The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Subjective hunger relationships with meal patterns in the spontaneous feeding behavior of humans: Evidence for a causal connection
Abstract
The relationship between the subjective state of hunger and objective food intake was investigated using a diary self-report method. Thirty-one adult humans were paid to record in a diary, for 7 consecutive days, everything that they either ate or drank, the time that they ingested it, and how hungry they were on a seven point scale. The diary entries were encoded and entered into a computer. Meals were identified according to 5 different definitions and meal compositions, estimated stomach contents, and intermeal intervals calculated. Univariate and multiple linear regression predictions of self-reported hunger and meal size were calculated from these data. Self-reported hunger was found to be related negatively to the energy content and the proportion of protein in the stomach at the time of meal ingestion. Meal size was also found to be related to these same factors and also positively to self-rated hunger. These results suggest that protein has a unique satiating property beyond its contribution to total food energy. When self-rated hunger and the premeal stomach contents were all used in a multiple regression prediction of meal size the premeal stomach contents influence became nonsignificant leaving subjective hunger as the only significant predictor of meal size. These results suggest that subjective hunger represents an intermediary step in the cause-effect sequence between gut filling and cessation of meal ingestion.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear, and Rage.
Washburn, M. F., & Cannon, W. B. (1917) · The Journal of Philosophy Psychology and Scientific Methods · doi:10.2307/2013624 · Cited by 1,912
The volume and energy content of meals as determinants of gastric emptying.
Hunt, J. N., & Stubbs, D. F. (1975) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp010841 · Cited by 579
Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage.
(1929) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1929.00140060123013 · Cited by 287
Regulation of gastric emptying.
Burks, T. F., Galligan, J. J., Porreca, F., & Barber, W. D. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 204
Circadian rhythms of the spontaneous meal pattern, macronutrient intake, and mood of humans
de Castro, J. M. (1987) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(87)90028-x · Cited by 185
de Castro, J. M. (1987) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(87)90154-5 · Cited by 155
Meal pattern correlations: Facts and artifacts
de Castro, J. M. (1975) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(75)90271-1 · Cited by 154
Relative effectiveness of protein in the late stages of appetite suppression in man
Booth, D., Chase, A., & Campbell, A. T. (1970) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(70)90044-2 · Cited by 151
The pattern of gastric emptying: a new view of old results
Hopkins, A. P. (1966) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1966.sp007814 · Cited by 151
Caloric regulation of food intake in man.
Spiegel, T. A. (1973) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0035006 · Cited by 108
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Food reward: brain substrates of wanting and liking
Berridge, K. C. (1996) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(95)00033-b · Cited by 1,901
Stubbs, R. J., Hughes, D. A., Johnstone, A. M., Rowley, E., Reid, C., Elia, M., Stratton, R., Delargy, H., King, N., & Blundell, J. E. (2000) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114500001719 · Cited by 674
Effect of ambience on food intake and food choice
Stroebele, N., & De Castro, J. M. (2004) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.05.012 · Cited by 553
Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality
Leech, R. M., Worsley, A., Timperio, A., & McNaughton, S. A. (2015) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422414000262 · Cited by 379
Family and friends produce greater social facilitation of food intake than other companions
de Castro, J. M. (1994) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(94)90286-0 · Cited by 369
The Time of Day of Food Intake Influences Overall Intake in Humans
de Castro, J. M. (2004) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.1.104 · Cited by 329
Eertmans, A. (2001) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/16.4.443 · Cited by 345
Spontaneous meal patterns of humans: influence of the presence of other people
de Castro, J. M., & de Castro, E. S. (1989) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/50.2.237 · Cited by 279
Keim, N., Stern, J. S., & Havel, P. J. (1998) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/68.4.794 · Cited by 272
The amount eaten in meals by humans is a power function of the number of people present
de Castro, J. M., & Brewer, E. M. (1992) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(92)90212-k · Cited by 335
Short-term effects of macronutrient preloads on appetite and energy intake in lean women
Poppitt, S. D., McCormack, D., & Buffenstein, R. (1998) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00061-4 · Cited by 257
Social facilitation of duration and size but not rate of the spontaneous meal intake of humans
de Castro, J. M. (1990) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(90)90363-9 · Cited by 207
Dimensions of everyday eating and drinking episodes
Bisogni, C. A., Falk, L. W., Madore, E., Blake, C. E., Jastran, M., Sobal, J., & Devine, C. M. (2007) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.09.004 · Cited by 201
de Castro, J. M., Brewer, E. M., Elmore, D. K., & Orozco, S. (1990) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/0195-6663(90)90042-7 · Cited by 187
Self-citationEating behavior: lessons from the real world of humans
de Castro, J. M. (2000) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00414-7 · Cited by 173
Hunger ratings are not a valid proxy measure of reported food intake in humans
Mattes, R. D. (1990) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/0195-6663(90)90043-8 · Cited by 166
A Satiety Quotient: A Formulation to Assess the Satiating Effect of Food
GREEN, S., DELARGY, H., JOANES, D., & BLUNDELL, J. (1997) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1997.0096 · Cited by 160
Genetic influences on daily intake and meal patterns of humans
de Castro, J. M. (1993) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90188-l · Cited by 152
The appetizing effect of an apéritif in overweight and normal-weight humans
Westerterp‐Plantenga, M. S., & Verwegen, C. R. T. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.2.205 · Cited by 155
Socio-cultural determinants of meal size and frequency
de Castro, J. M. (1997) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19970103 · Cited by 154
The bogus taste test: Validity as a measure of laboratory food intake
Robinson, E., Haynes, A., Hardman, C. A., Kemps, E., Higgs, S., & Jones, A. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.002 · Cited by 154
de Castro, J. M. (1993) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90370-u · Cited by 141
de Castro, J. M. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/57.6.m368 · Cited by 138
Social facilitation of eating: Effects of social instruction on food intake
Redd, M., & de Castro, J. M. (1992) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(92)90409-u · Cited by 137
Contribution of snacks and meals in the diet of French adults: a diet-diary study
Bellisle, F., Dalix, A. M., Mennen, L., Galan, P., Hercberg, S., de Castro, J. M., & Gausseres, N. (2003) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00088-x · Cited by 134
Holt, S., Delargy, H. J., Lawton, C. L., & Blundell, J. E. (1999) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/096374899101382 · Cited by 134
Individual differences in the interoceptive states of hunger, fullness and thirst
Stevenson, R. J., Mahmut, M. K., & Rooney, K. B. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.06.008 · Cited by 132
de Castro, J. M. (2000) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00264-x · Cited by 120
Seasonal rhythms of human nutrient intake and meal pattern
de Castro, J. M. (1991) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(91)90527-u · Cited by 120
Feeling hangry? When hunger is conceptualized as emotion.
MacCormack, J. K., & Lindquist, K. A. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000422 · Cited by 125
Carbohydrates and human appetite
Blundell, J. E., Green, S. M., & Burley, V. J. (1994) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.3.728s · Cited by 116
Reducing Calorie Intake May Not Help You Lose Body Weight
Benton, D., & Young, H. A. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617690878 · Cited by 112
Social facilitation of the spontaneous meal size of humans occurs on both weekdays and weekends
de Castro, J. M. (1991) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(91)90365-u · Cited by 111
de Castro, J. M. (1995) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(94)00229-x · Cited by 108
What can hunger teach us about drug craving? A comparative analysis of the two constructs
Kassel, J. D., & Shiffman, S. S. (1992) · Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0146-6402(92)90006-a · Cited by 105
Relationships between human thirst, hunger, drinking, and feeding
McKiernan, F., Houchins, J. A., & Mattes, R. D. (2008) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.007 · Cited by 107
Weekly rhythms of spontaneous nutrient intake and meal pattern of humans
de Castro, J. M. (1991) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(91)90010-l · Cited by 100
de Castro, J. M. (1988) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(88)90367-8 · Cited by 98
de Castro, J. M., Bellisle, F., Feunekes, G. I. J., Dalix, A. M., & de Graaf, C. (1997) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/s0271-5317(97)00050-x · Cited by 97
Higher-protein foods produce greater sensory-specific satiety
Vandewater, K., & VICKERS, Z. M. (1996) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(95)02113-2 · Cited by 95
de Castro, J., & Orozco, S. (1990) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/52.2.246 · Cited by 94
Potential benefits of satiety to the consumer: scientific considerations
Hetherington, M. M., Cunningham, K., Dye, L., Gibson, E. L., Gregersen, N. T., Halford, J. C. G., Lawton, C. L., Lluch, A., Mela, D. J., & van Trijp, J. C. M. (2013) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422413000012 · Cited by 94
Blundell, J. E., & Stubbs, R. J. (1999) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600756 · Cited by 90
Cotton, J. R., Burley, V. J., Weststrate, J. A., & Bhmdell, J. E. (1994) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/j.1365-277x.1994.tb00402.x · Cited by 90
Dietary Energy Density Is Associated with Increased Intake in Free-Living Humans
de Castro, J. M. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.2.335 · Cited by 88
Normative and reliability data for 11 to 18 year olds on the eating disorder inventory
Shore, R. A., & Porter, J. E. (1990) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199003)9:2 · Cited by 161
Self-citationThe portion size effect on food intake. An anchoring and adjustment process?
Marchiori, D. R., Papies, E. K., & Klein, O. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.06.018 · Cited by 87
A general model of intake regulation
de Castro, J. M., & Plunkett, S. (2002) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(02)00018-0 · Cited by 88
Food intake, energy balance and body weight control
Doucet, É., & Tremblay, A. (1997) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600497 · Cited by 83
Pedersen, C., Lefevre, S., Peters, V., Patterson, M., Ghatei, M. A., Morgan, L., & Frost, G. S. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.02.017 · Cited by 83
Ainslie, P. N., Campbell, I. T., Frayn, K. N., Humphreys, S. M., MacLaren, D. P. M., Reilly, T. P., & Westerterp, K. R. (2002) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01249.2001 · Cited by 82
Palatability and intake relationships in free-living humans
de Castro, J. M., Bellisle, F., & Dalix, A. M. (2000) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(99)00166-3 · Cited by 80
The validity of appetite ratings
de Graaf, C. (1993) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/0195-6663(93)90008-8 · Cited by 78
Effect of habitual dietary-protein intake on appetite and satiety
Long, S. J., Jeffcoat, A. R., & Millward, D. J. (2000) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.2000.0332 · Cited by 76
Stubbs, R. J., Johnstone, A. M., O’Reilly, L., & Poppitt, S. D. (1998) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19980053 · Cited by 74
Factors influencing sensory-specific satiety
JOHNSON, J., & VICKERS, Z. M. (1992) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/0195-6663(92)90233-v · Cited by 72
Martin, A., Normand, S., Sothier, M., Peyrat, J., Louche‐Pélissier, C., & Laville, M. (2000) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114500001616 · Cited by 71
How can eating behavior be regulated in the complex environments of free-living humans?
de Castro, J. M. (1996) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(95)00047-i · Cited by 70
Heritability of Hunger Relationships With Food Intake in Free-Living Humans
de Castro, J. M. (1999) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(99)00065-7 · Cited by 66
Triggers of eating in everyday life
Tomiyama, A. J., Mann, T. L., & Comer, L. K. (2008) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.08.002 · Cited by 66
Appetite, feeding behaviour and energy balance in human subjects
Stubbs, R. J. (1998) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19980052 · Cited by 66
Sadoul, B. C., Schuring, E. A. H., Mela, D. J., & Peters, H. P. F. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.08.016 · Cited by 64
Methodological issues in the assessment of satiety
Livingstone, M. B. E., Robson, P. J., Welch, R., Burns, A. A., Burrows, M. S., & McCormack, C. (2000) · Näringsforskning · doi:10.3402/fnr.v44i0.1776 · Cited by 63
de Castro, J. M. (1998) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/128.1.61 · Cited by 62
A brief review of salient factors influencing adult eating behaviour
Emilien, C. H., & Hollis, J. (2017) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422417000099 · Cited by 66
A twin study of genetic and environmental influences on the intake of fluids and beverages
de Castro, J. M. (1993) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90076-r · Cited by 58
Internal and external determinants of eating initiation in humans
Marcelino, A.-S., Adam, A. S., Couronné, T., Köster, E. P., & Sieffermann, J. M. (2001) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.2000.0375 · Cited by 58
The effects of sugar-free vs sugar-rich beverages on feelings of fullness and subsequent food intake
S.H.A. Holt, N. S. (2000) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/096374800100912 · Cited by 57
Eating Patterns in French Subjects Studied by the “Weekly Food Diary” Method
Bellisle, F., Dalix, A. M., & de Castro, J. M. (1999) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1998.0195 · Cited by 57
How important is hedonism? Reasons given by college students for ending a meal
Mook, D. G., & Votaw, M. C. (1992) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/0195-6663(92)90211-n · Cited by 54
Food intake in the real world: implications for nutrition and aging
de Castro, J. M., & Stroebele, N. (2002) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-0690(02)00056-3 · Cited by 50
The control of food intake of free-living humans: Putting the pieces back together
de Castro, J. M. (2010) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.028 · Cited by 47
Time orientation mediates the link between hunger and hedonic choices across domains
Otterbring, T. (2019) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2019.02.032 · Cited by 48
Meal patterns of normal, untreated bulimia nervosa and recovered bulimic women
Elmore, D. K., & de Castro, J. M. (1991) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(91)90238-j · Cited by 47
Self-citationLunar rhythms of the meal and alcohol intake of humans
de Castro, J. M., & Pearcey, S. M. (1995) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(94)00232-t · Cited by 47
Hunger and BMI modulate neural responses to sweet stimuli: fMRI meta-analysis
Chen, E. Y., & Zeffiro, T. A. (2020) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-020-0608-5 · Cited by 48
Effects of eating rate on satiety: A role for episodic memory?
Ferriday, D., Bosworth, M. L., Lai, S. H. S., Godinot, N., Martin, N., Martin, A., Rogers, P. J., & Brunstrom, J. M. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.038 · Cited by 48
de Castro, J. M. (1990) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(90)90380-z · Cited by 37
Inheritance of Premeal Stomach Content Influences on Food Intake in Free Living Humans
de Castro, J. M. (1999) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00291-1 · Cited by 36
Inheritance of social influences on eating and drinking in humans
de Castro, J. M. (1997) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/s0271-5317(97)00039-0 · Cited by 37
Latner, J. D., & Wilson, G. T. (2004) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20060 · Cited by 34
Groesz, L. M., & Stice, E. M. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.01.010 · Cited by 34
Behavioral genetics of food intake regulation in free-living humans
de Castro, J. M. (1999) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(99)00114-8 · Cited by 31
Hunger can be taught: Hunger Recognition regulates eating and improves energy balance
Ciampolini, M., Lovell-Smith, Bianchi, R., & Kenealy, T. W. (2013) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s40655 · Cited by 33
de Castro, J. M. (2006) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.5.1382 · Cited by 29
Food Intake and Meal Patterns of One Year Old Infants
Pearcey, S. M., & de Castro, J. M. (1997) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1997.0099 · Cited by 30
The interactions of fluid and food intake in the spontaneous feeding and drinking patterns of rats
de Castro, J. M. (1989) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(89)90207-2 · Cited by 30
How can energy balance be achieved by free-living human subjects?
de Castro, J. M. (1997) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19970005 · Cited by 29
Putting restrained and unrestrained nondieters on short-term diets: Effects on eating
Lowe, M. R. (1994) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/0306-4603(94)90057-4 · Cited by 29
What are the major correlates of macronutrient selection in Western populations?
de Castro, J. M. (1999) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665199001032 · Cited by 29
Ainslie, P. N., Campbell, I. T., Frayn, K. N., Humphreys, S. M., MacLaren, D. P. M., & Reilly, T. P. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00683.2002 · Cited by 27
The effects of meal composition on subsequent craving and binge eating
Gendall, K. A., Joyce, P. R., & Abbott, R. M. (1999) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00046-x · Cited by 28
Impact of Agaricus bisporus mushroom consumption on satiety and food intake
Hess, J., Wang, Q., Kraft, C., & Slavin, J. L. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.06.021 · Cited by 27
Heck, H., & de Castro, J. M. (1993) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90071-m · Cited by 26
How genes control real world intake: palatability–intake relationships
de Castro, J. M., & Plunkett, S. (2001) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00519-0 · Cited by 26
Physiological and Psychological Determinants of Fluid Intake
Passe, D. H. (2000) · Nutrition in exercise and sport · doi:10.1201/9781420037180.ch3 · Cited by 24
de Castro, J. M. (1991) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(91)90273-q · Cited by 23
Food intake by brain-injured humans who are in the chronic phase of recovery
Henson, M. B., De Castro, J. M., Stringer, A. Y., & Johnson, C. (1993) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699059309008170 · Cited by 24
Independence of heritable influences on the food intake of free-living humans
de Castro, J. M. (2002) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00661-x · Cited by 22
Effects of Attentional Focus on Subjective Hunger Ratings
Herman, C. P., Ostovich, J. M., & Polivy, J. (1999) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1999.0243 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- de Castro, J. M., & Elmore, D. K.
- Affiliations
- Georgia State University (US)
- Venue
- Physiology & Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1988-01
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 159-165
- ISSN
- 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2044516801
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 3.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Georgia State University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Keywords
- subjective hunger, meal patterns, meal size, intermeal interval, dietary intake, satiety, meal termination
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Energy Intake, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Gastrointestinal Contents, Humans, Hunger, Male, Regression Analysis, Stomach
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review