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Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus
Abstract
A one-dimensional climate model is used to study the response of an Earth-like atmosphere to large increases in solar flux. For fully saturated, cloud-free conditions, the critical solar flux at which a runaway greenhouse occurs, that is, the oceans evaporate entirely, is found to be 1.4 times the present flux at Earth's orbit (S0). This value is close to the flux expected at Venus' orbit early in solar system history. Is is nearly independent of the amount of CO2 present in the atmosphere, but is sensitive to the H2O absorption coefficient in the 8- to 12-micrometers window region. Clouds should tend to depress the surface temperature on a warm, moist planet; thus, Venus may originally have had oceans if its initial water endowment was close to that of Earth. It lost them early in its history, however, because of rapid photodissociation of water vapor followed by escape of hydrogen to space. The critical solar flux above which water is rapidly lost could be as low as 1.1S0. The surface temperature of a runaway greenhouse atmosphere containing a full ocean's worth of water would have been in excess of 1500 degrees K--above the solidus for silicate rocks. The presence of such a steam atmosphere during accretion may have significantly influenced the early thermal evolution of both Earth and Venus.
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“A planet on the inner edge of the habitable zone (see Chapter 5) could conceivably have a large abiotic buildup of oxygen through a runaway greenhouse effect while the oceans evaporate; after photodissociation of water in the atmosphere, hydrogen could escape, leaving oxygen behind (Kasting, 1988).”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Kasting, 1988
Citations
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Beyond Runaway: Initiation of the Post-runaway Greenhouse State on Rocky Exoplanets
Boukrouche, R., Lichtenberg, T., & Pierrehumbert, R. T. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac1345 · Cited by 31
“…perspective, long-term runaway greenhouse states can desiccate the planet via H2O photolysis in the upper atmosphere and subsequent hydrogen escape (Kasting 1988; Wordsworth & Pierrehumbert 2013; Luger & Barnes 2015; Schaefer et al. 2016) and substantially alter the planetary composition inherited…”
BackgroundMethodThe Demographics of Terrestrial Planets in the Venus Zone
Ostberg, C. M., Kane, S. R., Li, Z., Schwieterman, E. W., Hill, M. L., Bott, K., Dalba, P. A., Fetherolf, T., Head, J. W., III, & Unterborn, C. T. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acbfaf · Cited by 31
“…is generally made to our local analog of Venus, whose differing atmospheric evolution from Earth has been the subject of considerable amounts of research effort (Donahue et al. 1982; Kasting 1988; Hamano et al. 2013; Way et al. 2016; Kane et al. 2019; Way & Del Genio 2020; Turbet et al. 2021).”
BackgroundChemical Evolution of the Atmosphere
Wayne, R. P. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470999318.ch1 · Cited by 31
Temperature‐Dependence of the Clear‐Sky Feedback in Radiative‐Convective Equilibrium
Kluft, L., Dacie, S., Brath, M., Buehler, S. A., & Stevens, B. (2021) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2021gl094649 · Cited by 30
“…shown to underpin a limit to how much energy Earth's troposphere can radiate to space in the thermal infrared (Nakajima et al., 1992), with runaway (greenhouse) warming ensuing when the absorbed insolation exceeds this limit (Goldblatt et al., 2013, 2017; Kasting, 1988; Nakajima et al., 1992).”
BackgroundInfluentialSnowball Planets as a Possible Type of Water-Rich Terrestrial Planet in Extrasolar Planetary Systems
Tajika, E. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/589831 · Cited by 28
“Because liquid water cannot exist beyond the runaway greenhouse limit (Kasting 1988; Nakajima et al. 1992), the inner edge of the HZ is 0.84 AU for the present luminosity of our Sun ( ) (Fig.”
BackgroundInfluentialAn annotated bibliography on the greenhouse effect and climate change
Handel, M. D., & Risbey, J. S. (1992) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/bf00140914 · Cited by 29
Kitzmann, D., Patzer, A. B. C., & Rauer, H. (2013) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220025 · Cited by 34
“The position of the inner boundary of the habitable zone is determined by the efficiency of the albedo effect by water droplet clouds (Kasting 1988).”
BackgroundIn search of planets and life around other stars
Lunine, J. I. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.10.5353 · Cited by 30
Water balance of Earth / Bilan hydrologique de la Terre
Kotwicki, V. (2009) · Hydrological Sciences Journal · doi:10.1623/hysj.54.5.829 · Cited by 29
“Water balance of Earth Copyright © 2009 IAHS Press 833 Water exchange with outer space While the Earth loses water to outer space, Kasting (1989) calculates that, at the present escape rate, it would take 7 billion years to lose the World Ocean, which corresponds to an escape rate of 0.2 km3 year-1.”
BackgroundInfluentialRobinson, T. D., & Crisp, D. (2018) · Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2018.03.002 · Cited by 29
“We further explore the accuracy of our climate calculations via a comparison to a widely-adopted, one-dimensional radiative convective model—the Clima tool developed by Kasting and collaborators [59, 60, 61, 62].”
MethodThe Effect of Photoionization on the Loss of Water of the Planet
Guo, J. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaffd4 · Cited by 30
Haberle, R. M., Catling, D. C., Carr, M. H., & Zahnle, K. J. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139060172.017 · Cited by 32
The past, present and future supernova threat to Earth’s biosphere
Beech, M. (2011) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-011-0873-9 · Cited by 28
Geoscience for Understanding Habitability in the Solar System and Beyond
Dehant, V., Debaille, V., Dobos, V., Gaillard, F., Gillmann, C., Goderis, S., Grenfell, J. L., Höning, D., Javaux, E., Karatekin, Ö., et al. (2019) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-019-0608-8 · Cited by 26
“These elements are unevenly distributed at the surface of terrestrial planets: for example, Venus lacks water (Kasting 1988; Kasting et al., 1988, 2015), while Mars has a surface that is dominated by sulfur but strongly depleted in carbon with respect to Earth and Venus (Gaillard et al. 2012).”
BackgroundWarming early Mars with climate cycling: The effect of CO2 - H2 collision-induced absorption
Hayworth, B., Kopparapu, R., Haqq-Misra, J. D., Batalha, N. E., Payne, R. C., Foley, B. J., Ikwut-Ukwa, M., & Kasting, J. F. (2020) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113770 · Cited by 28
“These are summed to compute the total outgoing long-wavelength flux at the top of the atmosphere (Kasting 1988).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCatling, D. C. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53802-4.00185-8 · Cited by 30
Terrestrial exoplanets: diversity, habitability and characterization
Selsis, F., Kaltenegger, L., & Paillet, J. (2008) · Physica Scripta · doi:10.1088/0031-8949/2008/t130/014032 · Cited by 28
Isotopic Fractionation by Gravitational Escape
Lammer, H. (2003) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1023/a:1024602124097 · Cited by 28
Positive Feedback in Climate: Stabilization or Runaway, Illustrated by a Simple Experiment
Dufresne, J., & Saint‐Lu, M. (2015) · Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · doi:10.1175/bams-d-14-00022.1 · Cited by 27
“A runaway greenhouse effect is thought to have happened on Venus, explaining its current atmospheric composition and its high density (Kasting 1988).”
BackgroundAsteroid flux towards circumprimary habitable zones in binary star systems: I. Statistical Overview
Bancelin, D., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Eggl, S., Maindl, T., Schafer, C., Speith, R., & Dvorak, R. (2015) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526430 · Cited by 6
“The definition, modeling and computation of the ”classical HZ” (hereafter CHZ) is given in Kasting [1988], Kasting [1991], Kasting et al.”
MethodThe role of planetary interior in the long-term evolution of atmospheric CO2on Earth-like exoplanets
Oosterloo, M., Höning, D., Kamp, I., & van der Tak, F. F. S. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039664 · Cited by 29
“This subsequently gives rise to surface temperatures well above the moist greenhouse threshold of 340 K, allowing for large amounts of water loss if those temperatures are maintained long enough (&108 yr) (Kasting 1988; Abbot et al. 2012).”
BackgroundEarly Habitability and Crustal Decarbonation of a Stagnant‐Lid Venus
Höning, D., Baumeister, P., Grenfell, J. L., Tosi, N., & Way, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2021je006895 · Cited by 29
“With increasing surface temperature, stronger water evaporation will lead to an even stronger increase in surface temperature as more water vapor is loaded into the atmosphere (Driscoll & Bercovici, 2013; Ingersoll, 1969; Kasting, 1988; Pollack, 1971).”
BackgroundEVOLUTIONARY CLIMATE TRACKS OF EARTH-LIKE PLANETS
Kadoya, S., & Tajika, E. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/815/1/l7 · Cited by 25
Inner Edge of Habitable Zones for Earth‐Sized Planets With Various Surface Water Distributions
Kodama, T., Genda, H., O’ishi, R., Abe‐Ouchi, A., & Abe, Y. (2019) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2019je006037 · Cited by 27
“This phenomenon is called the runaway greenhouse effect [e.g., Komabayashi, 1967; Ingersoll, 1969; Kasting, 1988; Abe and Matsui, 1988].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSemprich, J., Filiberto, J. R., & Treiman, A. H. (2020) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113779 · Cited by 27
“How Venus transitioned from a possibly water-bearing to a water-poor and hot atmosphere 511 is not known and models have suggested a rapid loss (Kasting and Pollack, 1983; Kasting, 1988), 512 a monotonic decline (Grinspoon, 1993), or a sporadic decline (Grinspoon and Bullock, 2007).”
BackgroundBaker, V. R., Dohm, J. M., Fairén, A. G., Ferré, T. P. A., Ferris, J. C., Miyamoto, H., & Schulze‐Makuch, D. (2005) · Hydrogeology Journal · doi:10.1007/s10040-004-0433-2 · Cited by 27
“A warm ocean may have existed for several hundred million years or longer until it evaporated away due to a run-away moist greenhouse effect and an increase in solar luminosity (Kasting 1988).”
BackgroundKatyal, N., Nikolaou, A., Godolt, M., Grenfell, J. L., Tosi, N., Schreier, F., & Rauer, H. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab0d85 · Cited by 26
“8, it is seen that FOLR approaches the radiation limit of ∼ 282 Wm−2 only by the end of the MO phase.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe TRAPPIST-1 JWST Community InitiativePreprint
Gillon, M., Meadows, V., Agol, E., Burgasser, A., Deming, D., Doyon, R., Fortney, J., Kreidberg, L., Owen, J., Selsis, F., et al. (2020) · Vol. 52, Issue 2 · doi:10.3847/25c2cfeb.afbf0205 · Cited by 27
“In such a state, greenhouse water can reach the thermosphere, where it can be photo-dissociated and undergo escape (e.g. Kasting, 1988).”
BackgroundPresence of a primary solar-type atmosphere around the earth: evidence of dissolved noble gas
Sasaki, S. (1999) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/s0032-0633(99)00084-7 · Cited by 26
Biomarkers of extrasolar planets and their observability
Selsis, F., Paillet, J., & Allard, F. C. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511536533.010 · Cited by 25
THE STRUCTURE OF SURFACE H2O LAYERS OF ICE-COVERED PLANETS WITH HIGH-PRESSURE ICE
Ueta, S., & Sasaki, T. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/775/2/96 · Cited by 25
“The inner edge of the HZ is determined by the runaway greenhouse limit (Kasting 1988; Nakajima et al. 1992), and the outer edge is estimated from the effect of CO2 clouds (Kasting et al. 1993; Mischna et al. 2000).”
BackgroundThe 2010 European Venus Explorer (EVE) mission proposal
the EVE team, Wilson, C., Chassefière, É., Hinglais, E., Baines, K. H., Balint, T. S., Berthelier, J. J., Blamont, J. E., Durry, G., Ferencz, C., et al. (2011) · Experimental Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10686-011-9259-9 · Cited by 25
“This massive H2O atmosphere may have resulted either (i) from the evaporation of a primordial water ocean, followed by hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen [23], or (ii) from outgassing of the primordial magma ocean, not necessarily followed by the formation of a (transient) water ocean [15].”
BackgroundConstraints on a potential aerial biosphere on Venus: II. Ultraviolet radiation
Patel, M., Mason, J. P., Nordheim, T. A., & Dartnell, L. R. (2021) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114796 · Cited by 29
“It has been proposed that the surface of early Venus may have been habitable and hosted a significant abundance of liquid water (Kasting, 1988; Donahue and Hodges, 1992; Kulikov et al., 2006; Bar-abash et al., 2007).”
Schlecker, M., Apai, D., Lichtenberg, T., Bergsten, G. J., Salvador, A., & Hardegree-Ullman, K. K. (2024) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/acf57f · Cited by 25
“…2020; Mezger et al. 2020; Zahnle & Carl-son 2020) and despite their similar bulk properties (Sm-rekar et al. 2018), they evolved into planets with very different surface conditions (Donahue et al. 1982; Kasting 1988; Hamano et al. 2013; Kane et al. 2014; Way & Del Genio 2020; Turbet et al. 2021).”
BackgroundHabitability of Super-Earth Planets Around Other Suns: Models Including Red Giant Branch Evolution
von Bloh, W., Cuntz, M., Schröder, K. ‐., Bounama, C., & Franck, S. (2009) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2008.0285 · Cited by 24
“These approximations have been derived from 24,000 runs of a radiation-convection model by Kasting and Ackerman (1986) and Kasting (1988).”
Climate variations on Earth-like circumbinary planets
Popp, M., & Eggl, S. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14957 · Cited by 24
The search for habitable planets with biosignature gases framed by a ‘Biosignature Drake Equation’
Seager, S. (2017) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550417000052 · Cited by 23
“There has been a prolific set of studies on O2 false positives, with the canonical example of the runaway green house where water photodissociates with H escaping to space, enabling O2 to accumulate to detectable levels (Kasting 1988; Schindler & Kasting 2000).”
BackgroundAtmospheric dynamics and habitability range in Earth-like aquaplanets obliquity simulations
Nowajewski-Barra, P., Rojas, M., Rojo, P., & Kimeswenger, S. (2018) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.01.002 · Cited by 26
Delivery of Water and Volatiles to the Terrestrial Planets and the Moon
Marov, M., & Ipatov, S. (2018) · Solar system research · doi:10.1134/s0038094618050052 · Cited by 3
“These estimates suggest that the mass of planetesimals or water delivered to Venus from beyond Jupiter’s orbit was approximately the same as that for the Earth, if taken per unit mass of the planet; at the same time, the analogous mass of planetesimals or water delivered to Mars was 2−3 times larger than that for the…”
BackgroundInfluentialExoplanet interiors and habitability
Hoolst, T. V., Noack, L., & Rivoldini, A. (2019) · Advances in Physics X · doi:10.1080/23746149.2019.1630316 · Cited by 26
“On the other hand, planets discovered in the HZ might experience a too strong greenhouse effect if atmosphere sinks (erosion of atmosphere to space and formation of volatile-bearing rocks at the surface) are insufficient, turning the planet into a more Venus-like state.”
BackgroundInfluentialMello, F. D. S., & Friaça, A. C. S. (2019) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550419000120 · Cited by 25
“Part of this convergence may be due to the fact that some of them (ours included) are based direct or indirectly on the atmospheric models of Kasting (1988) and Kasting et al. (1993).”
BackgroundDing, F., & Wordsworth, R. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab77d1 · Cited by 23
“On long timescales this atmospheric water vapor would be vulnerable to photodissociation and hydrogen loss to space (Kasting 1988).”
BackgroundThe fundamental connections between the Solar System and exoplanetary science
Kane, S. R., Arney, G., Byrne, P. K., Dalba, P. A., Desch, S. J., Horner, J., Izenberg, N. R., Mandt, K. E., Meadows, V., & Quick, L. C. (2021) · University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland) · Cited by 26
Nitrogen Fixation at Early Mars
Adams, D., Luo, Y., Wong, M. L., Dunn, P., Christensen, M., Dong, C., Hu, R., & Yung, Y. (2021) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2020.2273 · Cited by 24
Warren, A., & Kite, E. S. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2209751120 · Cited by 25
On the probability of habitable planets
Forget, F. (2013) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550413000128 · Cited by 24
“On the basis of simple 1D model calculations, Kasting (1988) found that on an Earth-like planet around the Sun, oceans would completely vaporize at 0.84 Astronomical Units (AU).”
MethodInfluentialAnthropic Selection for the Moon's Mass
Waltham, D. (2004) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2004.4.460 · Cited by 22
The Geology and Habitability of Terrestrial Planets: Fundamental Requirements for Life
Southam, G., Rothschild, L. J., & Westall, F. (2007) · Space Science Reviews · doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9148-8 · Cited by 23
Internal Structure and CO2 Reservoirs of Habitable Water Worlds
Marounina, N., & Rogers, L. A. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab68e4 · Cited by 25
Acyclic hydrocarbon environments ⩾n-C18 on the early terrestrial planets
Marcano, V., Benítez, P., & Palacios‐Prü, E. (2003) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/s0032-0633(02)00203-9 · Cited by 23
From climate models to planetary habitability: temperature constraints for complex life
Silva, L., Vladilo, G., Schulte, P. M., Murante, G., & Provenzale, A. (2016) · International Journal of Astrobiology · doi:10.1017/s1473550416000215 · Cited by 27
“Water can be lost as a consequence of a runaway greenhouse (RG) instability (Hart 1978; Kasting 1988).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEFFECT OF SURFACE-MANTLE WATER EXCHANGE PARAMETERIZATIONS ON EXOPLANET OCEAN DEPTHS
Komacek, T. D., & Abbot, D. S. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/832/1/54 · Cited by 23
“The extent of the traditional habitable zone is determined by the continental silicate weathering thermostat (Kasting 1988), in which silicate minerals react with CO2 and rainwater to produce carbonates (Walker et al. 1981).”
BackgroundKleinböhl, A., Willacy, K., Friedson, A. J., Chen, P., & Swain, M. R. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaca36 · Cited by 23
“Calculation of the moist adiabatic lapse rate is based on the method discussed by Kasting (1988), which is designed to provide the correct adiabat irrespective of the water inventory in the atmosphere.”
BackgroundMethodA CATALOG OF STELLAR EVOLUTION PROFILES AND THE EFFECTS OF VARIABLE COMPOSITION ON HABITABLE SYSTEMS
Truitt, A., Young, P. A., Spacek, A., Probst, L., & Dietrich, J. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/804/2/145 · Cited by 21
“We would expect H2O clouds to move the inner HZ boundary inward (Kasting 1988; Selsis et al. 2007; Yang et al. 2013) because their contribution to a planet’s albedo generally outweighs the contribution to the greenhouse effect.”
BackgroundLarge Interferometer For Exoplanets (LIFE)
Konrad, B. S., Alei, E., Quanz, S. P., Mollière, P., Angerhausen, D., Fortney, J. J., Hakim, K., Jordan, S., Kitzmann, D., Rugheimer, S., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245655 · Cited by 22
Two super-Earths at the edge of the habitable zone of the nearby M dwarf TOI-2095
Murgas, F., Castro-González, A., Πάλλη, Ε., Pozuelos, F. J., Millholland, S., Foo, O., Korth, J., Marfil, E., Amado, P. J., Caballero, J. A., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346692 · Cited by 22
Quantitative estimates of the surface habitability of Kepler-452b
Silva, L., Vladilo, G., Murante, G., & Provenzale, A. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1396 · Cited by 26
“However, a preliminary identification can be obtained by searching for terrestrial-type exoplanets lying in the habitable zone (HZ; Kasting 1988; Kasting, Whitmire & Reynolds E-mail: silva@oats.inaf.it 1993; Kopparapu et al. 2013, 2014) of late-type stars for a large fraction of the stellar…”
BackgroundKuiper prize lecture: Present and past climates of the terrestrial planets
Pollack, J. B. (1991) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(91)90017-n · Cited by 23
An Overview of Exoplanet Biosignatures
Schwieterman, E. W., & Leung, M. (2024) · Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry · doi:10.2138/rmg.2024.90.13 · Cited by 36
Superhabitability of High-obliquity and High-eccentricity Planets
Jernigan, J., Laflèche, É. A., Burke, A., & Olson, S. L. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acb81c · Cited by 24
“Higher concentrations of stratospheric water vapor could impact the longterm habitability of high-obliquity planets through enhanced water loss (Kasting 1988; Meadows 2017).”
BackgroundThe Effect of Varying Atmospheric Pressure upon Habitability and Biosignatures of Earth-like Planets
Keles, E., Grenfell, J. L., Godolt, M., Stracke, B., & Rauer, H. (2018) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2016.1632 · Cited by 24
“For convective layers the wet adiabatic lapse rate formulation (Kasting, 1988) is used to recalculate the temperature.”
Basilevsky, A. T., & McGill, G. E. (2007) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1029/176gm04 · Cited by 21
“There are models suggesting that Venus could have had an ocean for several hundred million years or possibly even longer [e.g., Kasting et al., 1984; Kasting, 1988; Grinspoon and Bullock, 2003].”
BackgroundPujol, T., & North, G. R. (2003) · Tellus A Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography · doi:10.3402/tellusa.v55i4.12101 · Cited by 24
“This result is not found in radiative– convective models (see Kasting, 1988), most likely because the radiation limit obtained here is an upper bound for the radiation limits that arise when convective processes are included (see the discussion in Nakajima et al., 1992).”
BackgroundInfluentialLong-term stability of the earth's climate
Kasting, J. F. (1989) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/0921-8181(89)90017-9 · Cited by 21
Self-citationThe Dawes Review 3: The Atmospheres of Extrasolar Planets and Brown DwarfsPreprint
Bailey, J. (2016) · Cited by 26
RAPID WATER LOSS CAN EXTEND THE LIFETIME OF PLANETARY HABITABILITY
Kodama, T., Genda, H., Abe, Y., & Zahnle, K. J. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/812/2/165 · Cited by 20
“From previous studies (Abe & Matsui 1988; Kasting 1988; Goldblatt et al. 2013; Kopparapu et al. 2013), it appears that when Mcv is expressed as a column it is equivalent to 1–10 m of precipitable water.”
BackgroundClimate sensitivity to ozone and its relevance on the habitability of Earth-like planets
Gómez-Leal, I., Kaltenegger, L., Lucarini, V., & Lunkeit, F. (2018) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.11.019 · Cited by 19
“The moist greenhouse state and the runaway greenhouse state are used to define the inner boundary of the conservative Habitable Zone (e.g. Kasting 1988; Kasting et al. 1993; Kopparapu et al. 2013; Ramirez and Kaltenegger 2014, 2016).”
InfluentialOrigins and Early Evolution of the Atmosphere and the Oceans
Marty, B. M. (2020) · Geochemical Perspectives · doi:10.7185/geochempersp.9.2 · Cited by 21
How does the background atmosphere affect the onset of the runaway greenhouse?
Chaverot, G., Turbet, M., Bolmont, É., & Leconte, J. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142286 · Cited by 20
Transits of extrasolar moons around luminous giant planets
Heller, R. (2016) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527496 · Cited by 20
“If an Earth-like object (planet or moon) absorbs more than 295 W m−2, it will enter a runaway greenhouse effect (Kasting 1988).”
Wetter Stratospheres on High-obliquity Planets
Kang, W. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab1f79 · Cited by 20
“Before getting to the catastrophic runaway greenhouse state (Ingersoll 1969), water escape could have rendered a planet uninhabitable (Kasting 1988).”
BackgroundAtmospheric Escape and Evolution of Terrestrial Planets and Satellites
Lammer, H., Kasting, J. F., Chassefière, É., Johnson, R. E., Kulikov, Y. N., & Tian, F. (2008) · Space sciences series of ISSI · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-87825-6_11 · Cited by 28
Self-citationFurfaro, R., Fink, W., & Kargel, J. (2012) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2012.01.014 · Cited by 20
Maximum Number of Habitable Planets at the Time of Earth's Origin: New Hints for Panspermia?
von Bloh, W., Franck, S., Bounama, C., & Schellnhuber, H. J. (2003) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1023/a:1024627326871 · Cited by 20
“Although thermophilic and hyperthermophilic life can exist at temperatures much higher than 60◦C a mean global surface temperature above this threshold results in a so-called “moist greenhouse” which leads to a wet stratosphere, rapid photodissociation and hydrogen escape to space (Kasting, 1988).”
BackgroundRadoman-Shaw, B. G., HARVEY, R. P., Costa, G., Jacobson, N. S., Avishai, A., Nakley, L. M., & Vento, D. M. (2022) · Meteoritics and Planetary Science · doi:10.1111/maps.13902 · Cited by 19
Dynamics and clouds in planetary atmospheres from telescopic observations
Sánchez-Lavega, A., Irwin, P., & Muñoz, A. G. (2023) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-023-00150-9 · Cited by 18
Impact induced surface heating by planetesimals on early Mars
Maindl, T. I., Dvorak, R., Lammer, H., Güdel, M., Schäfer, C., Speith, R., Odert, P., Erkaev, N. V., Kislyakova, K. G., & Pilat-Lohinger, E. (2014) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424256 · Cited by 19
“One should note that for the surface temperatures of ∼500 K, which are expected during the Mush stage (Lebrun et al. 2013), according to Kasting (1988) H2O vapor mixing ratios at the mesopause level will also be ∼1.”
BackgroundInitiation of a Runaway Greenhouse in a Cloudy Column
Popp, M., Schmidt, H., & Marotzke, J. (2014) · Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences · doi:10.1175/jas-d-13-047.1 · Cited by 18
“Other studies made use of models with a constant cloud layer as well or investigated the influence of clouds tentatively for single cloud layers at different temperature and pressure levels (e.g., Kasting 1988).”
MethodAN OBSERVATIONAL SIGNATURE OF EVOLVED OCEANS ON EXTRA-SOLAR TERRESTRIAL PLANETSPreprint
Jura, M. A. (2004) · Cited by 19
Chin, M., Ginoux, P. A., Kinne, S., Torres, O., HOLBEN, B. N., Duncan, B. N., Martin, R. V., Logan, J. A., Higurashi, A., & Nakajima, T. (2002) · Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences · doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059 · Cited by 1,580
von Paris, P., Grenfell, J. L., Hedelt, P., Rauer, H., Selsis, F., & Stracke, B. (2012) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219684 · Cited by 19
“Further developments were introduced by e.g. Kasting (1988), Kasting (1991), Kasting et al. (1993) Mischna et al. (2000), Pavlov et al. (2000) and Segura et al. (2003).”
BackgroundRedox state and interior structure control on the long-term habitability of stagnant-lid planets
Baumeister, P., Tosi, N., Brachmann, C., Grenfell, J. L., & Noack, L. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245791 · Cited by 23
A dry Venusian interior constrained by atmospheric chemistry
Constantinou, T., Shorttle, O., & Rimmer, P. B. (2024) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02414-5 · Cited by 22
“8,9).”
Radiative Energy Balance in the Venus Atmosphere
Titov, D. V., Piccioni, G., Drossart, P., & Markiewicz, W. J. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5064-1_4 · Cited by 19
Effect of O3 on the atmospheric temperature structure of early Mars
von Paris, P., Selsis, F., Godolt, M., Grenfell, J. L., Rauer, H., & Stracke, B. (2015) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.05.028 · Cited by 18
“Modeling the escape of water is a very important issue for atmospheric evolution and habitability (e.g., Kasting 1988, Kulikov et al. 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRaulin, F., McKay, C. P., Lunine, J. I., & Owen, T. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9215-2_9 · Cited by 21
Use of class A and class C stellar engines to control sun movement in the galaxy
Bădescu, V., & Cathcart, R. B. (2005) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.09.005 · Cited by 18
“The consequences will be a “moist greenhouse” effect on Earth, which is likely to spell a definite end to life on our planet well before the Sun becomes a red giant [5,6].”
BackgroundGeothermal heating enhances atmospheric asymmetries on synchronously rotating planets
Haqq-Misra, J. D., & Kopparapu, R. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2052 · Cited by 18
“It is bounded on the inner edge by the loss of water through initiation of a runaway greenhouse effect (Kasting 1988) and on the outer edge by the condensation of carbon dioxide (Kasting 1991).”
BackgroundPlanetary atmosphere evolution:Do other habitable planets exist and can we detect them?
Kasting, J. F. (1996) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/bf00644211 · Cited by 17
Self-citationThe D/H ratio and the evolution of water in the terrestrial planets
de Bérgh, C. (1993) · Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres · doi:10.1007/bf01581986 · Cited by 18
Kotwicki, V. (1991) · Hydrological Sciences Journal · doi:10.1080/02626669109492484 · Cited by 18
“The question of water on Venus is dilemmatic and by no means answered completely (Donahue et al, 1982; Greenspoon, 1987; Kasting, 1988 ).”
BackgroundCould the Migration of Jupiter Have Accelerated the Atmospheric Evolution of Venus?
Kane, S. R., Vervoort, P., Horner, J., & Pozuelos, F. J. (2020) · The Planetary Science Journal · doi:10.3847/psj/abae63 · Cited by 17
“The insolation flux for the early Venus considered here is 1.43 times the current solar constant, and Kasting (1988) predicted that the insolation flux at which complete water loss occurs is 1.4 times the current solar constant.”
BackgroundInfluentialAtmospheric dynamics of a near tidally locked Earth-sized planet
Kane, S. R. (2022) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01626-x · Cited by 18
“However, given the subtle difference in absorption features at these wavelengths for Venus and Earth analogues, distinguishing between such planets using transmission spectroscopy may require a broader wavelength criterion, or the identification of Earth-based absorption features such as O3 (refs.”
BackgroundA primordial atmospheric origin of hydrospheric deuterium enrichment on Mars
Pahlevan, K., Schaefer, L., Elkins-Tanton, L. T., Desch, S. J., & Buseck, P. R. (2022) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117772 · Cited by 18
“These abundances are low enough (Kasting, 1988) such that the bulk of the vapor is removed via condensation below the tropopause, producing a very dry stratosphere ( 10ppmv H2O, red curve, Fig 4).”
BackgroundThe Past and the Future of Plate Tectonics and Other Tectonic Regimes
Lourenço, D. L., & Rozel, A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85733-8.00004-4 · Cited by 19
Ranjan, S., Schwieterman, E. W., Leung, M., Harman, C. E., & Hu, R. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad037c · Cited by 22
“…for exoplanet biosignature search (Kopparapu et al. 2013; Kasting et al. 2014), as opposed to desiccated rocky planets, moist greenhouse rocky planets, Hycean worlds, or mini-Neptune aerial biospheres (Abe et al. 2011; Gao et al. 2015; Kasting 1988; Madhusudhan et al. 2021; Glidden et al. 2022).”
BackgroundImpact induced surface heating by planetesimals on early Mars
Maindl, T. I., Dvořák, R., Lammer, H., Güdel, M., Schäfer, C. M., Speith, R., Odert, P., Erkaev, N. V., Kislyakova, K. G., & Pilat‐Lohinger, E. (2015) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424256/pdf · Cited by 17
Planetary Magnetic Fields and Solar Forcing: Implications for Atmospheric Evolution
Lundin, R., Lammer, H., & Ribas, I. (2007) · Space sciences series of ISSI · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74288-5_9 · Cited by 18
Planetary Magnetic Fields and Climate Evolution
Brain, D. A., Leblanc, F., LUHMANN, J. G., Moore, T. E., & Tian, F. (2013) · University of Arizona Press eBooks · doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816530595-ch20 · Cited by 17
Self-limited tidal heating and prolonged magma oceans in the L 98-59 system
Nicholls, H., Guimond, C. M., Hay, H. C. F. C., Chatterjee, R. D., Lichtenberg, T., & Pierrehumbert, R. T. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1167 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- Kasting, J. F.
- Affiliations
- Ames Research Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kasting, James F.
- ORCID
- Kasting, James F.
- Venue
- Icarus
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1988-06
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 472-494
- ISSN
- 0019-1035 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1968152463
- Cited by
- 709
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 12.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Icarus (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- runaway greenhouse, Venus, Earth, water photodissociation, hydrogen escape, water vapor absorption, accretion, steam atmosphere, carbon dioxide, one-dimensional climate model
- MeSH terms
- Atmosphere, Carbon Dioxide, Climate, Light, Models, Theoretical, Scattering, Radiation, Sunlight, Temperature, Water, Solar System, Greenhouse Effect, Earth, Planet, Venus
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