The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Matters of mind: Mindfulness/mindlessness in perspective
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“addiction may be characterized by mindlessness [20], i.e., habitual or stereotyped responses that may be executed automatically without conscious volition or strategic regard for distal consequences.”
From Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research (2018) · cites this paper as [20]
Citations
Cites
Ambrose, A., Wittgenstein, L., & Anscombe, G. E. M. (1954) · Philosophy and Phenomenological Research · doi:10.2307/2103745 · Cited by 12,289
Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention.
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.1.1 · Cited by 5,902
View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery
Ulrich, R. S. (1984) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6143402 · Cited by 5,341
Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (1972) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3 · Cited by 4,996
Langer, E. J. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.311 · Cited by 3,909
Self-citationControlled and automatic human information processing: I
Schneider, W. E., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) · Cited by 2,228
Psychological status of the script concept.
Abelson, R. P. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.36.7.715 · Cited by 1,743
Salience, Attention, and Attribution: Top of the Head Phenomena
Taylor, S. E., & Fiske, S. T. (1978) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60009-x · Cited by 1,329
Activism and Powerful Others: Distinctions within the Concept of Internal-External Control
Levenson, H. (1974) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.1974.10119988 · Cited by 1,193
Diener, C. I., & Dweck, C. S. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.5.451 · Cited by 1,186
When people ask "why" questions, and the heuristics of attributional search.
Wong, P. T. P., & Weiner, B. L. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.40.4.650 · Cited by 1,096
Causes and effects of causal attribution.
Hastie, R. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.1.44 · Cited by 714
Langer, E. J., Blank, A., & Chanowitz, B. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.6.635 · Cited by 694
Self-citationUnbelieving the unbelievable: Some problems in the rejection of false information.
Gilbert, D. T., Krull, D. S., & Malone, P. S. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.4.601 · Cited by 681
Consciousness and Self-Regulation
Davidson, R. J., SCHWARTZ, G. E. R., & Shapiro, D. L. (1986) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0629-1 · Cited by 595
Resources--a theoretical soup stone?
Navon, D. (1984) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.91.2.216 · Cited by 590
Pattern of dendritic branching in occipital cortex of rats reared in complex environments
Greenough, W. T., & Volkmar, F. R. (1973) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(73)90090-3 · Cited by 536
Rearing complexity affects branching of dendrites in the visual cortex of the rat
Volkmar, F. R., & Greenough, W. T. (1972) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.176.4042.1445 · Cited by 513
Controlled and Automatic Human Information Processing: 1. Detection, Search, and Attention.
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) · Psychological Review · Cited by 506
Transcendental Meditation, mindfulness, and longevity: An experimental study with the elderly.
Alexander, C. N., Langer, E. J., Newman, R. I., Chandler, H. M., & al, E. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.57.6.950 · Cited by 400
Self-citationOutcome dependency: Attention, attribution, and attraction.
Berscheid, E., Graziano, W., Monson, T. C., & Dermer, M. L. (1976) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.34.5.978 · Cited by 399
Role of disconfirmed expectancies in the instigation of attributional processing.
Pyszczynski, T. A., & Greenberg, J. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.40.1.31 · Cited by 391
Perceiver-induced constraint: Interpretations of self-generated reality.
Gilbert, D. T., & Jones, E. E. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.269 · Cited by 335
Confiding in others and illness rate among spouses of suicide and accidental-death victims.
Pennebaker, J. W., & O'Heeron, R. C. (1984) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.93.4.473 · Cited by 316
Brain Changes in Response to Experience
Rosenzweig, M. R., Bennett, E. L., & Diamond, M. C. (1972) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0272-22 · Cited by 300
Transcendental Meditation, mindfulness, and longevity: An experimental study with the elderly.
Alexander, C. N., Langer, E. J., Newman, R. I., et al. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.950 · Cited by 297
Self-citationHigher stages of human development: perspectives on adult growth
Alexander, C. N., & Langer, E. J. (1990) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 281
Self-citationKrech, D., Rosenzweig, M. R., & Bennett, E. L. (1962) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0044220 · Cited by 274
The prevention of mindlessness.
Langer, E. J., & Piper, A. I. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.2.280 · Cited by 272
Self-citationThe semantics of asking a favor: How to succeed in getting help without really dying.
Langer, E. J., & Abelson, R. P. (1972) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0033379 · Cited by 261
Self-citationWhen practice makes imperfect: Debilitating effects of overlearning.
Langer, E. J., & Imber, L. G. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.37.11.2014 · Cited by 195
Self-citationPremature cognitive commitment.
Chanowitz, B., & Langer, E. J. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.41.6.1051 · Cited by 132
Self-citationFiala, B. A., Joyce, J. N., & Greenough, W. T. (1978) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(78)90229-7 · Cited by 129
EEG Phase Coherence, Pure Consciousness, Creativity, and Tm—Sidhi Experiences
Orme‐Johnson, D. W., & Haynes, C. T. (1981) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207458108985804 · Cited by 112
Harkness, A. R., DeBono, K. G., & Borgida, E. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.22 · Cited by 97
Badawi, K., Wallace, R. K., Orme‐Johnson, D. W., & Rouzere, A. M. (1984) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198405000-00008 · Cited by 91
Premature cognitive commitment.
Chanowitz, B., & Langer, E. J. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.6.1051 · Cited by 88
Self-citationEnvironmental determinants of memory improvement in late adulthood.
Langer, E. J., Beck, P., Winman, C., Rodin, J., & Spitzer, L. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.37.11.2003 · Cited by 86
Self-citationIntellectual Stability and Survival in the Aged
Jarvik, L. F., & Falek, A. (1963) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/18.2.173 · Cited by 82
Thinking about thinking: Causal, evaluative and finalistic cognitions about social situations
Abele, A. E. (1985) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420150306 · Cited by 81
A study of the dropout rates in longitudinal research on aging and the prediction of death.
Riegel, K. F., Riegel, R. M., & Meyer, G. (1967) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0024298 · Cited by 78
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST PERFORMANCE IN FRAMINGHAM: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
Farmer, M. E., White, L. R., Kittner, S. J., Kaplan, E., Moes, E., McNamara, P. S., WOLZ, M. M., Wolf, P. A., & Feinleib, M. (1987) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1987.60.3c.1023 · Cited by 73
Development of Social Cognition
Slaughter, V. P. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170235.ch9 · Cited by 69
Instigation of Attribution Processes by Attributional Questions
Enzle, M. E., & Schopflocher, D. (1978) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727800400420 · Cited by 61
When Thinking Disrupts Intellectual Performance
Langer, E. J., & Weinman, C. (1981) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616728172009 · Cited by 57
Self-citationCauses and effects of causal attribution.
Hastie, R. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.46.1.44 · Cited by 54
Mindfulness and Intelligence: A Comparison
Brown, J., & Langer, E. J. (1990) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.1990.9653116 · Cited by 47
Self-citationExplanations, attributions and the social context of unexpected behaviour
Lalljee, M., Watson, M. C., & White, P. A. (1982) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420120102 · Cited by 34
Mikula, G., & Schlamberger, K. (1985) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420150104 · Cited by 30
Relinquishment of control and the Type A behavior pattern: The role of performance evaluation.
Strube, M., Berry, J. M., & Moergen, S. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.49.3.831 · Cited by 26
Two new applications of mindlessness theory: Alcoholism and aging
Langer, E. J., Perlmuter, L. C., Chanowitz, B., & Rubin, R. (1988) · Journal of Aging Studies · doi:10.1016/0890-4065(88)90008-4 · Cited by 21
Self-citationRelinquishment of control and the Type A behavior pattern: The role of performance evaluation.
Strube, M., Berry, J. M., & Moergen, S. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.831 · Cited by 17
Birren, J. E. (1968) · PubMed · Cited by 13
Abnormalities in the orienting response in senile dementia
Jonsson, C., Mälhammar, G., & Waldton, S. (1976) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1976.tb00127.x · Cited by 8
Health status as a variable in aging research
Abrahams, J. (1976) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610737608257978 · Cited by 8
Intellect, Mental Illness, and Survival in the Aged: a Longitudinal Investigation
Hall, E. H., Savage, R. D., Bolton, N., Pidwell, D. M., & Blessed, G. (1972) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/27.2.237 · Cited by 8
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Bennet, 1977, Hemispheric laterality and status of the aged, Psychiatric Research Reports, 23, 207
- Birren, 1968, Increment and decrement in the intellectual status of the aged, Psychiatric Research Reports, 23, 207
- Cummins, 1976, Synaptic changes in differentially reared mice, Australian Psychologist, 2, 229
- Langer, 1984, The relationship between cognitive deprivation and longevity in senile and non-senile elderly populations, Academic Psychology Bulletin, 6, 211
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Machines and Mindlessness: Social Responses to Computers
Nass, C., & Moon, Y. (2000) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00153 · Cited by 4,022
“While there is evidence that people can be trained to be more mindful of context cues (see Langer, 1989, 1992), it is unclear how broadly this ability generalizes and the circumstances under which users can overcome cognitive limitations.”
BackgroundMeditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility
Moore, A., & Malinowski, P. (2009) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2008.12.008 · Cited by 1,220
Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000) · Prevention & Treatment · doi:10.1037/1522-3736.3.1.31a · Cited by 1,137
“2 The term mindfulness has been used both within the meditation literature (e.g., KabatZinn, 1990) and within the social psychological literature (e.g., Langer, 1989, 1992).”
MethodThe benefits and dangers of enjoyment with social networking websites
Turel, O., & Serenko, A. (2012) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/ejis.2012.1 · Cited by 684
“Regardless of the theoretical standpoint on the development of addiction, all models argue that addictions result in various negative consequences for the users and their environments.”
BackgroundHo, A., Hancock, J., & Miner, A. S. (2018) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqy026 · Cited by 629
“This tendency is assumed to occur because of mindlessness (Langer, 1992).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Langer, E. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Langer, Ellen J
- ORCID
- Langer, Ellen J
- Venue
- Consciousness and Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1992-09
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 289-305
- ISSN
- 1053-8100 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2058544703
- Cited by
- 443
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 0.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Consciousness and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Cognitive Science and Education Research
- Keywords
- mindfulness, mindlessness, conscious awareness, automatic vs controlled processing, functional fixedness, overlearning, habit, cognitive commitment, context sensitivity, cognitive flexibility, memory, consciousness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
