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Matters of mind: Mindfulness/mindlessness in perspective
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“addiction may be characterized by mindlessness [20], i.e., habitual or stereotyped responses that may be executed automatically without conscious volition or strategic regard for distal consequences.”
From Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research (2018) · cites this paper as [20]
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Machines and Mindlessness: Social Responses to Computers
Nass, C., & Moon, Y. (2000) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00153 · Cited by 4,022
“While there is evidence that people can be trained to be more mindful of context cues (see Langer, 1989, 1992), it is unclear how broadly this ability generalizes and the circumstances under which users can overcome cognitive limitations.”
BackgroundMeditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility
Moore, A., & Malinowski, P. (2009) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2008.12.008 · Cited by 1,220
Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000) · Prevention & Treatment · doi:10.1037/1522-3736.3.1.31a · Cited by 1,137
“2 The term mindfulness has been used both within the meditation literature (e.g., KabatZinn, 1990) and within the social psychological literature (e.g., Langer, 1989, 1992).”
MethodThe benefits and dangers of enjoyment with social networking websites
Turel, O., & Serenko, A. (2012) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/ejis.2012.1 · Cited by 684
“Regardless of the theoretical standpoint on the development of addiction, all models argue that addictions result in various negative consequences for the users and their environments.”
BackgroundHo, A., Hancock, J., & Miner, A. S. (2018) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqy026 · Cited by 629
“This tendency is assumed to occur because of mindlessness (Langer, 1992).”
BackgroundReview and evaluation of mindfulness-based iPhone apps
Mani, M., Kavanagh, D. J., Hides, L., & Stoyanov, S. R. (2015) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.4328 · Cited by 495
“The benefits of present-centered attention and acceptance of experience that can be achieved through mindfulness include enhanced awareness, greater self-regulation, greater openness and acceptance to experiences, and the development of new perspectives on the context and content of information [4].”
BackgroundMindfulness-based relapse prevention for alcohol and substance use disorders
Witkiewitz, K., Marlatt, G. A., & Walker, D. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcop.2005.19.3.211 · Cited by 514
“It doesn’t matter what you are!” Explaining social effects of agents and avatars
von der Pütten, A. M., Krämer, N. C., Gratch, J., & Kang, S.-H. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.06.012 · Cited by 389
“Mindlessness (Langer, 1989, 1992; Langer, & Moldoveanu, 2000) can be best understood as the failure to draw novel distinctions.”
BackgroundContemporary Social Psychological Theories
Burke, P. J. (2020) · Stanford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781503605626 · Cited by 391
Carsley, D., Khoury, B., & Heath, N. L. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0839-2 · Cited by 381
“1995) and as an individual state, combining an awareness of the moment with both attention and openness to experiences (Langer 1992).”
BackgroundThe potential effects of meditation on age-related cognitive decline: a systematic review.
Gard, T., Hölzel, B. K., & Lazar, S. W. (2014) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12348 · Cited by 363
Mindfulness and the Intention-Behavior Relationship Within the Theory of Planned Behavior
Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Hagger, M. S. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206297401 · Cited by 326
“The construct of mindfulness, as conceptualized in the present study, is similar to other formulations of mindfulness (e.g., Langer, 1992).”
BackgroundInfluentialGarland, E. L., & Howard, M. O. (2018) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-018-0115-3 · Cited by 300
“In contrast to trait mindfulness, which is associated with cognitive and behavioral flexibility, addiction may be characterized by mindlessness [20], i.”
BackgroundGarland, E. L., Froeliger, B., Zeidan, F., Partin, K., & Howard, M. O. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.08.006 · Cited by 277
Effects of podcast tours on tourist experiences in a national park
Kang, M., & Ulrike Gretzel, B. (2011) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2011.05.005 · Cited by 254
“According to Langer (1992), mindfulness is “a state of conscious awareness in which the individual is implicitly aware of the context and content of information characterized by a state of openness to novelty in which the individual actively constructs categories and distinctions” (p.89).”
BackgroundSocial mindfulness: skill and will to navigate the social world.
Van Doesum, N. J., Van Lange, D. A. W., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032540 · Cited by 241
From cross-cultural management to global leadership: Evolution and adaptation
Bird, A. W., & Mendenhall, M. E. (2015) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2015.10.005 · Cited by 210
“Mindfulness refers to a process of thinking that is open to new information, new categories, and multiple perspectives (Langer, 1992).”
BackgroundWhite, J. B., Langer, E. J., Yariv, L., & Welch, J. C. (2006) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-006-9005-0 · Cited by 207
“Add to this cycle the link between self-focused attention and negative affect (Langer, 1989, 1992; Nolen-Hoeksema, Larson, & Grayson, 1999; Pyszczynski & Greenberg, 1987), and the drive to evaluate ourselves can put us on the road to chronic dissatisfaction.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThomaz, F., Salge, C., Karahanna, E., & Hulland, J. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-019-00704-3 · Cited by 204
“These social responses occur as a result of conscious attention to a subset of contextual cues that trigger various scripts from the past (Langer, 1992; Moon, 2000, 2003; Nass & Moon, 2000; Nass, Steuer, & Tauber, 1994)) that are applied mindlessly even when such behaviors seem irrational,…”
BackgroundDeceitful Media: Artificial Intelligence and Social Life after the Turing Test
Natale, S. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190080365.001.0001 · Cited by 209
Mind the Gap in Mindfulness Research: A Comparative Account of the Leading Schools of Thought
Hart, R., Ivtzan, I., & Hart, D. (2013) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035212 · Cited by 213
“…as the activation of habitual behavioral scripts) is useful, since it frees our mind to perform higher levels of cognitive functioning (Langer, 1989, 1992, 2000; Chanowitz & Langer, 1981), she argued that we spend an overextended portion of our waking time in this state (Langer, 1992, 2005).”
InfluentialNot such smart tourism? The concept of e-lienation
Tribe, J., & Mkono, M. (2017) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2017.07.001 · Cited by 174
Theory of mind: mechanisms, methods, and new directions
Byom, L. J., & Mutlu, B. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00413 · Cited by 196
Acts of Benevolence: A Limited-Resource Account of Compliance with Charitable Requests
Fennis, B. M., Janssen, L., & Vohs, K. D. (2008) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/593291 · Cited by 160
“According to Cialdini and others (e.g., Cialdini 1993; Cialdini and Goldstein 2004), the effectiveness of influence techniques hinges on the notion of consumer automaticity or “mindlessness” (Langer 1992).”
Xu, K., Chen, X., & Huang, L. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107321 · Cited by 171
“…humans actively engage in the present and demonstrate sensitivity to new contexts or information, while mindlessness is a state of mind wherein humans tend to be automatic in cognitive processing, oblivious to novelty, and dependent on behaviors or judgments made in the past (Langer, 1992, 2000).”
BackgroundYou are what you wear: Brand personality influences on consumer impression formation
Fennis, B. M., & Pruyn, A. T. H. (2007) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.06.013 · Cited by 147
“…1986) or HSM (Chaiken, 1980) in that all these frameworks discern a careful and effortful form of processing that requires considerable conscious attention, and a more limited and heuristic type of processing, that is sometimes akin to the concept of “mindlessness” forwarded by Langer (1992).”
BackgroundCognitive psychology and tourism research: state of the art
Skavronskaya, L., Scott, N., Moyle, B., Le, D., Hadinejad, A., Zhang, R., Gardiner, S. J., Coghlan, A., & Shakeela, A. (2017) · Tourism Review · doi:10.1108/tr-03-2017-0041 · Cited by 156
Beyond (Just) the Workplace: A Theory of Leader Development Across Multiple Domains
Hammond, M. M., Clapp‐Smith, R., & Palanski, M. E. (2016) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2014.0431 · Cited by 158
Artificial intelligence-assisted mindfulness in tourism, hospitality, and events
Wang, Y., & Uysal, M. (2023) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-11-2022-1444 · Cited by 146
Hong, J.-W., Wang, Y., & Lanz, P. (2020) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2020.1785693 · Cited by 130
“The application of these social behaviors is ‘mindless’, which is a concept that Langer (1992) devised to illustrate a person’s behavioral tendency of becoming context-dependent and over-reliant on past experiences.”
BackgroundAppel, J., von der Pütten, A. M., Krämer, N. C., & Gratch, J. S. (2012) · Advances in Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1155/2012/324694 · Cited by 133
“Mindlessness [21–23] can be best understood as the failure to draw novel distinctions as no active information processing takes place.”
BackgroundForest bathing as a mindful tourism practice
Farkić, J. M., Isailović, G., & Taylor, S. (2021) · Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights · doi:10.1016/j.annale.2021.100028 · Cited by 129
Mindful tourist experiences: A Buddhist perspective
Chen, L. I.-L., Scott, N., & Benckendorff, P. J. (2017) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2017.01.013 · Cited by 132
“SCM is based on a dual information-processing model which contrasts opposing mental states of mindfulness or mindlessness (Langer, 1992).”
MethodMindful and Masculine: Freeing Women Leaders From the Constraints of Gender Roles
Kawakami, C., White, J. B., & Langer, E. J. (2000) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00151 · Cited by 115
“Early research supported this hypothesis. Haccoun, Haccoun, and Sallay (1978) found that men rated female leaders in out-of-role behavior (acting masculine) as less effective, and Bradley (1980) discovered that masculine-acting female leaders were not well-liked by peers.”
BackgroundSelf-citationExperience as a moderator of the media equation: the impact of flattery and praise
Johnson, D. M., Gardner, J., & Wiles, J. (2004) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2003.12.008 · Cited by 113
Consumer Mindfulness and Marketing Implications
Ndubisi, N. O. (2014) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20691 · Cited by 114
Roubroeks, M., Ham, J. R. C., & Midden, C. (2011) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-010-0088-1 · Cited by 114
“The theory behind the CASA paradigm is based on a theory by Langer [12] about mindlessness behavior.”
BackgroundMethodRibino, P. (2023) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-023-10540-1 · Cited by 105
“This categorization, in turn, often leads to a state of Ethopoeia (Langer 1992; Nass and Moon 2000), meaning that people assign human attitudes and attention to non-human objects.”
BackgroundWhatever People Say I Am That's What I Am: Social Labeling as a Social Marketing Tool
Cornelissen, G., Dewitte, S., Warlop, L., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2007) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2007.05.001 · Cited by 105
Group Feedback for Continuous Learning
London, M., & Sessa, V. I. (2006) · Human Resource Development Review · doi:10.1177/1534484306290226 · Cited by 103
“People are generally lenient when it comes to evaluating themselves (Harris & Schaubroeck, 1988; Langer, 1992).”
BackgroundFeedback and the rationing of time and effort among competing tasks.
Northcraft, G. B., Schmidt, A. M., & Ashford, S. J. (2011) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023221 · Cited by 96
“…of tasks for which higher quality feedback is received leads performers to devote more attention to them without much thought and (b) a more deliberative, mindful path (e.g., Langer, 1992) in which tasks with higher quality feedback are judged to be a more attractive investment of resources.”
BackgroundLee, K., Lee, K. Y., & Sheehan, L. (2020) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-019-09975-1 · Cited by 95
“It happens is because people mindlessly (Langer 1992) respond to a subset of contextual cues.”
BackgroundLee, E.-J. (2003) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/s1071-5819(03)00009-0 · Cited by 97
Garland, E. L., & Roberts-Lewis, A. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.02.004 · Cited by 88
“Conversely, persons with low levels of mindfulness (i.e., mindlessness) may tend to engage in habitual and counterproductive reactions (Langer, 1992) such as self-medicating traumatic intrusions with alcohol and Addict Behav.”
BackgroundXu, K. (2019) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444819851479 · Cited by 88
“Notwithstanding the mindlessness explanation, it is still premature to conclude that users respond to humanoid social robots without controlled processing (Langer, 1992).”
BackgroundEffects of specialization in computers, web sites, and web agents on e-commerce trust
Koh, Y. J., & Sundar, S. S. (2010) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2010.08.002 · Cited by 84
AI, you can drive my car: How we evaluate human drivers vs. self-driving cars
Hong, J.-W., Cruz, I., & Williams, D. C. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106944 · Cited by 84
“CASA is from the concept of mindlessness of Langer (1992), who claims that the unconscious awareness state of an individual depends on the context of interactions and relies on past experiences and knowledge.”
BackgroundParvatiyar, A., & Sheth, J. N. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Affairs · doi:10.1111/joca.12534 · Cited by 107
A theory of structured experience
Ellis, G. D., Freeman, P. A., Jamal, T. B., & Jiang, J. (2017) · Annals of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/11745398.2017.1312468 · Cited by 89
“Select sources: Reeve (2002, 2013), Langer (1990), Tilden (1977), Douglas (2007) ANNALS OF LEISURE RESEARCH 107”
BackgroundJanssen, L., Fennis, B. M., Pruyn, A. T. H., & Vohs, K. D. (2007) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.09.013 · Cited by 81
“Instead of mindful awareness of the situation, people appear to respond “mindlessly” (Langer, 1992) when confronted with a social influence technique.”
BackgroundMindfulness Increases the Belief in Climate Change: The Mediating Role of Connectedness With Nature
Wang, J., Geng, L.-N., Schultz, P., & Zhou, K.-X. (2019) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916517738036 · Cited by 77
Mindful Place-Based Education: Mapping the Literature
Deringer, S. A. (2017) · Journal of Experiential Education · doi:10.1177/1053825917716694 · Cited by 103
“Langer (1992) described mindfulness and mindlessness as, “A state of conscious awareness in which the individual is implicitly aware of the context and content of information” (p. 289).”
BackgroundMindfulness and pro-environmental hotel preference
Errmann, A., Kim, J., Lee, D. C., Seo, Y., Lee, J., & Kim, S. (2021) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2021.103263 · Cited by 83
Kashdan, T. B., DeWall, C. N., Pond, R. S., Silvia, P. J., Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., Farmer, A. S., & Keller, P. S. (2012) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00783.x · Cited by 85
“For instance, people can be taught to intentionally search for novel distinctions in the seemingly familiar (Langer, 1992) or engage in shared novel experiences (Aron, Norman, Aron, & Lewandowski, 2003) to rejuvenate relationship passion.”
BackgroundInfluentialHumans versus Computers: Impact of Emotion Expressions on People's Decision Making
de Melo, C. M., Gratch, J. S., & Carnevale, P. J. D. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2014.2332471 · Cited by 78
“Mindlessness here can be best understood as the failure to draw novel distinctions [23], [24].”
BackgroundSchulkin, J. A. (2010) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.123.3.0367 · Cited by 77
Al‐Natour, S., Benbasat, I., & Cenfetelli, R. T. (2006) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00110 · Cited by 76
“Langer (1992) believes that users engage in a state of mindlessness , a state that occurs as a result of conscious attention to a subset of contextual cues.”
BackgroundLee, E. (2010) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650209356389 · Cited by 72
“…mindlessness theory does not assume “the existence of capacity limitations” nor does it attribute mindless information processing to such limitations (Langer, 1992), it seems unreasonable to believe that people can engage in “a fully conscious, active mode of processing information” (p. 301),…”
BackgroundInfluentialMindful multitasking: The relationship between mindful flexibility and media multitasking
Ie, A., Haller, C. S., Langer, E. J., & Courvoisier, D. S. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.03.022 · Cited by 72
Self-citationWaters, T. E. A., Brockmeyer, S. L., & Crowell, J. A. (2013) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2013.782657 · Cited by 71
“In addition, research relating cognitive scripts and event representations to behavior suggests that accessing a secure base script can facilitate expectations, cue recognition, response preparation, and behavioral organization in the course of eliciting, using, and providing secure base support (e.g., Abelson, 1981;…”
BackgroundThe Role of Mindfulness in Mitigating the Negative Consequences of Technostress
Ioannou, A., Lycett, M., & Marshan, A. (2022) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-021-10239-0 · Cited by 97
“Mindfulness is described as a “state of conscious awareness in which the individual is implicitly aware of the context and content of information” (Langer, 1992, p. 289).”
BackgroundCognitive load increases anthropomorphism of humanoid robot. The automatic path of anthropomorphism
Spatola, N., & Chaminade, T. (2022) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102884 · Cited by 68
HIRST, I. S. (2003) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2850.2003.00610.x · Cited by 67
Manhapra, A., & Becker, W. C. (2018) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2018.02.013 · Cited by 62
Farmer, N. M., & Cotter, E. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.560578 · Cited by 92
Garland, E. L., Roberts-Lewis, A., Kelley, K., Tronnier, C., & Hanley, A. (2014) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2014.850309 · Cited by 59
“In contradistinction to mindfulness, craving and addictive behavior may operate in a context of mindlessness (Langer, 1992).”
BackgroundCan't get over me: Ego depletion attenuates prosocial effects of perspective taking
Fennis, B. M. (2011) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.828 · Cited by 59
Propensity for experiencing flow: The roles of cognitive flexibility and mindfulness.
Moore, B. (2013) · The Humanistic Psychologist · doi:10.1080/08873267.2013.820954 · Cited by 74
“Although mindfulness is commonly characterized as a state (Bishop et al., 2004; Kabat-Zinn, 2005; Langer, 1992; Shapiro, Carlson, Astin, & Freedman, 2006),”
BackgroundAnswering Questions:A Comparison of Survey Satisficing and Mindlessness
Vannette, D., & Krosnick, J. A. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118294895.ch17 · Cited by 59
“Third, this present-moment attention is marked by consciousness of both internal and external phenomenon, or “both the content and context of information” (Langer, 1992).”
BackgroundInfluentialOn the Interplay of Data and Cognitive Bias in Crisis Information Management
Paulus, D., Fathi, R., Fiedrich, F., de Walle, B. V., & Comes, T. (2022) · Information Systems Frontiers · doi:10.1007/s10796-022-10241-0 · Cited by 53
Xiao, Y., & Yu, S. (2024) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2024.102835 · Cited by 83
Social facilitation and human–computer interaction
Hall, B., & Henningsen, D. D. (2008) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.05.003 · Cited by 52
Mindfulness, indigenous knowledge, indigenous innovations and entrepreneurship
Capel, C. M. (2014) · Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1108/jrme-10-2013-0031 · Cited by 57
What is mindfulness, and why should organizations care about it?
Shapiro, S. L., Wang, M. C., & Peltason, E. H. (2015) · Mindfulness in Organizations · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107587793.004 · Cited by 48
An extension of the theory of technology dominance: Capturing the underlying causal complexity
Sutton, S., Arnold, V., & Holt, M. (2023) · International Journal of Accounting Information Systems · doi:10.1016/j.accinf.2023.100626 · Cited by 32
The effects of mindful learning on pro-environmental behavior: A self-expansion perspective
Tang, Y., Geng, L., Schultz, P. W., Zhou, K., & Xiang, P. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.03.005 · Cited by 50
“…(2) the sensitivity and perception to one’s environment, (3) the capability to think and solve problems from multiple perspectives, and (4) the openness to accept unfamiliar things (Langer, 1989, 1992; Langer & Moldoveanu, 2000; Langer & Piper, 1987; Pirson, Langer, Bodner, & Zilcha-Mano, 2012).”
BackgroundFennis, B. M., Das, E. H. H. J., & Pruyn, A. T. H. (2004) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1403_9 · Cited by 48
“This type of disruption is postulated to be rather blunt to evoke a shift from mindless refusal to mindful attention (see also Brown & Ryan, 2003; Langer 1989, 1992; Pollock, Smith, Knowles, & Bruce, 1998).”
BackgroundQuinnell, R. G., Thompson, R., & LeBard, R. J. (2013) · International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/0020739x.2013.800598 · Cited by 47
“Both Langer’s work on mindfulness in learning and Perkins et al.’s descriptions of triadic dispositions, which include ‘to be open-minded and curious’, resonate with liminality.”
MethodInfluentialLee, E.-J. (2003) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2003.11.005 · Cited by 45
“One plausible explanation as to why a simple cartoon character, a logically irrelevant visual cue, still affects individuals person perception is mindlessness (Langer, 1992; Nass & Moon, 2000).”
BackgroundMindful Learning: A Case Study of Langerian Mindfulness in Schools
Davenport, C., & Pagnini, F. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01372 · Cited by 46
“This awareness of multiple perspectives helps reducing the need for previously established categories, promoting mind-openness and engagement (Langer, 1992).”
BackgroundExploring Socio-Cognitive Mindfulness in the Context of Sustainable Consumption
Helm, S., & Subramaniam, B. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11133692 · Cited by 54
“Mindful individuals cultivate novelty seeking and novelty producing ability [18,42], which may account for the observation that mindful individuals support the adoption of alternative consumption practices such as sharing of goods with others.”
BackgroundSherman, A. M., Bowen, D. J., Vitolins, M. Z., Perri, M. G., Rosal, M. C., Sevick, M. A., & Ockene, J. K. (2000) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(00)00080-5 · Cited by 46
From Tools to Agents: Meta-Analytic Insights into Human Acceptance of AI
Li, B., Lai, E. Y., & Wang, X. (. (2025) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/00222429251355266 · Cited by 59
Grier‐Reed, T., & Williams-Wengerd, A. (2018) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci8040167 · Cited by 56
“Mindfulness is defined as a state of “conscious awareness” [19] (p.”
BackgroundThe media equation and team formation: Further evidence for experience as a moderator
Johnson, D. M., & Gardner, J. (2006) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.08.007 · Cited by 42
“Mindlessness results from attention to a subset of contextual cues (Langer 1992).”
BackgroundTourists’ Experiences of Mindfulness in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE)
Dutt, C. S., & Ninov, I. (2015) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2015.1107521 · Cited by 44
“This is the power and usefulness of mindfulness (Langer, 1989, 1992; Moscardo, 1996).”
BackgroundResultMindlessness/mindfulness, classroom practices and quality of early childhood education
Capel, C. M. (2012) · International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management · doi:10.1108/02656711211245656 · Cited by 42
The DSM: mindful science or mindless power? A critical review
Khoury, B., Langer, E. J., & Pagnini, F. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00602 · Cited by 55
Self-citationNeed for Orientation and Attribute Agenda-Setting During a U.S. Election Campaign
Camaj, L., & Weaver, D. H. (2013) · International journal of communication · Cited by 41
Effects of mindfulness on psychological and psychophysiological responses during self‐paced walking
Bigliassi, M., Galano, B. M., Lima‐Silva, A. E., & Bertuzzi, R. (2020) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13529 · Cited by 42
Metacognition and Mindfulness: the Role of Fringe Consciousness
Norman, E. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0494-z · Cited by 46
“Consciousness”
BackgroundWhy Metacognition Is Not Always Helpful
Norman, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01537 · Cited by 43
“Langer (1992) defines mindlessness as lack of attention or presence, resulting in or caused by automatic application of existing knowledge.”
BackgroundMindfulness and physical activity: a systematic review and hierarchical model of mindfulness
Yang, C., & Conroy, D. E. (2019) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2019.1611901 · Cited by 52
Loureiro, S. M. C., Stylos, N. D., & Bellou, V. (2020) · Tourism Recreation Research · doi:10.1080/02508281.2020.1782695 · Cited by 45
Ritchie, T. D., & Bryant, F. B. (2012) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v2.i3.1 · Cited by 38
“Extending Langer and Moldoveanu’s (2000) conception, Sternberg (2000) proposed the following central components of mindfulness:”
Mindful Creativity: Drawing to Draw Distinctions
Grant, A. M., Langer, E. J., Falk, E. B., & Capodilupo, C. M. (2004) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2004.9651457 · Cited by 44
“Several decades of research (for reviews, see Langer, 1989, 1992, 1997; Langer & Moldoveanu, 2000; Munsterberg, 1908) have shown that human beings’ premature cognitive commitments, or mind-sets, detract from otherwise potentially rich psychological and perceptual experiences.”
BackgroundSelf-citationYu, T., Chen, Y., & Luo, X. R. (2023) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2023.103775 · Cited by 48
Prosocial Campaigns With Virtual Influencers: Stories, Messages, and Beyond
Kim, E. A., Xie, Q., Hong, J.-W., & Kim, H. M. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2387399 · Cited by 38
Eck, T., Zhang, Y., & An, S. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15107756 · Cited by 37
Mindful Learning: A Moderator of Gender Differences in Mathematics Performance
Anglin, L. P., Pirson, M. A., & Langer, E. J. (2008) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-008-9043-x · Cited by 37
“Langer (1992) additionally explains that when information is presented absolutely, we do not feel the need to question that information.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Langer, E. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Langer, Ellen J
- ORCID
- Langer, Ellen J
- Venue
- Consciousness and Cognition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1992-09
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 289-305
- ISSN
- 1053-8100 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2058544703
- Cited by
- 443
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 0.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Consciousness and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Cognitive Science and Education Research
- Keywords
- mindfulness, mindlessness, conscious awareness, automatic vs controlled processing, functional fixedness, overlearning, habit, cognitive commitment, context sensitivity, cognitive flexibility, memory, consciousness
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