Cited by 709Astro and Planetary SciencePlanetary Science and ExplorationStellar, planetary, and galactic studies

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Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus

Kasting, James F.·1988·Icarus

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Abstract

A one-dimensional climate model is used to study the response of an Earth-like atmosphere to large increases in solar flux. For fully saturated, cloud-free conditions, the critical solar flux at which a runaway greenhouse occurs, that is, the oceans evaporate entirely, is found to be 1.4 times the present flux at Earth's orbit (S0). This value is close to the flux expected at Venus' orbit early in solar system history. Is is nearly independent of the amount of CO2 present in the atmosphere, but is sensitive to the H2O absorption coefficient in the 8- to 12-micrometers window region. Clouds should tend to depress the surface temperature on a warm, moist planet; thus, Venus may originally have had oceans if its initial water endowment was close to that of Earth. It lost them early in its history, however, because of rapid photodissociation of water vapor followed by escape of hydrogen to space. The critical solar flux above which water is rapidly lost could be as low as 1.1S0. The surface temperature of a runaway greenhouse atmosphere containing a full ocean's worth of water would have been in excess of 1500 degrees K--above the solidus for silicate rocks. The presence of such a steam atmosphere during accretion may have significantly influenced the early thermal evolution of both Earth and Venus.

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“…the atmospheric structure in terms of the temperature–pressure relation, we define the inverse of the pseudo-moist adiabatic lapse rate, Γ − , following Kasting (1988), for reference 1 : where T is the temperature, p is the pressure, and p i is the pressure that component i would have if it…”
Influential
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“…atmosphere while receiving suﬃcient stellar irradiation to trigger water loss via photolysis and hydrogen escape, followed by the buildup of a dense CO 2 atmosphere, which is the evolutionary pathway hypothesized for Venus (Ingersoll 1969; Kasting 1988; Goldblatt et al. 2013; Way & Del Genio 2020).”
A broad exploration of climate and observability of close-in rocky exoplanets: Applications to Ross 128 b
Houelle, M., Bolmont, É., Lovis, C., Turbet, M., Chaverot, G., Mechineau, A., & Leconte, J. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202660174

Authors: Kasting, J. F.
Affiliations: Ames Research Center (US)
Corresponding author: Kasting, James F.
ORCID: Kasting, James F.
Venue: Icarus
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1988-06
Volume: 74
Issue: 3
Pages: 472-494
ISSN: 0019-1035 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0019-1035(88)90116-9
OpenAlex: W1968152463
Cited by: 709
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 12.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Icarus (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Planetary Science and Exploration
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Keywords: runaway greenhouse, Venus, Earth, water photodissociation, hydrogen escape, water vapor absorption, accretion, steam atmosphere, carbon dioxide, one-dimensional climate model
MeSH terms: Atmosphere, Carbon Dioxide, Climate, Light, Models, Theoretical, Scattering, Radiation, Sunlight, Temperature, Water, Solar System, Greenhouse Effect, Earth, Planet, Venus

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Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus

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