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Deficits in short-term memory in adult survivors of childhood abuse
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Exposure to stress has been associated with alterations in memory function, and we have previously shown deficits in short-term verbal memory in patients with a history of exposure to the stress of combat and the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Few studies of any kind have focused on adult survivors of childhood physical and sexual abuse. The purpose of this study was to investigate short-term memory function in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Adult survivors of severe childhood physical and sexual abuse (n = 21), as defined by specific criteria derived from the Early Trauma Inventory (ETI), who were presenting for psychiatric treatment were compared with healthy subjects (n = 20) matched for several variables including age, alcohol abuse, and years of education. All subjects were assessed with the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) Logical (verbal memory) and Figural (visual memory) components, the Verbal and Visual Selective Reminding Tests (SRT), and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). Adult survivors of childhood abuse had significantly lower scores on the WMS Logical component for immediate and delayed recall in comparison to normal subjects, with no difference in visual memory, as measured by the WMS or the SRT, or IQ, as measured by the WAIS-R. Deficits in verbal memory, as measured by the WMS, were associated with the severity of abuse, as measured by a composite score on the ETI. Our findings suggest that childhood physical and sexual abuse is associated with long-term deficits in verbal short-term memory. These findings of specific deficits in verbal (and not visual) memory, with no change in IQ, are similar to the pattern of deficits that we have previously found in patients with combat-related PTSD.
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“Consistent with deficits in hippocampal function are deficits in verbal declarative memory (Bremner 1995) and failure of hippocampal activation with memory tasks (Bremner 2003a) in adult women with early abuse-related PTSD.”
From The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology (2006) · cites this paper as Bremner 1995
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Cites
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ResultPsychophysiological Reactivity in Female Sexual Abuse Survivors
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“Although patterns of cognitive deficits have varied between cohorts with PTSD(27,43) difficulties in the areas of attention, learning, and memory, particularly verbal, have consistently been identified.(27,41,44,45) The impact of stress on neuropsychological functioning may in part be time-dependent.”
BackgroundGenetic, epigenetic and environmental impact on sex differences in social behavior
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“Previous studies on the relationship between verbal memory impairments and PTSD have reported both acquisition impairment (Yehuda et al., 2005b), and recall impairments related to an reduced ability to consolidate memory material (e.g., Bremner et al., 1995; Uddo et al., 1993).”
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Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung
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“One study found that patients with combat-related PTSD had an 8% reduction in right hippocampal volume as measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that was correlated with deficits in memory function (Bremner et al., 1995).”
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“In some studies, PTSD patients showed deficits in only verbal domain (2, 4, 5, 7, 16) whereas others found deficits in both verbal and visual domains (1, 3, 6, 8).”
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“Structural magnetic resonance imaging and volumetric assessments Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and volumetric assessment of the whole hippocampus and whole brain was performed utilizing measures previously described in detail (Bremner et al., 1995a, 1997, 2003).”
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“These memory impairments emphasize initial encoding and retention of new contents (Bremner, 2002), for instance, long lasting deficits in short-term memory have been shown in adults suffering from abuse during childhood (Bremner et al., 1995) as well as in Vietnam veterans diagnosed with PTSD (Bremner et al.”
BackgroundLongitudinal effects of PTSD on memory functioning
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“Childhood PTSD is associated with significant social impairments (Berman et al., 1996; Stallard et al., 1998); cognitive deficits (Bremner et al., 1995); poor academic performance (Reinherz et al., 1993); and a variety of comorbid disorders (Fletcher, 1996).”
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“Bremner et al. (1995) reported that there are similar neurocognitive impairments in both child and adult survivors of trauma.”
BackgroundUnderstanding School Sabotage Among Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence From Diverse Populations
Schrag, R. J. V., Edmond, T., & Nordberg, A. (2020) · Violence against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801219862626 · Cited by 27
“A substantial literature underscores the link between trauma and deficits in short-term memory, which is a key component of the learning process as new information is digested (Bremner et al., 1995; Shear, 2002; Uddo, Vasterling, Brailey, & Sutker, 1993).”
BackgroundHISTORY OF HEAD INJURY AMONG SUBSTANCE USERS: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS
Walker, R., Staton, M., & Leukefeld, C. (2001) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1081/ja-100104089 · Cited by 27
“Substance users with criminal histories have problems which may be associated with neurocognitive problems, including heritable effects, polydrug use, alcohol use, childhood trauma experiences with neglect and abuse, and antisocial traits (21,35,36,37,38,39,40).”
BackgroundInvestigating Individual Pre-trauma Susceptibility to a PTSD-Like Phenotype in Animals
Shanazz, K., Nalloor, R., Bunting, K. M., & Vazdarjanova, A. I. (2020) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2019.00085 · Cited by 34
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“Among non-clinical individuals, childhood trauma is associated with deficits in short-term memory continuing throughout adulthood and these deficits are associated with severity of abuse (Bremner et al. 1995).”
The Neuropsychological Profile of Comorbid Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Adult ADHD
Antshel, K. M., Biederman, J., Spencer, T. J., & Faraone, S. V. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714522512 · Cited by 28
“Studies that controlled for these comorbid conditions found learning, attention, and attentional shifting deficits in participants with PTSD (Beckham et al., 1998; Bremner et al., 1995; Jenkins et al., 2000; Vasterling et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSaar‐Ashkenazy, R., Veksler, R., Guez, J., Jacob, Y., Shelef, I., Shalev, H., Friedman, A., & Cohen, J. E. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144766 · Cited by 23
Neuroimaging and neurocircuitry in post-traumatic stress disorder: What is currently known?
Tanev, K. S. (2003) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-003-0072-7 · Cited by 14
“Researchers have found deficits in measures of verbal short-term memory (without a change in intelligence quotient) in patients with childhood abuse–related PTSD [36] and similar deficits in patients with combat-related PTSD [ 37 ,38].”
BackgroundBugental, D. B., Schwartz, A., & Lynch, C. (2010) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/j.1751-228x.2010.01095.x · Cited by 24
“…interference studies (e.g., Brooks, 1968; den Heyer & Barrett, 1971) have also provided evidence demonstrating the distinctiveness of verbal STM and visual STM. Deficits in verbal STM have been found to be particularly common among adult survivors of childhood abuse (Bremner et al., 1995).”
BackgroundNeuroimaging of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Bremner, J. D. (1998) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19980801-08 · Cited by 29
Rosa, M., Scassellati, C., & Cattaneo, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1156415 · Cited by 28
Legal and epidemiological aspects of child maltreatment toward an integrated approach
Loue, S. (1998) · Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1080/01947649809511074 · Cited by 23
Executive Functioning Among College Students With and Without History of Childhood Maltreatment
Daly, B., Hildenbrand, A., Turner, E., Berkowitz, S., & Tarazi, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1317685 · Cited by 21
Campanella, C., & Bremner, J. D. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118356142.ch12 · Cited by 17
Family hostility and children's cognitive processes
Medina, A. M., Margolin, G., & Wilcox, R. (2000) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(00)80037-4 · Cited by 21
The Neuropsychology of Anxiety Disorders: Affect, Cognition, and Neural Circuitry
Nitschke, J., & Heller, W. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/0470854871.chxix8 · Cited by 21
“As covered by Martis et al. (Chapter XIX-9), the handful of studies examining structural abnormalities in PTSD consistently implicate the hippocampi, with reduced volume ranging from 8% to 30% (Bremner et al., 1995a, 1997; Gurvits et al., 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialPTSD psychiatric patients exhibit a deficit in remembering
Tapia, G., Clarys, D., Hage, W. E., Belzung, C., & Isingrini, M. (2007) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210601145965 · Cited by 20
“E-mail: g.tapia@landesdegascogne.com # 2007 Psychology Press, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business http://www.psypress.com/memory DOI:10.1080/09658210601145965 performance (Bremner et al., 1995a; Gilbertson et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHome-ics: how experiences of the home impact biology and child neurodevelopmental outcomes
Christensen, R., Miller, S. P., & Gomaa, N. A. (2024) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-024-03609-2 · Cited by 19
Academic experiences of war-zone students in Canada
Stermac, L., Elgie, S., Clarke, A., & Dunlap, H. (2012) · doi:10.1080/13676261.2011.643235 · Cited by 19
Charney, D. S., Grillon, C., & Bremner, J. D. (1998) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/107385849800400208 · Cited by 97
Self-citationA Short Form of the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children
Wherry, J. N., Huffhines, L. P., & Walisky, D. N. (2015) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559515619487 · Cited by 18
Altered hippocampal function before emotional trauma in rats susceptible to PTSD-like behaviors
Nalloor, R., Bunting, K. M., & Vazdarjanova, A. I. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.02.006 · Cited by 17
“…that PTSD patients have general deficits in declarative and short-term memory (Bremner, Scott et al., 1993; Bremner, Steinberg, Southwick, Johnson, & Charney, 1993; Bremner et al., 1995; Gilbertson, Gurvits, Lasko, Orr, & Pitman, 2001; Jenkins, Langlais, Delis, & Cohen, 1998; Yehuda et al., 1995).”
Childhood Trauma in Mental Disorders: A Comprehensive Approach
Janiri, D., Piras, F., & Sani, G. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49414-8 · Cited by 18
Diane Swick, A., Cayton, J., Ashley, V., & Turken, A. U. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.005 · Cited by 23
Intellectual ability in young men separated temporarily from their parents in childhood
Pesonen, A., Räikkönen, K., Kajantie, E., Heinonen, K., HENRIKSSON, M. M., Leskinen, J. T., Osmond, C., Forsén, T., Barker, D. J. P., & Eriksson, J. G. (2011) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2011.06.003 · Cited by 17
A Biological Model for Delayed Recall of Childhood Abuse
Bremner, J. D. (2001) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1300/j146v04n02_08 · Cited by 18
Pathways to Resilience: The Role of Education in War-Zone Immigrant and Refugee Student Success
Stermac, L., Clarke, A., & Brown, L. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6375-7_15 · Cited by 17
Childhood trauma and general cognitive ability: Roles of minimization/denial and gender
Mert, D. G., Kelleci, M., Yildiz, E., Mizrak, A., & Kuğu, N. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.025 · Cited by 17
Adams, Z. W., Adams, T., Stauffacher, K., Mandel, H., & Wang, Z.-W. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715580846 · Cited by 16
The effect of childhood trauma on spatial cognition in adults: a possible role of sex
Syal, S., Ipser, J., Phillips, N. J., Thomas, K. G. F., van Honk, J., & Stein, D. J. (2014) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-014-9497-4 · Cited by 11
“…that those male participants with a history of trauma had significantly longer response latencies on the delayed measures of the DMS than men without traumatic experience [tLatAllDelay(17)=2.585, p= .019; tLat0Delay(17)=2.788, p=.013; t Lat4Delay(17)=2.352, p=.031; t Lat12Delay(17)= 1.943, p=.069].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in a Convenience Sample of 202 Gulf War Veterans
Chao, L. L. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197158 · Cited by 16
Verbal Learning Deficits in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression
Scheiner, D. L., Keilp, J. G., Mindt, M. R., Burke, A. K., Oquendo, M. A., & Mann, J. J. (2014) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21921 · Cited by 14
Les troubles cognitifs dans le Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) : une revue de la littérature
Tapia, G., Clarys, D., El‐Hage, W., & Isingrini, M. L. (2007) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s0003503307003065 · Cited by 22
Emdad, R., Söndergaard, H. P., & Theorell, T. (2004) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1034 · Cited by 13
Mnestische Blockaden als Stress- und Traumafolgen
Markowitsch, H. J. (2001) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026//16-3443.30.3.204 · Cited by 16
Choudhary, T., Elliott, M., Euliano, N., Gurel, N. Z., Rivas, A. G., Wittbrodt, M., Vaccarino, V., Shah, A. J., Inan, O., & Bremner, J. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.025 · Cited by 13
Headache and Comorbidities in Childhood and Adolescence
Guidetti, V., Arruda, M., & Özge, A. (2017) · Headache · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54726-8 · Cited by 13
“Short-term verbal memory [52], memory and response inhibition [53], and verbal declarative memory [54] are common deficits in abused children and in adults with a history of abuse in early infancy.”
BackgroundZoladz, P. R., & Diamond, D. M. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118356142.ch6 · Cited by 12
“This has been documented by reports of smaller hippocampal volume (Grossman et al., 2002; Liberzon et al., 2008; Nutt & Malizia, 2004; Shin et al., 2006) and impaired hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in PTSD patients (Bremner et al., 1995; Gilbertson et al., 2001).”
BackgroundPosttraumatic Stress Disorder: A State-of-the-Science Review
Nemeroff, C. B., Bremner, J. D., Foa, E. B., Mayberg, H. S., North, C. S., & Stein, M. B. (2009) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.7.2.foc254 · Cited by 39
Emotional Maltreatment in Animals
Mcmillan, F. D. (2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470384947.ch12 · Cited by 12
Do Glucocorticoids Have Adverse Effects on Brain Function?
Keenan, P. A., & Kuhn, T. W. (1999) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-199911040-00001 · Cited by 10
The Consequences of Child Sexual Abuse for Female Development
Trickett, P. K., Kurtz, D. A., & Noll, J. G. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-48674-1_12 · Cited by 10
Neurobiological Basis of Childhood Trauma and the Risk for Neurological Deficits Later in Life
Assogna, F., Piras, F., & Spalletta, G. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49414-8_18 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Douglas Bremner, J., Randall, P., Scott, T. M., Capelli, S., Delaney, R., McCarthy, G., & Charney, D. S.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System (US)
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-11
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 97-107
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2084057171
- Cited by
- 324
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for PTSD, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- childhood abuse, child physical abuse, child sexual abuse, short-term memory, verbal memory, visual memory, memory impairment, abuse severity, combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder, stress and memory
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Child Abuse, Child Abuse, Sexual, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Personality Inventory, Reference Values, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Verbal Learning, Wechsler Scales
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