The use of visual analogue scales to assess motivation to eat in human subjects: a review of their reliability and validity with an evaluation of new hand-held computerized systems for temporal tracking of appetite ratings
Open accessAbstract
This present paper reviews the reliability and validity of visual analogue scales (VAS) in terms of (1) their ability to predict feeding behaviour, (2) their sensitivity to experimental manipulations, and (3) their reproducibility. VAS correlate with, but do not reliably predict, energy intake to the extent that they could be used as a proxy of energy intake. They do predict meal initiation in subjects eating their normal diets in their normal environment. Under laboratory conditions, subjectively rated motivation to eat using VAS is sensitive to experimental manipulations and has been found to be reproducible in relation to those experimental regimens. Other work has found them not to be reproducible in relation to repeated protocols. On balance, it would appear, in as much as it is possible to quantify, that VAS exhibit a good degree of within-subject reliability and validity in that they predict with reasonable certainty, meal initiation and amount eaten, and are sensitive to experimental manipulations. This reliability and validity appears more pronounced under the controlled (but more artificial) conditions of the laboratory where the signal:noise ratio in experiments appears to be elevated relative to real life. It appears that VAS are best used in within-subject, repeated-measures designs where the effect of different treatments can be compared under similar circumstances. They are best used in conjunction with other measures (e.g. feeding behaviour, changes in plasma metabolites) rather than as proxies for these variables. New hand-held electronic appetite rating systems (EARS) have been developed to increase reliability of data capture and decrease investigator workload. Recent studies have compared these with traditional pen and paper (P&P) VAS. The EARS have been found to be sensitive to experimental manipulations and reproducible relative to P&P. However, subjects appear to exhibit a significantly more constrained use of the scale when using the EARS relative to the P&P. For this reason it is recommended that the two techniques are not used interchangeably.
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Perceived stress, hunger, and appetite were assessed using validated scales.
“Perceived stress, hunger, and appetite were assessed at hourly intervals by validated scales.”
From Adverse effects of two nights of sleep restriction on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men (2014) · cites this paper as [25]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Stubbs, R. J., Hughes, D. A., Johnstone, A. M., Rowley, E., Reid, C., Elia, M., Stratton, R., Delargy, H., King, N., & Blundell, J. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Stubbs, R. J.
- Venue
- British Journal Of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2000-10
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 405-415
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2143952061
- Cited by
- 674
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 0.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Keywords
- visual analogue scale, eating motivation, reliability statistics, validity, meal initiation, reproducibility, within-subjects design
- MeSH terms
- Appetite, Computer Graphics, Data Collection, Eating, Female, Humans, Male, Microcomputers, Motivation, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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