Neurologic examination in the elderly
Open accessAbstract
Clinical evaluation of neurologic disorders in the elderly requires seeking a thorough history and performing an age-appropriate neurologic examination with special attention to changes that occur with normal aging. The history should be obtained from the patient as well as collateral sources close to the patient to ensure accuracy and should include contextual elements such as medical history, social, economic, and psychological background, as well as an assessment of current functional state beyond activities of daily living. The safety of the patient, including the presence of physical, psychological, and financial threats, should be addressed during the interview. The neurological examination in older adults may need to be modified to circumvent disabilities such as hearing and visual impairment. Some elements of the neurological examination are expected to be affected by the process of aging, including pupillary reactivity, presbyopia, difficulty with ocular pursuit and up-gaze, reduced or absent distal reflexes, slower motor speed, and reduced ability to tandem walk, among others. In addition to a screening neurological assessment, evaluation of older adults with a particular complaint may require additional interview queries and examination manoeuvres. Common symptoms in the elderly include cognitive difficulties, balance and gait disorders, tremors, and neuropathy. A specialized approach to patients with cognitive difficulties must include assessment of each cognitive domain, including attention, executive function, learning and memory, perceptual-motor function, and social cognition. Balance and gait are essential parts of the neurological examination, and in patients with a history of falls or mobility issues, should become a central part of the evaluation. In patient with tremors, careful observation of the tremor quality (amplitude, frequency, and alleviating/exacerbating factors such as rest, movement, and posture) can aid diagnosis. Evaluation of neuropathy includes determining modality (numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness) and the distribution of symptoms in order to localize the site of nerve injury, which can be supplemented with nerve conduction studies/electromyography, to guide further diagnostic workup and treatment. A combination of detailed history and examination often will suggest a likely underlying neurodegenerative disorder and guide further diagnostic workup to establish a specific diagnosis.
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Other peripheral neuropathies such as vitamin B12 deficiency, hypothyroidism, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy can also result in decreased DTRs.
“Other peripheral neuropathies such as vitamin B12 deficiency, hypothyroidism, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy can also result in decreased DTRs [42].”
From The usefulness of deep tendon reflexes in the diagnosis of lumbar spine diseases: a narrative review (2024) · cites this paper as [42]
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- Authors
- Seraji‐Bozorgzad, N., Paulson, H. L., & Heidebrink, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Henry Lauris Paulson
- Venue
- Handbook of Clinical Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 167
- Pages
- 73-88
- ISSN
- 0072-9752 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7201860
- OpenAlex
- W2987179543
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 9.02
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Handbook of clinical neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG053760)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Keywords
- neurological examination, older adults, normal aging, cognitive impairment, tremor, neuropathy, falls, functional assessment, hearing and visual impairment, neurodegenerative diseases, cognitive domain, pupil reactivity
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Male, Nervous System Diseases, Neurologic Examination
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