An examination of the cocaine relapse process
Open accessAbstract
Although empirical studies of the relapse process have been done with alcoholics, smokers, and opiate addicts, comparatively little information is available on the relapse process in cocaine abusers. This paper presents data from the Cocaine Relapse Interview (CRI), a structured interview that assesses factors associated with the onset, course, and termination of cocaine relapse episodes. In a sample of 95 cocaine dependent patients, the experiences that occurred with the greatest frequency immediately prior to relapse were wanting drugs, being alone, having money, and feeling extremely bored and lonely. Following the onset of the relapse, the most frequent experience was unpleasant affect, although positive reactions were also relatively common. The factors perceived as most important in terminating relapse were painful internal states, help-seeking behaviors, and other coping responses. Three types of relapse experiences, or pathways, were identified: (a) unpleasant affect--painful internal states prior to and throughout the relapse; (b) positive affect--positive affect and pleasant social experiences prior to relapse coupled with a relatively unproblematic course; and (c) sensation seeking--sensation seeking and interpersonal problems prior to relapse coupled with mixed emotional reactions and antisocial behavior during the relapse, and interpersonal problems at relapse termination.
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Stress is a significant acute and long-term risk factor for drug craving and relapse.
“These data are particularly alarming as stress is a significant acute and long-term risk factor for drug craving and relapse (Back et al., 2010; McKay et al., 1995).”
From Effects of adverse childhood experiences on the association between intranasal oxytocin and social stress reactivity among individuals with cocaine dependence (2015) · cites this paper as McKay et al., 1995
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- Authors
- McKay, J. R., Rutherford, M. J., Alterman, A. I., Cacciola, J. S., & Kaplan, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- McKay, James R.
- ORCID
- McKay, James R.
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-04
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 35-43
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1996581174
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r29da008399-05)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-05186, DA08399)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Social Sciences › Demography › Youth, Drugs, and Violence
- Keywords
- cocaine relapse, cocaine dependence, relapse triggers, help-seeking, coping, sensation seeking, interpersonal problems, antisocial behavior
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Arousal, Cocaine, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Personality Assessment, Psychometrics, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Social Environment, Social Support, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Treatment Outcome, Substance-Related Disorders
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