2015) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2015.03.004 · Cited by 148
Babiloni, C., Percio, C. D., Vecchio, F., Sebastiano, F., Gennaro, G. D., Quarato, P. P., Morace, R., Pavone, L., Soricelli, A., Noce, G., et al. (2015) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2015.04.068 · Cited by 150
“To quantify the event-related changes of ECoG power, we calculated the so-called event-related desynchronization/synchroniza tion (ERD/ERS; Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979; Pfurtscheller and Neuper, 1994; Pfurtscheller et al., 1997).”
MethodTemporal evolution of α and β bands during visual spatial attention
Marrufo, M. V., Vaquero, E., Moreno, M. J. C., & Gómez, C. M. (2001) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(01)00025-8 · Cited by 148
Eye-gaze independent EEG-based brain–computer interfaces for communication
Riccio, A., Mattia, D., Simione, L., Belardinelli, M. O., & Cincotti, F. (2012) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2560/9/4/045001 · Cited by 143
“Pfurtscheller and Aranibar (1979) and Pfurtscheller and Neuper 1992) have further elucidated this phenomenon and demonstrated that SMRs decrease and / or increase during motor behavior (event-related desynchronization, ERD, and event-related synchronization, ERS).”
BackgroundOut-of-synch and out-of-sorts: dysfunction of motor-sensory communication in schizophrenia
Ford, J. M., Roach, B. J., Faustman, W. O., & Mathalon, D. H. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.09.013 · Cited by 136
“Not apparent in our (short-epoch, high frequency) analysis is the possible desynchronization of the mu rhythm (8–14Hz), typically seen 1500ms before movements in human subjects(41).”
BackgroundBrains “in concert”: frontal oscillatory alpha rhythms and empathy in professional musicians
Babiloni, C., Buffo, P., Vecchio, F., Marzano, N., Del Percio, C., Spada, D., Rossi, S., Bruni, I., Rossini, P. M., & Perani, D. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.008 · Cited by 136
Brain-Computer Interface Controlled Functional Electrical Stimulation System for Ankle Movement
Do, A. H., Wang, P. T., King, C., Abiri, A., & Nenadić, Z. (2011) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-8-49 · Cited by 134
“Note that the observed latency is also consistent with a natural delay of maximal event-related desynchronization and synchronization of EEG sensorimotor rhythms [30,32], and it may be partially responsible for the delay in the BCI-FES system response.”
Pineda, J. A., Brang, D., Hecht, E. E., Edwards, L. A., Carey, S., Bacon, M. T., Futagaki, C., Suk, D. Y., Tom, J., Birnbaum, C., et al. (2008) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2007.12.003 · Cited by 135
Graimann, B., & Pfurtscheller, G. (2006) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)59006-5 · Cited by 130
Self-citationSub-second “temporal attention” modulates alpha rhythms. A high-resolution EEG study
Babiloni, C., Miniussi, C., Babiloni, F., Carducci, F., Cincotti, F., Percio, C. D., Sirello, G., Fracassi, C., Nobre, A. C., & Rossini, P. M. (2004) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2003.12.010 · Cited by 134
“Procedural details on ERD/ERS computation have been previously reported [39,41].”
Involvement of human thalamus in the preparation of self-paced movement
Paradiso, G. O. (2004) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh288 · Cited by 126
“Scalp recording in humans showed that ERD in thea (8–13 Hz, including the m rhythm) (Pfurtscheller and Aranibar, 1979; Pfurtscheller, 1992; Derambure et al., 1993a) and b (14–30 Hz) bands (Pfurtscheller, 1981; Toro et al.”
BackgroundNeurophysiological and behavioral indices of time pressure effects on visuomotor task performance
Slobounov, S., Fukada, K., Simon, R., Rearick, M. P., & Ray, W. J. (2000) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(00)00009-4 · Cited by 125
Derambure, P., Defebvre, L., Dujardin, K., Bourriez, J. L., Jacquesson, J., Destée, A., & Guieu, J. D. (1993) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section · doi:10.1016/0168-5597(93)90133-a · Cited by 124
Formaggio, E., Storti, S. F., Galazzo, I. B., Gandolfi, M., Geroin, C., Smania, N., Spezia, L., Waldner, A., Fiaschi, A., & Manganotti, P. (2013) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-10-24 · Cited by 123
“An accepted ERD/ERS procedure was used to quantify the event-related relative changes in EEG power at an electrode x [42,43] according to Eq.”
MethodAutomatic differentiation of multichannel EEG signals
Peters, B. O., Pfurtscheller, G., & Flyvbjerg, H. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/10.900270 · Cited by 123
Self-citationMulti-Class Motor Imagery EEG Decoding for Brain-Computer Interfaces
Wang, D., Miao, D., & Blohm, G. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00151 · Cited by 122
Zhuang, P., Toro, C., Grafman, J. H., Manganotti, P., Leocani, L., & Hallett, M. (1997) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0013-4694(96)96030-7 · Cited by 121
FEF-Controlled Alpha Delay Activity Precedes Stimulus-Induced Gamma-Band Activity in Visual Cortex
Popov, T. G., Kästner, S., & Jensen, O. B. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3015-16.2017 · Cited by 126
Tanji, K., Suzuki, K., Arnaud Delorme, A., Shamoto, H., & Nakasato, N. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4948-04.2005 · Cited by 119
“…view, the band-limited power changes in the - band (8 –14 Hz) and high- band (80 –120 Hz) were calculated using the same wavelet decomposition method [we called it event-related synchronization (ERS) or desynchronization (ERD), following the nomenclature by Pfurtscheller and Aranibar (1979)].”
MethodBrain-Machine Interface in Chronic Stroke: Randomized Trial Long-Term Follow-up
Ramos‐Murguialday, A., Curado, M. R., Broetz, D., Yilmaz, Ö., Brasil, F. L., Liberati, G., García‐Cossio, E., Cho, W., Carìa, A., Cohen, L. G., et al. (2019) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968319827573 · Cited by 118
Metadata
- Authors
- Pfurtscheller, G., & Aranibar, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Graz (AT)
- Venue
- Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1979-02
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 138-146
- ISSN
- 0013-4694 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2052684349
- Cited by
- 758
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 1.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Keywords
- event-related desynchronization, mu rhythm, alpha band, EEG preprocessing, thumb movement, motor cortex
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alpha Rhythm, Brain, Computers, Cortical Synchronization, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Male, Movement
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