The DOI matches its Crossref record; 315 of the 353 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet; 77 of the 240 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
To Nostalgize
Open accessVerified 2026-10-11 · 1 reference not checked yet
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review rehabilitates nostalgia as a predominantly positive, social, self-conscious emotion that serves self-oriented, existential, and sociality functions and helps regulate psychological and physiological homeostasis. It synthesizes historical, prototype, cross-cultural, and experimental evidence showing nostalgia is common, pancultural, and triggered by threats, then alleviates them.
Key findings
- Nostalgia is described as bittersweet but mostly positive, social, and past-oriented, arising from fond memories and yearning about childhood, close relationships, or atypically positive events, with a redemption trajectory. It is prevalent: UK samples report experiencing it at least weekly and modally three times a week, across ages 18–91 and also among children and teenagers.
- Prototype work identified 35 features, split into 18 central and 17 peripheral features (median 5.68). Across 18 countries, ranking profiles were highly correlated: all 153 correlations were positive and significant, 96.08% exceeded ρ = .50, 40.52% exceeded ρ = .80, and the mean/median correlation was ρ = .78; all but Cameroon showed the same ordinal pattern, and all but Cameroon, Ethiopia, and Uganda formed one cluster.
- Nostalgia serves self-oriented functions (self-positivity, self-esteem, optimism, psychological growth), existential functions (meaning in life), and sociality functions (social connectedness, support, empathy, prosocial behavior, reduced desire for money, intergroup contact intentions). Nostalgia-elicited sociality often mediates the self and existential functions, and these effects are generally independent of positive affect.
- A regulatory/homeostatic model is supported: threats such as avoidance motivation, self-threat, meaninglessness, mortality awareness, loneliness, exclusion, stress, boredom, and cold increase nostalgia; nostalgia then alleviates them. For cold, daily temperature was negatively associated with nostalgia (t[550] = −2.17, r = −.09), cold (20°C) produced more nostalgia than normal (24°C) or hot (28°C), and nostalgia increased perceived warmth and cold-pressor endurance at 4°C.
Methods
- This is a narrative review and theoretical synthesis of the authors’ research program, not a single new empirical study; it integrates historical analysis, dictionary and lay prototype studies, cross-cultural comparisons, and many correlational and experimental studies.
- Samples include UK, US, Dutch, Chinese, Irish, and other participants; university students, community adults, children/teenagers aged 9–15, and adults aged 18–91; the cross-cultural prototype work spanned 18 countries across five continents.
- Main analyses include prototype centrality ratings, rank-order correlations, cluster and factor analyses, and experiments using the Event Reflection Task (nostalgic vs. ordinary/positive/future event), music, song lyrics, and scents; mediation and moderation were tested with bootstrapping, SEM, and hierarchical linear modeling.
Limitations
- The paper states that long-term benefits of nostalgia may be only transient and that this remains a knowledge gap; it also notes that its nostalgia manipulations were momentary, one-off, and mundane, likely minimal, and that many outcomes relied on self-report.
- The paper states that the cross-cultural prototype work recruited university students to maintain consistency in education and age, limiting generalizability.
- Evident from the text: the review is not a systematic or meta-analytic synthesis, much evidence comes from the same research group, and several mediational findings rely on self-report, though alternative causal sequences were tested and generally fit less well.
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Claims the paper makes
116 Own interpretation · 94 No full text of the sources · 51 Supported · 27 Own result · 21 Sources not found · 14 Partly supported · 12 No basis given · 7 Supported so far · 7 Not checked yet · 2 Couldn’t confirm · 2 Own method · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The narratives were substantially richer in positive affect than in negative affect.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.2.1.1 Narrative analyses
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Wildschut, Sedikides, Arndt, & Routledge, 2006 source
The Study 1 affective-signature passage (Nostalgia 10) says the narratives were richer in expressions of positive affect (M = 3.12) than negative affect (M = 1.25), with p < .001. The Summary of Findings (Nostalgia 37) repeats this conclusion. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The most common objects of nostalgic yearning were close others (e.g., family, romantic partners, friends), followed by momentous life events that included close others (e.g., weddings, graduations, family gatherings), animals (i.e., pets), tangibles (e.g., a coat), and settings (e.g., a lake).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.2.1.1 Narrative analyses
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Wildschut, Sedikides, Arndt, & Routledge, 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Object of nostalgia” section and Table 2 give the claimed ordering for Study 1: persons, momentous events, animals, tangibles, then settings. But Table 2 shows a different ordering in Study 2: momentous events were most common, settings exceeded animals and tangibles, and periods in life were also frequent. The “Content of Nostalgic Experience” section says momentous events often involved close others. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Participants in the nostalgia condition scored higher on Fun Seeking and Drive, but not Reward Responsiveness, than those in the control condition.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4. WHAT NOSTALGIA DOES
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Stephan et al., 2014 source
The Approach motivation results report significantly higher Fun Seeking scores in the nostalgia condition than in the control condition. They also support the rest of the citing sentence: Drive was significantly higher, while Reward Responsiveness did not differ significantly. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Wildschut et al. (2006) obtained direct experimental support for the idea that nostalgia augments self-esteem.Participants in the nostalgic-event (relative to ordinary-event) condition reported higher self-esteem, regardless of whether it was assessed with a brief scale (”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.1.1.1 Positive self-attribute activation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Wildschut et al., 2006, Study 5 source
The Functions section (around p. 34) reports significantly higher self-esteem in the nostalgia condition than in the control condition. The Discussion also describes the findings as evidence that nostalgia increases self-regard. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites Wildschut et al., 2006, Study 6 source
The Functions results (p. 34) report significantly higher self-esteem in the nostalgia condition than in the control condition. The Discussion also states that the findings support the idea that nostalgia increases self-regard. (LLM, conf=0.94)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In all, nostalgia is positively related to approach motivation and sparks approach motivation.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4. WHAT NOSTALGIA DOES
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Stephan et al., 2014 source
The General Discussion reports that experimentally induced nostalgia increased approach motivation in Study 3, supporting the claim that it sparks approach motivation. It also describes correlational evidence from Studies 1–2 that nostalgia is positively related to approach motivation. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“High narcissists reported a greater proportion of agency words in their narratives compared to low narcissists.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.2.1.3 Individual differences
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Hart et al. (2011, Study 1) source
Study 1’s Results and discussion directly report that high narcissists used a greater proportion of agency words in their nostalgic narratives than low narcissists. The Data analytic strategy explains that word counts were expressed as percentages of narrative length. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“We have reported that nostalgic narratives are characterized by themes where the self is the main character in a positive chain of events (i.e., redemption; Wildschut et al., 2006, Study 2).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.1.1 Self-positivity
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Wildschut et al., 2006, Study 2 source
The Discussion says that in both studies the self figured prominently in nostalgic memories and that negative scenes were usually redeemed by later successes or triumphs. The “Redemption versus contamination” section reports that redemption sequences were more prevalent than contamination sequences (67% versus 29%). Page numbers were not supplied in the passages. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Participants in the nostalgia condition scored higher on Fun Seeking and Drive, but not Reward Responsiveness, than those in the control condition.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4. WHAT NOSTALGIA DOES
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Stephan et al., 2014 source
In the Study 3 “Approach motivation” results (page not specified), nostalgia participants scored significantly higher on Fun Seeking and Drive, but did not differ significantly from controls on Reward Responsiveness (p = .457). The latter mean was slightly higher, so “not higher” is supported in the context of a nonsignificant difference, not as a literal comparison of means. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The composite nostalgia scale was positively correlated with all three BAS components.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4. WHAT NOSTALGIA DOES
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Stephan et al., 2014 source
The Method section identifies the participants as members of the Dutch general public and describes the nostalgia composite. The Results section states that nostalgia was positively correlated with all three BAS-related scales: Fun Seeking, Drive, and Reward Responsiveness. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Participants in the nostalgia condition scored higher on Fun Seeking and Drive, but not Reward Responsiveness, than those in the control condition.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4. WHAT NOSTALGIA DOES
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Stephan et al., 2014 source
The Approach motivation results report that participants in the nostalgia condition scored significantly higher on Drive than controls (M = 4.28 versus 3.74; p = .008). The same passage also supports the citing sentence’s findings for Fun Seeking and Reward Responsiveness. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 78
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 21
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Finally, the affective signature of nostalgic accounts validated that the emotion is ambivalent, but more positive than negative.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.2.1.1 Narrative analyses
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Wildschut, Sedikides, Arndt, & Routledge, 2006 source
In the Affective signature passages (pp. 10 and 14), nostalgic narratives contained both positive and negative feelings, with significantly more positive than negative affect. The Ambivalence passage (pp. 14–15) describes the resulting affective ambivalence as mild. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The self was featured prominently in the nostalgic account and assumed a protagonistic role in most of them.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.2.1.1 Narrative analyses
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Wildschut, Sedikides, Arndt, & Routledge, 2006 source
The Content of Nostalgic Experience section reports that the self was a central character in almost all narratives and appeared in a major role more often than in any other role. The Summary of Findings likewise says that narratives in both studies typically featured the self as central character. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Examples of internal triggers are discomforting states such as negative affect (Barrett et al., 2010;Wildschut et al., 2006, Study 3), social exclusion (Seehusen et al., 2013, Studies 3 and 4;Wildschut, Sedikides, Routledge, Arndt, & Cordaro, 2010, Study 3), loneliness (Wildschut et al., Study 4;Wildschut et al., 2010, Study 1;Zhou, Sedikides, Wildschut, & Gao, 2008, Study 4), meaninglessness (R”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.2.4 Triggers of nostalgia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Barrett et al., 2010 source
- Supportedcites Wildschut et al., 2006, Study 3 source
The Trigger Question section reports that Study 3 found higher nostalgia after a negative-mood manipulation, while Study 4 found higher nostalgia in the high-loneliness condition. These are the two triggers for which the citing sentence invokes this paper; the other listed triggers have separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Seehusen et al., 2013, Studies 3 and 4 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Participants in the nostalgic-lyrics condition evinced higher selfesteem (assessed with the four items of Hepper et al., 2012, Study 7) than those in the control-lyrics condition.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.1.1.2 Self-esteem
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Cheung et al., 2013, Study 4 source
Study 4’s Method (p. 16) identifies the participants as University of Southampton undergraduates and says they read nostalgic or control lyrics. The Results and Discussion (p. 17) report significantly higher self-esteem in the nostalgic-lyrics condition. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Among UK undergraduates and adults aged 18-91, nostalgia is experienced at least once a week and modally three times a week (Hepper, Robertson, Wildschut, Sedikides, & Routledge, 2014, Study 1;Wildschut et al., 2006, Study 2).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.2.5 Prevalence of nostalgia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hepper, Robertson, Wildschut, Sedikides, & Routledge, 2014, Study 1 source
- Partly supportedcites Wildschut et al., 2006, Study 2 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Frequency of Nostalgia section reports that 79% of participants experienced nostalgia at least once a week; the modal response was three or four times a week, not precisely three. The Methods identify this paper’s participants as University of Southampton undergraduates. The sentence also cites Hepper et al. for the broader age range, which this verdict does not assess. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Nostalgia elevated optimism both directly and indirectly via selfesteem.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.1.2.1 Optimism
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Cheung et al., 2013, Study 3 source
The Results and Discussion (p. 15) report significant direct and indirect effects of nostalgia on optimism, with the indirect effect operating through increased self-esteem. The passage explicitly states the claim. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“participants influenced by scent-evoked nostalgia felt loved and connected to loved ones (Reid et al., 2014).”
- Also stated in: § 4.3.1.1 Feeling loved, protected, connected to others, and trusting of others · plain
“participants in the nostalgic-event condition reported feeling loved and protected to a greater degree than those in the ordinary-event condition (Wildschut et al., 2006, Study 5).”
- Also stated in: § 4.3.1.1 Feeling loved, protected, connected to others, and trusting of others · plain
“participants who reflected on an event characterized by central nostalgia features felt more loved, protected, connected to loved ones, and trustful of others than those who reflected on an event characterized by peripheral nostalgia features (Hepper et al., 2012, Study 7).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.3.1.1 Feeling loved, protected, connected to others, and trusting of others
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Reid et al., 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Wildschut et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Manipulation Check section (p. 30) says Study 5 measured feeling “loved” and “protected,” and the Functions results (p. 31) report higher social-bonding scores after recalling a nostalgic rather than an ordinary event. The paper also describes strengthened social bonds, but these passages do not establish increased trust in others or an effect specifically from scent-evoked nostalgia. The supplied citing sentence attributes the scent-evoked finding to Reid et al. (2014), not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hepper et al., 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 4.3.1.1 Feeling loved, protected, connected to others, and trusting of others · plain
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Second, a nostalgia condition produces stronger positive affect than a control condition (Cheung et al., 2013, Study 2 and 4;Hepper et al., 2012, Study 7;Lasaleta et al., 2014, Experiment 4;Stephan et al., 2012;Wildschut et al., 2006, Studies 5-7;Zhou, Wildschut, Sedikides, Shi, et al., 2012, Study 1; see also Batcho, 2013b;Verplanken, 2012), although sometimes the two conditions do not differ (”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.4. Summary and a note on the relation between nostalgia and in-the-moment affect
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Cheung et al., 2013, Study 2 and 4 source
The Results and Discussion report higher positive affect in the nostalgia condition than in the control condition in Study 2 (p. 12) and Study 4 (p. 17), the two studies named in the citation. The paper also reports no significant difference in Study 3 (p. 14), consistent with the sentence’s qualification. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hepper et al., 2012, Study 7 source
- Supportedcites Wildschut et al., 2006, Studies 5-7 source
The Functions results (pp. 31, 34) report significantly higher positive affect in the nostalgia condition than in the control condition in Studies 5 and 6. These findings support the part of the sentence for which Wildschut et al. is cited. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Nostalgia is positively linked with, and stimulates, approach motivation (Stephan et al., 2014).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.3.4 Individual differences moderate the psychological benefits
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Stephan et al., 2014 source
The General Discussion reports that nostalgia was positively associated with approach motivation in Studies 1–2 and that experimentally induced nostalgia increased approach motivation in Study 3. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Mediational analyses showed that nostalgia nurtured social connectedness, which in turn raised self-esteem, which subsequently increased optimism (Figure 1).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.3.3.1 Nostalgia-elicited sociality and the self-oriented function of nostalgia
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Cheung et al., 2013 source
The Summary and Implications of the Findings (p. 21) reports that Study 4 established the sequence: nostalgia fostered social connectedness, which lifted self-esteem and then heightened optimism. This directly supports the attributed mediational finding. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Third, although nostalgia increases positive affect, it generally does not decrease negative affect, compared to control (Cheung et al., 2013, Study 1;Wildschut et al., 2010, Study 4).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.4. Summary and a note on the relation between nostalgia and in-the-moment affect
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Cheung et al., 2013, Study 1 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Study 1’s Results and Discussion (p. 10) show virtually identical negative-affect ratings in the nostalgia and control conditions, supporting the claim that nostalgia did not decrease negative affect in that study. Positive affect was only marginally higher (p = .07), so Study 1 does not firmly establish the claimed increase. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wildschut et al., 2010, Study 4 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Statistically speaking, although the direct effect of avoidance motivation on approach motivation was negative, the indirect effect of avoidance motivation on approach motivation via nostalgia was positive (suppressor situation; Paulhus, Robins, Trzesniewski, & Tracy, 2004).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.1. Testing the full model in a general domain: Approach and avoidance motivation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Stephan et al., 2014 source
The General Discussion reports that, in Studies 1–2, avoidance motivation had a negative link with approach motivation when nostalgia was included, while the indirect effect via nostalgia was positive and significant. Figure 1 also labels the direct path as negative and the indirect path as positive. The supplied passages do not give page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Lonely participants perceived little social support, but they were also prone to nostalgia.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.3.2 Loneliness, nostalgia, and social support
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Zhou et al., 2008, Study 1 source
The Results and Discussion report that participants in the high-loneliness condition perceived less social support and felt more nostalgic than those in the low-loneliness condition. The General Discussion likewise states that loneliness is associated with, or causes, decreased perceived social support and increased nostalgia. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and nostalgia renders a generalized view of self (i.e., selfesteem) more positive and fosters perceptions of psychological growth (Baldwin & Landau, 2014;Cheung et al., 2013;Wildschut et al., Study 5).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.1 Self-threat
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baldwin & Landau, 2014 source
- Partly supportedcites Cheung et al., 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Summary and Implications of the Findings (p. 21) reports that Studies 3 and 4 found nostalgia raised self-esteem. The passages describe heightened optimism, but do not establish that nostalgia fosters perceptions of psychological growth; a search for psychological and personal growth found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not matchedcites Wildschut et al., Study 5
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In turn, nostalgia augmented their perceptions of social support, thereby countering the negative impact of loneliness.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.3.2 Loneliness, nostalgia, and social support
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Zhou et al., 2008, Study 1 source
The General Discussion states that nostalgia magnifies perceptions of social support and thereby thwarts the effect of loneliness. The Results and Discussion also report that nostalgia increased perceived social support relative to a control condition. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, self-positivity may result in optimistic decision-making or energetic problem-solving (Cheung et al., 2013), meaningfulness may form the basis for health-related behavior such as dieting (McCabe, Vail, Arndt, & Goldenberg, 2013), and interpersonal competence may provide the scaffolding for building successful social relationships (Buhrmester, 1990).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1.1.3 Long-term benefits of nostalgia
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Cheung et al., 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion (p. 15) report that nostalgia increased optimism partly through increased self-esteem, supporting a link between self-positivity and optimism. Limitations and Broader Considerations (p. 23) suggests this optimism could foster more engaged coping, but the paper does not establish optimistic decision-making or energetic problem-solving specifically. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“These memories have personal relevance or involve relationships with others.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.1.2.2 Findings from 18 cultures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hepper, Wildschut, et al. (2014) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 18 countries sampled are representative of all cultures, allowing generalization to panculturality.
- Rests on an assumption: University students are representative of their cultures for lay conceptions of nostalgia.
In the paper
“It entails remembering or reminiscing about fond memories from the past.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.1.2.2 Findings from 18 cultures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hepper, Wildschut, et al. (2014) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The 18 countries sampled are representative of all cultures, allowing generalization to panculturality.
- Rests on an assumption: University students are representative of their cultures for lay conceptions of nostalgia.
In the paper
“They found that nostalgia elevated the accessibility of the intrinsic self-concept, but not the accessibility of the mundane (e.g., everyday) self-concept (Study 3).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.1.2.2 Psychological growth
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Baldwin, Biernat, and Landau (2014)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Nostalgic participants gave away more money, but not time, than control participants.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.3.2.1.3 Desire for money
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lasaleta, Sedikides, & Vohs, 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nostalgia was positively related to adaptive coping strategies (e.g., seeking emotional social support, expressing emotions, planning) and was unrelated to maladaptive coping strategies (i.e., denial, behavioral disengagement, substance abuse).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.3.4 Individual differences moderate the psychological benefits
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Batcho, 2013b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In all three studies, empathy, but not distress, mediated the effect of nostalgia on charitable intentions.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.3.2.1.2 Charitable intentions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Zhou, Wildschut, Sedikides, Shi, et al., 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In conclusion, nostalgia reduces the desire for money, and it does so by fostering social connectedness (see also Gilovich & Kumar, in press).”
- Also stated in: § 4.3.2.1.3 Desire for money · plain
“The hypothesis was also confirmed.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.3.2.1.3 Desire for money
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lasaleta et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: A longer wait implies stronger willingness to suffer for the gain.
- Also stated in: § 4.3.2.1.3 Desire for money · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Boredom increased the search for meaning and also raised nostalgia.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.4.2 Boredom
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social exclusion (i.e., future alone) compared to social inclusion (i.e., future belonging) increased nostalgia among low-avoidance, but not among highavoidance, participants.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.3.3.2 Attachment avoidance
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nostalgia is experienced with a modal frequency of three times a week (in a UK sample), and is found across cultures.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1. Overview
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Boredom led to nostalgia: Bored (vs.control) participants considered their memories more nostalgic and felt more nostalgic.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.4.2 Boredom
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lonely participants reported lacking in social support but also felt nostalgic.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.3.2 Loneliness, nostalgia, and social support
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nostalgia lowered stress in participants with meaning deficits, but not in those with meaning surfeits (Figure 3).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.4.1 Stress
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increased nostalgia, in turn, instilled meaningfulness, which contributed to meaning reestablishment (i.e., presence of meaning in their lives).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.4.2 Boredom
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As before, the direct effect of loneliness was to decrease perceptions of social support, and its indirect effect was to augment perceptions of social support via nostalgia.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.3.3.1 Resilience
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, nostalgia was linked to, and produced, the perception of warmth.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.3. Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although an experimental induction of limited time perspective decreased well-being among young adults who recalled an ordinary life event, this induction left wellbeing intact among young adults who recalled a nostalgic event (Study 2).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1. Overview
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, nostalgia and its benefits are prevalent across age.Nostalgia is experienced by children and teenagers (in a Chinese sample), and by adults of all ages (18-91 in a UK sample).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1. Overview
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Southampton Nostalgia Scale correlated positively with both meaning scales.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.2. Coda
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The person often sees the event through rose-colored glasses, misses that time or relationship, and may even long to return to the past.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.1.2.1 Findings from UK and US samples
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hepper et al. (2012) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Hepper et al. (2012) findings indicate that laypersons view nostalgia as a predominantly positive, social, and past-oriented emotion.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.1.2.1 Findings from UK and US samples
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hepper et al. (2012) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At present, nostalgia is considered an emotion, and a predominantly positive one at that.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 2. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON NOSTALGIA
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In nostalgic yearning, one brings to mind a fond and personally meaningful event, typically involving one's childhood or a close relationship.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.1.2.1 Findings from UK and US samples
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hepper et al. (2012) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, lay conceptions of nostalgia across many cultures converge with both lay conceptions of nostalgia in UK/US and formal definitions of UK/US dictionaries.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.1.2.2 Findings from 18 cultures
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 18 countries sampled are representative of all cultures, allowing generalization to panculturality.
- Rests on an assumption: University students are representative of their cultures for lay conceptions of nostalgia.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nostalgia is thought to be a past-oriented, self-conscious (i.e., personally meaningful), keenly social, and bittersweet, albeit predominantly positive, emotion.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.1.2.2 Findings from 18 cultures
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 18 countries sampled are representative of all cultures, allowing generalization to panculturality.
- Rests on an assumption: University students are representative of their cultures for lay conceptions of nostalgia.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and its ensuing net positive affect may be due to memorial mechanisms that underlie the fading of unpleasantness.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.3. Summary
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is predominantly positive, albeit bittersweet, and self-relevant.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.3. Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nostalgia is a profoundly social emotion, and, as such, it will be often elicited during social encounters or conversations with close others.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.2.4 Triggers of nostalgia
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Nostalgia is a profoundly social emotion.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is characterized by a highlevel construal pattern, whereby nostalgic (vs.ordinary or positive) memories are retrieved more abstractly and interpreted in a gist-oriented manner.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.3. Summary
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And it is prevalent in terms of its experiential frequency across ages and likely across cultures.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.3. Summary
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its content is considered atypically positive”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.3. Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Mostly because of the social sharing or rehearsal of the positive affect associated positive autobiographical memories, the negative affect linked with negative autobiographical memories fades faster across time than the positive affect linked with positive autobiographical memories.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.2.3 Valence of nostalgic episodes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Skowronski, Walker, Henderson, & Bond, 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that these preference patterns occur irrespective of consumer age, they cannot be attributed to superior product quality.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.2.3 Valence of nostalgic episodes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nostalgia does not cause physical malady or mental disorder.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4. WHAT NOSTALGIA DOES
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we will discuss later, nostalgia serves to counter these discomforting states and restore psychological equilibrium.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.2.4 Triggers of nostalgia
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its perceived content-reflecting fond memories intermixed with yearning about one's childhood, close relationships, or a satisfying and atypically positive event-is similar in many countries spanning all continents.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.3. Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“First-year university students who focused on the continuity (rather than discontinuity) between their nostalgic recollections and their current self-concept were more enthusiastic about starting their university education, viewed fewer obstacles to their academic progress, and expressed more interested in opportunities during their university years.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.1.2.2 Psychological growth
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Iyer and Jetten, 2011, Studies 2 and 3 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“some past experiences predict sanguinity in decision-making (Albarracin & Wyer, 2000) and in close relationships (Carnelley & Janoff-Bulman, 1992).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.1.2 Perceptions of a positive future
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Albarracin & Wyer, 2000 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sum, nostalgia boosts optimism directly and also indirectly by raising self-esteem.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.1.2.1 Optimism
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We argue that, not only is nostalgia fundamentally social, but it also acts as a well of sociality with downstream consequences.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.3. Sociality function
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Reflecting on a nostalgic (vs.ordinary) event fostered social connectedness among low-avoidance, but not among high-avoidance, participants.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.3.4.2 Attachment avoidance
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wildschut et al., 2010, Study 4 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, nostalgia invigorates sociality and, through this, regenerates and sustains meaning.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.3.3.2 Nostalgia-elicited sociality and the existential function of nostalgia
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nostalgia increased subjective vitality in participants with meaning deficits (but not with meaning surfeits).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.3.4.3 Perceptions of meaning in life
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Routledge et al., 2011, Study 5 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The utility of nostalgia is moderated by narcissism, attachment avoidance, and perceptions of meaning in life.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.4. Summary and a note on the relation between nostalgia and in-the-moment affect
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, low-and high-avoidants are equally likely to benefit from nostalgia in regards self-positivity: reflecting on a nostalgic (vs.ordinary) event raised their self-esteem to a comparable extent.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.3.4.2 Attachment avoidance
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wildschut et al., 2010, Study 4 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have shown that nostalgia fosters sociality, such as increases in social connectedness (i.e., being loved, protected, connected to others, and trusting of others), empathy, or perceived interpersonal competence, and decreases in attachment avoidance and anxiety.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.3.1 Loneliness, nostalgia, and sociality
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Control participants reported greater willingness for religious self-sacrifice when death-thought accessibility was high (compared to low), but for nostalgics death-thought accessibility did not predict greater willingness to self-sacrifice.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.2.2.1 Nostalgia buffers mortality-instigated threat to collective identity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Routledge et al., 2014, Study 2 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A noxious stimulus or aversive psychological/physiological state will have a negative influence on an outcome (e.g., function), but it will also trigger nostalgia.Nostalgia, in turn, will alleviate this negative influence.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5. HOW NOSTALGIA WORKS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Participants in the mortality-salience condition (relative to controls) manifested greater death anxiety, but only if they were low on nostalgia.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.2.2.4 Nostalgia buffers mortality-instigated death anxiety
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Juhl et al., 2010, Study 2 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings are generally consistent with our regulatory model: loneliness evokes nostalgia, which then augments sociality.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.3.1 Loneliness, nostalgia, and sociality
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These occurrences are recounted with rose-colored glasses, are redemptive, and may be longed for in the midst of sentimentality and joy.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1. Overview
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our regulatory model posits that a noxious stimulus will impact negatively on a psychological outcome (e.g., function) while also triggering nostalgia.In turn, nostalgia will exert a palliative influence, softening the negative impact of the stimulus.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.3. Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We argue that persons with unhappy childhoods, as well as habitual worriers, can benefit from nostalgia.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1.1.1 Happy childhood memories as a prerequisite for nostalgia
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: All persons, regardless of circumstances surrounding their upbringing and regardless of personality characteristics, have a certain store of positive, atypical events from which they can draw nostalgically in times of need.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More formally, our research established that nostalgia is a self-conscious, social, mostly positive, and past-oriented emotion that is elicited by a variety of external (e.g., music, song lyrics, smells, tastes, physical coldness) or internal (e.g., negative affect, loneliness, meaninglessness, existential terror, boredom) triggers.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1. Overview
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sentimental longing is meaningful, not meaningless; nostalgia is a necessity, not a luxury; and nostalgia occurs frequently, not rarely.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6. NOSTALGIA'S FUTURE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, these functional benefits are typically obtained regardless of the presence or absence of positive affect, and they generalize across age and gender.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1. Overview
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As hypothesized, nostalgia was associated with the bodily sensation of warmth and led to the estimation of higher ambient warmth.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.5 Physical threat
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Arguably, then, our nostalgia manipulations were minimal.Yet, they produced powerful and reliable effects.On that basis, our research may have underestimated the prevalence and functional potency of nostalgia.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1. Overview
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As hypothesized, colder temperatures were linked with and contributed to greater nostalgia.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.5 Physical threat
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have proposed and validated a general regulatory model, which specifies the following cycle.First, a noxious stimulus exerts a negative influence on an outcome (e.g., function).The stimulus can range from avoidance motivation to self-threat (negative performance feedback), existential threat (meaninglessness, mortality awareness), social threat (loneliness), well-being threat (stress, boredom),”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1. Overview
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Boredom is an unpleasant emotion marked by negative affect, dissatisfaction, anxiety, and a sense of purposelessness (Van Tilburg & Igou, 2012a).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.4.2 Boredom
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Van Tilburg & Igou, 2012a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nostalgia involves revisiting personally relevant and fond occurrences that highlight gist elements of one's childhood, close relationships, or critical periods in one's lives.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1. Overview
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, the content of past reflection is important and merits continuing research.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1.1.1 Happy childhood memories as a prerequisite for nostalgia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This latter literature suggests that emotions act as homeostatic correctives via two pathways.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.5 Physical threat
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, nostalgia provokes socially oriented action tendencies (perceived interpersonal competence, charitable intentions, reduced desire for money, intergroup contact intentions) and prosocial behavior (physical proximity, helping, monetary donations).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1. Overview
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a person reflects back on the negative experiences of childhood, or reflects on their past in a way that primarily reinforces a discontent with the present, we suggest this is a different breed of nostalgia, if nostalgia at all, and beneficial outcomes will be less likely.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1.1.1 Happy childhood memories as a prerequisite for nostalgia
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Critically, nostalgia-incited sociality mediates the self-oriented and existential functions, while individual differences (narcissism, attachment avoidance, perceptions of meaning) moderate some functions.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1. Overview
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Nostalgia facilitates psychological homeostasis, sharing a key attribute with other positive emotions (DeWall & Baumeister, 2007;Manstead, Frijda, & Fischer, 2004).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.5 Physical threat
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nostalgia enables a self-oriented function, as it fosters self-positivity (positive self-attribute activation, self-esteem) and strengthens perceptions of a positive future (optimism, psychological growth).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1. Overview
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sentimental longing is meaningful, not meaningless; nostalgia is a necessity, not a luxury; and nostalgia occurs frequently, not rarely.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6. NOSTALGIA'S FUTURE
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We propose a broader role of nostalgia, which include its facilitation of physiological homeostasis.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 5.2.5 Physical threat
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, it will likely confer relational advantages.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1.1.2 Nostalgia in the motivational, relational, and behavioral domains
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nostalgia is a fundamentally social emotion.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1.1.2 Nostalgia in the motivational, relational, and behavioral domains
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both processes feature a key role of the self and engage relational security as a key catalyst of downstream effects.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1.1.2 Nostalgia in the motivational, relational, and behavioral domains
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adversity can occur throughout life, and it can be transient even in the case of chronic illness.For example, there is evidence indicating that depressed person differ from nondepressed ones in terms of the frequency of episodes of negative affect rather than the continuity of negative affect (Morrow & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1.1.3 Long-term benefits of nostalgia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Morrow & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Regardless, individuals, for example, can engage in nostalgic reflection when feeling the blues, lacking in meaning, or feeling lonely, when they need optimism for the pursuit of a challenging goal (e.g., in the middle of a difficult exam; Sweeny & Krizan, 2013), or when they strive to overcome their prejudicial reactions (Monteith, Mark, & Ashburn-Nardo, 2010).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1.1.3 Long-term benefits of nostalgia
What the sources say
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have shown that nostalgia increases self-positivity, strengthens meaningfulness, fosters sociality, and assuages existential anxiety, but these benefits may be only transient.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1.1.3 Long-term benefits of nostalgia
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it may do so by instantiating meaningfulness”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1.1.3 Long-term benefits of nostalgia
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We emphasize that the infusion of nostalgia is not a one-off state of affairs.In fact, individuals can regulate, or can learn to regulate, nostalgic infusion in the face of adversity.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.1.1.3 Long-term benefits of nostalgia
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The 18 countries sampled are representative of all cultures, allowing generalization to panculturality.
“We (Hepper, Wildschut, et al., 2014) gauged the equivalence of prototypical conceptions of nostalgia in a range of cultures that spanned 18 countries (e.g., Australia, Chile, China, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Japan, Uganda, Romania, United States) across five continents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
University students are representative of their cultures for lay conceptions of nostalgia.
“We confined our participant recruitment to university students for the purpose of maintaining consistency in sample educational attainment and age (Van de Vijver & Leung, 1997).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nostalgia is a profoundly social emotion.
“Nostalgia is a profoundly social emotion, and, as such, it will be often elicited during social encounters or conversations with close others.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from the cited samples generalize to the general population.
“Taken together, these findings establish that nostalgia elevates selfesteem.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The content of nostalgic narratives reflects the nature of nostalgic experience.
“Nostalgic accounts are, for the most part, redemptive.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
A longer wait implies stronger willingness to suffer for the gain.
“We assumed that a longer wait implies stronger willingness to suffer for the gain.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Students have a good deal of educational accomplishments, personal milestones, and relational goals to which to look forward.
“Students have a good deal of educational accomplishments (e.g., achieving good grades, graduating), personal milestones (e.g., getting a job, living alone), and relational goals (e.g., getting married, having children) to which to look forward.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Momentous life events entail textured, personally important experiences that, when contemplated, may serve as a platform for reassuring the individual of presence of meaning in life.
“Such occurrences entail textured, personally important experiences that, when contemplated upon, may serve as a platform for reassuring the individual of presence of meaning in their life.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Nostalgia fortifies the self-system.
“Assuming that nostalgia fortifies the self-system (Routledge et al., 2011, Study 5;Vess et al., 2012, Experiment 1), a nostalgia infusion will decrease the need to respond defensively to meaning threat.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Some persons are more likely than others to endure meaning deficits.
“Some persons are more likely than others to endure meaning deficits, and, to the extent that nostalgia imbues life with meaning, it should help to offset this void.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
All persons, regardless of circumstances surrounding their upbringing and regardless of personality characteristics, have a certain store of positive, atypical events from which they can draw nostalgically in times of need.
“Our argument is based on the supposition that all persons, regardless of circumstances surrounding their upbringing and regardless of personality characteristics, have a certain store of positive, atypical events from which they can draw nostalgically in times of need.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Boredom signals lack of meaningful engagement.
“Boredom signals lack of meaningful engagement.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nostalgia is a positive emotion.
“As a positive emotion”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Lastly, a large number of experiments, mostly involving American and British participants, demonstrated that nostalgizing (vs. control) increases positive, but not negative, affect (Sedikides, Wildschut, Routledge, Arndt, Hepper, Zhou, 2015; Sedikides et al., 2021).”
From Nostalgia across cultures (2022) · cites this paper as Sedikides, Wildschut, Routledge, Arndt, Hepper, Zhou, 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A sizeable literature documented that experimentally induced nostalgia (via the Event Re fl ection Task, songs, or music) augments social connectedness (Sedikides, Wildschut, Routledge, Arndt, Hepper, Zhou, 2015; Frankenbach et al., 2021).”
From Nostalgia across cultures (2022) · cites this paper as Sedikides, Wildschut, Routledge, Arndt, Hepper, Zhou, 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“We hypothesized and found that, compared with self-continuity, negative self-discontinuity (but not positive self-discontinuity) significantly increased nostalgia.”
From Water From the Lake of Memory: The Regulatory Model of Nostalgia (2023) · cites this paper as Sedikides, Wildschut, Routledge, & Arndt, 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“We conceptualized nostalgia as a self-relevant, social, and predominantly positive emotion serving key psychological functions.These functions include (but are not limited to) PA, social connectedness, and self-esteem (Sedikides et al., 2015).”
From Nostalgia-Evoked Inspiration: Mediating Mechanisms and Motivational Implications (2015) · cites this paper as Sedikides et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In summary, evidence points to nostalgia being a moral emotion, given that it involves others, and encourages sociomoral attitudes and behaviors59–61.”
From Nostalgia increases punitiveness by intensifying moral concern (2024) · cites this paper as [61]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We implemented, in Study 2, a validated manipulation of nostalgia, the Event Reflection Task (Sedikides et al., 2015).”
From Nostalgia-Evoked Inspiration: Mediating Mechanisms and Motivational Implications (2015) · cites this paper as Sedikides et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Nostalgia affords not only remarkable intrapersonal benefits (Sedikides et al., 2015) but also distinct patterns of futureoriented tendencies (i.e., inspiration, goal pursuit).”
From Nostalgia-Evoked Inspiration: Mediating Mechanisms and Motivational Implications (2015) · cites this paper as Sedikides et al., 2015
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Participants in the nostalgia condition scored significantly higher on a four-item measure of self-continuity (e.g., 'I feel connected with my past'), compared with participants in the control condition.”
From Water From the Lake of Memory: The Regulatory Model of Nostalgia (2023) · cites this paper as Sedikides, Wildschut, Routledge, & Arndt, 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“we randomly assigned undergraduate students to one of three experimental conditions (Study 2).”
From Water From the Lake of Memory: The Regulatory Model of Nostalgia (2023) · cites this paper as Sedikides, Wildschut, Routledge, & Arndt, 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.1.2.2 Psychological growth
“We (Hepper et al., 2012, Studies 1 and 2) found that the central features of the nostalgia prototype included growthdenoting words (e.g., change, desire, future).”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 6.2. Coda
“| Peripheral features | | Comfort/warmth | | Wishing/desire | | Dreams/daydreaming | | Mixed feelings | | Change |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.3. Summary
“Its perceived content-reflecting fond memories intermixed with yearning about one's childhood, close relationships, or a satisfying and atypically positive event-is similar in many countries spanning all continents.”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 3.1.2.2 Findings from 18 cultures
“We (Hepper, Wildschut, et al., 2014) gauged the equivalence of prototypical conceptions of nostalgia in a range of cultures that spanned 18 countries (e.g., Australia, Chile, China, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Japan, Uganda, Romania, United States) across five continents.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.1.1.1 Positive self-attribute activation
“future positive event ("bring to mind a future positive event in your life; specifically, try to think of a past event that makes you feel most positive")”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.1.1.1 Positive self-attribute activation
“We (Vess et al., 2012, Experiment 1) reasoned that imagining a future positive event would likely engender perceptions of self-positivity, making this a stringent control condition.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.2.2 Nostalgic engagement instills meaning
“In Routledge et al. (2011, Study 2), UK undergraduates exposed to nostalgic (vs.control) lyrics-identified as such in a prior session-reported heightened meaning”
§ To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire > 4.3.3.2 Nostalgia-elicited sociality and the existential function of nostalgia
“In a follow-up investigation, we (Routledge et al., 2011, Study 2) tested the replicability of these findings.We induced nostalgia with the ERT (nostalgic vs. ordinary event).”
Citations
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Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Cutrona, 1987, The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress, Vol. 1, 37
- Hofer, 1934, Medical dissertation on nostalgia (C.K. Anspach, Trans.), Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 2, 376
- Lears, 1998, Looking backward: In defense of nostalgia, Lingua Franca, 59
- Schäfer, 2014, Nostalgie: Warum ein bisschen Wehmut uns guttut, Psychologie Heute, 30
- Sohn, 1983, Nostalgia, International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 64, 203
- Wildschut, 2009, Nostalgia, Vol. 2, 1168
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2017) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000109 · Cited by 375
“Zhou, X. (2014). Pancultural nostalgia: Prototypical”
InfluentialSelf-citationSedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Cheung, W.-Y., Routledge, C., Hepper, E. G., Arndt, J., Vail, K., Zhou, X., Brackstone, K., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000136 · Cited by 318
Self-citationNostalgia counteracts self‐discontinuity and restores self‐continuity
Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Routledge, C. D., & Arndt, J. (2014) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2073 · Cited by 345
Self-citationThe sociality of personal and collective nostalgia
Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2019) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2019.1630098 · Cited by 208
“…with noxious stimuli or aversive psychological/physiological states, such meaninglessness, boredom, inauthenticity, and physical coldness or bad weather (Lasaleta & Loveland, 2019; Routledge, Wildschut, Sedikides, & Juhl, 2013; Sedikides et al., 2015; Wildschut, Sedikides, & Cordaro, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationNostalgia and well-being in daily life: An ecological validity perspective.
Newman, D. B., Sachs, M. E., Stone, A. A., & Schwarz, N. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000236 · Cited by 198
“Thus, although most associations involving nostalgia and well-being were negative, we found some support for the notion that nostalgia is a mixed emotion as suggested by previous findings (e.g., Sedikides et al., 2015).”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Hepper, E. G., & Zhou, X.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- North Dakota State University (US)
- University of Missouri (US)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Sedikides, Constantine
- Venue
- Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2015
- Pages
- 189-273
- ISSN
- 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W55904690
- Semantic Scholar
- 1c2954d45d3433ac47986ec8b9ead8a9b5694bb0
- Cited by
- 348
- References
- 353
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 62.89
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Nostalgia and Consumer Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- nostalgia, functions of emotions, self-positivity, existential meaning, social connectedness, prosocial behavior, avoidance motivation, approach motivation, loneliness, social exclusion, stress, boredom, death awareness, meaninglessness, homeostasis
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