Role of innate and drug-induced dysregulation of brain stress and arousal systems in addiction: focus on corticotropin-releasing factor, nociceptin/orphanin FQ, and orexin/hypocretin
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Stress-like symptoms are an integral part of acute and protracted drug withdrawal, and several lines of evidence have shown that dysregulation of brain stress systems, including the extrahypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system, following long-term drug use is of major importance in maintaining drug and alcohol addiction. Recently, two other neuropeptide systems have attracted interest, the nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) and orexin/hypocretin (Orx/Hcrt) systems. N/OFQ participates in a wide range of physiological responses, and the hypothalamic Orx/Hcrt system helps regulate several physiological processes, including feeding, energy metabolism, and arousal. Moreover, these two systems have been suggested to participate in psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and drug addiction. Dysregulation of these systems by chronic drug exposure has been hypothesized to play a role in the maintenance of addiction and dependence. Recent evidence demonstrated that interactions between CRF-N/OFQ and CRF-Orx/Hcrt systems may be functionally relevant for the control of stress-related addictive behavior. The present review discusses recent findings that support the hypotheses of the participation and dysregulation of these systems in drug addiction and evaluates the current understanding of interactions among these stress-regulatory peptides.
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An examination of the cocaine relapse process
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Nociceptin/orphanin FQ inhibits stress- and CRF-induced anorexia in rats
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Effects of Cocaine Self-Administration on Plasma Corticosterone and Prolactin in Rats
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Self-citationOrphanin FQ/nociceptin blocks methamphetamine place preference in rats
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Orphanin FQ/nociceptin blocks cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization in rats
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Chen BT Bowers MS Martin M Hopf FW Guillory AM Carelli RM Chou JK Bonci A Cocaine but not natural reward self-administration nor passive cocaine infusion produces persistent LTP in the VTA Neuron 2008 59 288 297 18667156 PMC2593405
- Funk CK Zorrilla EP Lee MJ Rice KC Koob GF Corticotropin-releasing factor 1 antagonists selectively reduce ethanol self-administration in ethanol-dependent rats Biol Psychiatry 2007 61 78 86 16876134 PMC2741496
- Liu X Weiss F Additive effect of stress and drug cues on reinstatement of ethanol seeking: exacerbation by history of dependence and role of concurrent activation of corticotropin-releasing factor and opioid mechanisms J Neurosci 2002 22 7856 7861 12223538 PMC6758095
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Martin-Fardon, R., Zorrilla, E. P., Ciccocioppo, R., & Weiss, F.
- Affiliations
- Università di Camerino (IT)
- Scripps Research Institute (US)
- Venue
- Brain Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 1314
- Pages
- 145-161
- ISSN
- 0006-8993 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2819635
- OpenAlex
- W2054684724
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 167
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 0.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Unicam Scientific Publications (University of Camerino) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH/NIDA and NIH/NIAAA (DA07348, DA08467, DA017097, AA014351, and AA006420)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- drug addiction, stress system, arousal system, corticotropin-releasing factor, nociceptin/orphanin FQ, hypocretin/orexin, drug withdrawal, chronic drug exposure, neuropeptide interactions, alcoholism, anxiety
- MeSH terms
- Orexins, Nociceptin, Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Arousal, Brain, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Humans, Neural Pathways, Neuropeptides, Stress, Psychological, Comorbidity, Opioid Peptides, Substance-Related Disorders, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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