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Cited by 350Nostalgia and Consumer BehaviorIdentity, Memory, and TherapyDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

To Nostalgize

Open access
Sedikides, Constantine, Wildschut, Tim, Routledge, Clay, Arndt, Jamie, Hepper, Erica G., Zhou, Xinyue·2015·Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
DOI 10.1016/bs.aesp.2014.10.001
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AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review rehabilitates nostalgia as a predominantly positive, social, self-conscious emotion that serves self-oriented, existential, and sociality functions and helps regulate psychological and physiological homeostasis. It synthesizes historical, prototype, cross-cultural, and experimental evidence showing nostalgia is common, pancultural, and triggered by threats, then alleviates them.

Key findings

  • Nostalgia is described as bittersweet but mostly positive, social, and past-oriented, arising from fond memories and yearning about childhood, close relationships, or atypically positive events, with a redemption trajectory. It is prevalent: UK samples report experiencing it at least weekly and modally three times a week, across ages 18–91 and also among children and teenagers.
  • Prototype work identified 35 features, split into 18 central and 17 peripheral features (median 5.68). Across 18 countries, ranking profiles were highly correlated: all 153 correlations were positive and significant, 96.08% exceeded ρ = .50, 40.52% exceeded ρ = .80, and the mean/median correlation was ρ = .78; all but Cameroon showed the same ordinal pattern, and all but Cameroon, Ethiopia, and Uganda formed one cluster.
  • Nostalgia serves self-oriented functions (self-positivity, self-esteem, optimism, psychological growth), existential functions (meaning in life), and sociality functions (social connectedness, support, empathy, prosocial behavior, reduced desire for money, intergroup contact intentions). Nostalgia-elicited sociality often mediates the self and existential functions, and these effects are generally independent of positive affect.
  • A regulatory/homeostatic model is supported: threats such as avoidance motivation, self-threat, meaninglessness, mortality awareness, loneliness, exclusion, stress, boredom, and cold increase nostalgia; nostalgia then alleviates them. For cold, daily temperature was negatively associated with nostalgia (t[550] = −2.17, r = −.09), cold (20°C) produced more nostalgia than normal (24°C) or hot (28°C), and nostalgia increased perceived warmth and cold-pressor endurance at 4°C.

Methods

  • This is a narrative review and theoretical synthesis of the authors’ research program, not a single new empirical study; it integrates historical analysis, dictionary and lay prototype studies, cross-cultural comparisons, and many correlational and experimental studies.
  • Samples include UK, US, Dutch, Chinese, Irish, and other participants; university students, community adults, children/teenagers aged 9–15, and adults aged 18–91; the cross-cultural prototype work spanned 18 countries across five continents.
  • Main analyses include prototype centrality ratings, rank-order correlations, cluster and factor analyses, and experiments using the Event Reflection Task (nostalgic vs. ordinary/positive/future event), music, song lyrics, and scents; mediation and moderation were tested with bootstrapping, SEM, and hierarchical linear modeling.

Limitations

  • The paper states that long-term benefits of nostalgia may be only transient and that this remains a knowledge gap; it also notes that its nostalgia manipulations were momentary, one-off, and mundane, likely minimal, and that many outcomes relied on self-report.
  • The paper states that the cross-cultural prototype work recruited university students to maintain consistency in education and age, limiting generalizability.
  • Evident from the text: the review is not a systematic or meta-analytic synthesis, much evidence comes from the same research group, and several mediational findings rely on self-report, though alternative causal sequences were tested and generally fit less well.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/bs.aesp.2014.10.001

Cites

317 of 318 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

77 of 240 cited sources checked · 62 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingown data

    The narratives were substantially richer in positive affect than in negative affect.

    “The narratives were substantially richer in positive affect than in negative affect.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wildschut, Sedikides, Arndt, & Routledge, 2006 source
  • Findingown data

    The most common objects of nostalgic yearning are close others, followed by momentous life events that included close others, animals, tangibles, and settings.

    “The most common objects of nostalgic yearning were close others (e.g., family, romantic partners, friends), followed by momentous life events that included close others (e.g., weddings, graduations, family gatherings), animals (i.e., pets), tangibles (e.g., a coat), and settings (e.g., a lake).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wildschut, Sedikides, Arndt, & Routledge, 2006 source

      The “Object of nostalgia” section and Table 2 give the claimed ordering for Study 1: persons, momentous events, animals, tangibles, then settings. But Table 2 shows a different ordering in Study 2: momentous events were most common, settings exceeded animals and tangibles, and periods in life were also frequent. The “Content of Nostalgic Experience” section says momentous events often involved close others. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingcitation

    In an experimental induction, participants in the nostalgia condition scored higher on Fun Seeking than those in the control condition.

    “Participants in the nostalgia condition scored higher on Fun Seeking and Drive, but not Reward Responsiveness, than those in the control condition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stephan et al., 2014 source
  • Findingcitation

    Nostalgia increases self-esteem.

    “Wildschut et al. (2006) obtained direct experimental support for the idea that nostalgia augments self-esteem.Participants in the nostalgic-event (relative to ordinary-event) condition reported higher self-esteem, regardless of whether it was assessed with a brief scale (”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Wildschut et al., 2006, Study 5 source
    • cites Wildschut et al., 2006, Study 6 source
  • Interpretationcitation

    Nostalgia sparks approach motivation.

    “In all, nostalgia is positively related to approach motivation and sparks approach motivation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stephan et al., 2014 source
  • May combine two claims. 78
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 21

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The affective signature of nostalgic accounts validated that the emotion is ambivalent, but more positive than negative.

    “Finally, the affective signature of nostalgic accounts validated that the emotion is ambivalent, but more positive than negative.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wildschut, Sedikides, Arndt, & Routledge, 2006 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The self is featured prominently in the nostalgic account and assumes a protagonistic role in most of them.

    “The self was featured prominently in the nostalgic account and assumed a protagonistic role in most of them.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wildschut, Sedikides, Arndt, & Routledge, 2006 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nostalgia is triggered by internal discomforting states including negative affect, social exclusion, loneliness, meaninglessness, existential terror, discontinuity between past and present, and boredom.

    “Examples of internal triggers are discomforting states such as negative affect (Barrett et al., 2010;Wildschut et al., 2006, Study 3), social exclusion (Seehusen et al., 2013, Studies 3 and 4;Wildschut, Sedikides, Routledge, Arndt, & Cordaro, 2010, Study 3), loneliness (Wildschut et al., Study 4;Wildschut et al., 2010, Study 1;Zhou, Sedikides, Wildschut, & Gao, 2008, Study 4), meaninglessness (R”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Barrett et al., 2010 source
    • cites Wildschut et al., 2006, Study 3 source
    • cites Seehusen et al., 2013, Studies 3 and 4 source

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    Reading nostalgic lyrics led to higher self-esteem than control lyrics in UK undergraduates.

    “Participants in the nostalgic-lyrics condition evinced higher selfesteem (assessed with the four items of Hepper et al., 2012, Study 7) than those in the control-lyrics condition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cheung et al., 2013, Study 4 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Among UK undergraduates and adults aged 18-91, nostalgia is experienced at least once a week and modally three times a week.

    “Among UK undergraduates and adults aged 18-91, nostalgia is experienced at least once a week and modally three times a week (Hepper, Robertson, Wildschut, Sedikides, & Routledge, 2014, Study 1;Wildschut et al., 2006, Study 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hepper, Robertson, Wildschut, Sedikides, & Routledge, 2014, Study 1 source
    • cites Wildschut et al., 2006, Study 2 source

      The Frequency of Nostalgia section reports that 79% of participants experienced nostalgia at least once a week; the modal response was three or four times a week, not precisely three. The Methods identify this paper’s participants as University of Southampton undergraduates. The sentence also cites Hepper et al. for the broader age range, which this verdict does not assess. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Nostalgia elevated optimism both directly and indirectly via self-esteem.

    “Nostalgia elevated optimism both directly and indirectly via selfesteem.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cheung et al., 2013, Study 3 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Nostalgia increases feelings of being loved, protected, connected to loved ones, and trusting of others.

    “participants influenced by scent-evoked nostalgia felt loved and connected to loved ones (Reid et al., 2014).”
    • Also stated in: § 4.3.1.1 Feeling loved, protected, connected to others, and trusting of others · plain
      “participants in the nostalgic-event condition reported feeling loved and protected to a greater degree than those in the ordinary-event condition (Wildschut et al., 2006, Study 5).”
    • Also stated in: § 4.3.1.1 Feeling loved, protected, connected to others, and trusting of others · plain
      “participants who reflected on an event characterized by central nostalgia features felt more loved, protected, connected to loved ones, and trustful of others than those who reflected on an event characterized by peripheral nostalgia features (Hepper et al., 2012, Study 7).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Reid et al., 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Wildschut et al., 2006 source

      The Manipulation Check section (p. 30) says Study 5 measured feeling “loved” and “protected,” and the Functions results (p. 31) report higher social-bonding scores after recalling a nostalgic rather than an ordinary event. The paper also describes strengthened social bonds, but these passages do not establish increased trust in others or an effect specifically from scent-evoked nostalgia. The supplied citing sentence attributes the scent-evoked finding to Reid et al. (2014), not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Hepper et al., 2012 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A nostalgia condition produces stronger positive affect than a control condition, although sometimes the two conditions do not differ.

    “Second, a nostalgia condition produces stronger positive affect than a control condition (Cheung et al., 2013, Study 2 and 4;Hepper et al., 2012, Study 7;Lasaleta et al., 2014, Experiment 4;Stephan et al., 2012;Wildschut et al., 2006, Studies 5-7;Zhou, Wildschut, Sedikides, Shi, et al., 2012, Study 1; see also Batcho, 2013b;Verplanken, 2012), although sometimes the two conditions do not differ (”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cheung et al., 2013, Study 2 and 4 source
    • cites Hepper et al., 2012, Study 7 source
    • cites Wildschut et al., 2006, Studies 5-7 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Nostalgia is positively linked with, and stimulates, approach motivation.

    “Nostalgia is positively linked with, and stimulates, approach motivation (Stephan et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stephan et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Nostalgia fosters social connectedness, which enhances self-esteem, which in turn boosts optimism.

    “Mediational analyses showed that nostalgia nurtured social connectedness, which in turn raised self-esteem, which subsequently increased optimism (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cheung et al., 2013 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Although nostalgia increases positive affect, it generally does not decrease negative affect compared to control.

    “Third, although nostalgia increases positive affect, it generally does not decrease negative affect, compared to control (Cheung et al., 2013, Study 1;Wildschut et al., 2010, Study 4).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cheung et al., 2013, Study 1 source

      Study 1’s Results and Discussion (p. 10) show virtually identical negative-affect ratings in the nostalgia and control conditions, supporting the claim that nostalgia did not decrease negative affect in that study. Positive affect was only marginally higher (p = .07), so Study 1 does not firmly establish the claimed increase. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Wildschut et al., 2010, Study 4 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premiseown data

    Although the direct effect of avoidance motivation on approach motivation was negative, the indirect effect of avoidance motivation on approach motivation via nostalgia was positive.

    “Statistically speaking, although the direct effect of avoidance motivation on approach motivation was negative, the indirect effect of avoidance motivation on approach motivation via nostalgia was positive (suppressor situation; Paulhus, Robins, Trzesniewski, & Tracy, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stephan et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lonely participants perceived little social support, but they were also prone to nostalgia.

    “Lonely participants perceived little social support, but they were also prone to nostalgia.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhou et al., 2008, Study 1 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nostalgia renders a generalized view of self (self-esteem) more positive and fosters perceptions of psychological growth.

    “and nostalgia renders a generalized view of self (i.e., selfesteem) more positive and fosters perceptions of psychological growth (Baldwin & Landau, 2014;Cheung et al., 2013;Wildschut et al., Study 5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Baldwin & Landau, 2014 source
    • cites Cheung et al., 2013 source

      The Summary and Implications of the Findings (p. 21) reports that Studies 3 and 4 found nostalgia raised self-esteem. The passages describe heightened optimism, but do not establish that nostalgia fosters perceptions of psychological growth; a search for psychological and personal growth found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Wildschut et al., Study 5

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nostalgia augmented lonely participants' perceptions of social support, thereby countering the negative impact of loneliness.

    “In turn, nostalgia augmented their perceptions of social support, thereby countering the negative impact of loneliness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhou et al., 2008, Study 1 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Self-positivity may result in optimistic decision-making or energetic problem-solving.

    “For example, self-positivity may result in optimistic decision-making or energetic problem-solving (Cheung et al., 2013), meaningfulness may form the basis for health-related behavior such as dieting (McCabe, Vail, Arndt, & Goldenberg, 2013), and interpersonal competence may provide the scaffolding for building successful social relationships (Buhrmester, 1990).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cheung et al., 2013 source

      The Results and Discussion (p. 15) report that nostalgia increased optimism partly through increased self-esteem, supporting a link between self-positivity and optimism. Limitations and Broader Considerations (p. 23) suggests this optimism could foster more engaged coping, but the paper does not establish optimistic decision-making or energetic problem-solving specifically. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    These memories have personal relevance or involve relationships with others.

    “These memories have personal relevance or involve relationships with others.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hepper, Wildschut, et al. (2014) source
    • Rests on an assumption: The 18 countries sampled are representative of all cultures, allowing generalization to panculturality.
    • Rests on an assumption: University students are representative of their cultures for lay conceptions of nostalgia.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingcitation

    Nostalgia entails remembering or reminiscing about fond memories from the past.

    “It entails remembering or reminiscing about fond memories from the past.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hepper, Wildschut, et al. (2014) source
    • Rests on an assumption: The 18 countries sampled are representative of all cultures, allowing generalization to panculturality.
    • Rests on an assumption: University students are representative of their cultures for lay conceptions of nostalgia.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Baldwin et al. (2014) found that nostalgia elevated the accessibility of the intrinsic self-concept but not the accessibility of the mundane self-concept.

    “They found that nostalgia elevated the accessibility of the intrinsic self-concept, but not the accessibility of the mundane (e.g., everyday) self-concept (Study 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Baldwin, Biernat, and Landau (2014)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Nostalgia reduces the desire for money but not the desire for time.

    “Nostalgic participants gave away more money, but not time, than control participants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lasaleta, Sedikides, & Vohs, 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Trait nostalgia is positively related to adaptive coping strategies and unrelated to maladaptive coping strategies.

    “Nostalgia was positively related to adaptive coping strategies (e.g., seeking emotional social support, expressing emotions, planning) and was unrelated to maladaptive coping strategies (i.e., denial, behavioral disengagement, substance abuse).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Batcho, 2013b

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Empathy, but not distress, mediates the effect of nostalgia on charitable intentions.

    “In all three studies, empathy, but not distress, mediated the effect of nostalgia on charitable intentions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhou, Wildschut, Sedikides, Shi, et al., 2012

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Nostalgia reduces the desire for money, and it does so by fostering social connectedness.

    “In conclusion, nostalgia reduces the desire for money, and it does so by fostering social connectedness (see also Gilovich & Kumar, in press).”
    • Also stated in: § 4.3.2.1.3 Desire for money · plain
      “The hypothesis was also confirmed.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lasaleta et al., 2014 source
    • The authors state this as an assumption: A longer wait implies stronger willingness to suffer for the gain.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Boredom increased the search for meaning and also raised nostalgia.

    “Boredom increased the search for meaning and also raised nostalgia.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Social exclusion (future alone) compared to social inclusion (future belonging) increased nostalgia among low-avoidance, but not among high-avoidance, participants.

    “Social exclusion (i.e., future alone) compared to social inclusion (i.e., future belonging) increased nostalgia among low-avoidance, but not among highavoidance, participants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Nostalgia is experienced with a modal frequency of three times a week (in a UK sample), and is found across cultures.

    “Nostalgia is experienced with a modal frequency of three times a week (in a UK sample), and is found across cultures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Bored (vs. control) participants considered their memories more nostalgic and felt more nostalgic.

    “Boredom led to nostalgia: Bored (vs.control) participants considered their memories more nostalgic and felt more nostalgic.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Lonely participants reported lacking in social support but also felt nostalgic.

    “Lonely participants reported lacking in social support but also felt nostalgic.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Nostalgia lowered stress in participants with meaning deficits, but not in those with meaning surfeits.

    “Nostalgia lowered stress in participants with meaning deficits, but not in those with meaning surfeits (Figure 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Increased nostalgia instilled meaningfulness, which contributed to meaning reestablishment (presence of meaning in their lives).

    “Increased nostalgia, in turn, instilled meaningfulness, which contributed to meaning reestablishment (i.e., presence of meaning in their lives).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The direct effect of loneliness is to decrease perceptions of social support, and its indirect effect is to augment perceptions of social support via nostalgia.

    “As before, the direct effect of loneliness was to decrease perceptions of social support, and its indirect effect was to augment perceptions of social support via nostalgia.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Nostalgia was linked to, and produced, the perception of warmth.

    “Also, nostalgia was linked to, and produced, the perception of warmth.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    An experimental induction of limited time perspective decreased well-being among young adults who recalled an ordinary life event, but left well-being intact among young adults who recalled a nostalgic event (Study 2).

    “Although an experimental induction of limited time perspective decreased well-being among young adults who recalled an ordinary life event, this induction left wellbeing intact among young adults who recalled a nostalgic event (Study 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Nostalgia and its benefits are prevalent across age; nostalgia is experienced by children and teenagers (in a Chinese sample), and by adults of all ages (18-91 in a UK sample).

    “Finally, nostalgia and its benefits are prevalent across age.Nostalgia is experienced by children and teenagers (in a Chinese sample), and by adults of all ages (18-91 in a UK sample).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The Southampton Nostalgia Scale correlated positively with both meaning scales.

    “The Southampton Nostalgia Scale correlated positively with both meaning scales.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The person often sees the event through rose-colored glasses, misses that time or relationship, and may even long to return to the past.

    “The person often sees the event through rose-colored glasses, misses that time or relationship, and may even long to return to the past.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hepper et al. (2012) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Laypersons view nostalgia as a predominantly positive, social, and past-oriented emotion.

    “The Hepper et al. (2012) findings indicate that laypersons view nostalgia as a predominantly positive, social, and past-oriented emotion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hepper et al. (2012) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    At present, nostalgia is considered an emotion, and a predominantly positive one.

    “At present, nostalgia is considered an emotion, and a predominantly positive one at that.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    In nostalgic yearning, one brings to mind a fond and personally meaningful event, typically involving one's childhood or a close relationship.

    “In nostalgic yearning, one brings to mind a fond and personally meaningful event, typically involving one's childhood or a close relationship.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hepper et al. (2012) source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Lay conceptions of nostalgia across many cultures converge with both lay conceptions of nostalgia in UK/US and formal definitions of UK/US dictionaries.

    “Taken together, lay conceptions of nostalgia across many cultures converge with both lay conceptions of nostalgia in UK/US and formal definitions of UK/US dictionaries.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 18 countries sampled are representative of all cultures, allowing generalization to panculturality.
    • Rests on an assumption: University students are representative of their cultures for lay conceptions of nostalgia.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Nostalgia is thought to be a past-oriented, self-conscious, keenly social, and bittersweet, albeit predominantly positive, emotion.

    “Nostalgia is thought to be a past-oriented, self-conscious (i.e., personally meaningful), keenly social, and bittersweet, albeit predominantly positive, emotion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 18 countries sampled are representative of all cultures, allowing generalization to panculturality.
    • Rests on an assumption: University students are representative of their cultures for lay conceptions of nostalgia.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Nostalgia's ensuing net positive affect may be due to memorial mechanisms that underlie the fading of unpleasantness.

    “and its ensuing net positive affect may be due to memorial mechanisms that underlie the fading of unpleasantness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Nostalgia is predominantly positive, albeit bittersweet, and self-relevant.

    “It is predominantly positive, albeit bittersweet, and self-relevant.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Nostalgia is often elicited during social encounters or conversations with close others.

    “Nostalgia is a profoundly social emotion, and, as such, it will be often elicited during social encounters or conversations with close others.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Nostalgia is a profoundly social emotion.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Nostalgic memories are retrieved more abstractly and interpreted in a gist-oriented manner.

    “It is characterized by a highlevel construal pattern, whereby nostalgic (vs.ordinary or positive) memories are retrieved more abstractly and interpreted in a gist-oriented manner.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Nostalgia is prevalent in terms of its experiential frequency across ages and likely across cultures.

    “And it is prevalent in terms of its experiential frequency across ages and likely across cultures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Nostalgia's content is considered atypically positive.

    “Its content is considered atypically positive”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Negative affect linked with negative autobiographical memories fades faster across time than positive affect linked with positive autobiographical memories, mostly because of social sharing or rehearsal of positive affect.

    “Mostly because of the social sharing or rehearsal of the positive affect associated positive autobiographical memories, the negative affect linked with negative autobiographical memories fades faster across time than the positive affect linked with positive autobiographical memories.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Skowronski, Walker, Henderson, & Bond, 2013 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These preference patterns occur irrespective of consumer age, so cannot be attributed to superior product quality.

    “Given that these preference patterns occur irrespective of consumer age, they cannot be attributed to superior product quality.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Nostalgia does not cause physical malady or mental disorder.

    “Nostalgia does not cause physical malady or mental disorder.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Nostalgia serves to counter discomforting states and restore psychological equilibrium.

    “As we will discuss later, nostalgia serves to counter these discomforting states and restore psychological equilibrium.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Nostalgia's perceived content is similar in many countries spanning all continents.

    “Its perceived content-reflecting fond memories intermixed with yearning about one's childhood, close relationships, or a satisfying and atypically positive event-is similar in many countries spanning all continents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    First-year university students who focused on continuity (rather than discontinuity) between their nostalgic recollections and their current self-concept were more enthusiastic about starting their university education, viewed fewer obstacles to their academic progress, and expressed more interest in opportunities during their university years.

    “First-year university students who focused on the continuity (rather than discontinuity) between their nostalgic recollections and their current self-concept were more enthusiastic about starting their university education, viewed fewer obstacles to their academic progress, and expressed more interested in opportunities during their university years.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Iyer and Jetten, 2011, Studies 2 and 3 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Some past experiences predict sanguinity in decision-making.

    “some past experiences predict sanguinity in decision-making (Albarracin & Wyer, 2000) and in close relationships (Carnelley & Janoff-Bulman, 1992).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Albarracin & Wyer, 2000 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Nostalgia boosts optimism directly and also indirectly by raising self-esteem.

    “In sum, nostalgia boosts optimism directly and also indirectly by raising self-esteem.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Nostalgia is fundamentally social and acts as a well of sociality with downstream consequences.

    “We argue that, not only is nostalgia fundamentally social, but it also acts as a well of sociality with downstream consequences.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Reflecting on a nostalgic (vs. ordinary) event fostered social connectedness among low-avoidance, but not among high-avoidance, participants.

    “Reflecting on a nostalgic (vs.ordinary) event fostered social connectedness among low-avoidance, but not among high-avoidance, participants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wildschut et al., 2010, Study 4 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Nostalgia invigorates sociality and, through this, regenerates and sustains meaning.

    “In conclusion, nostalgia invigorates sociality and, through this, regenerates and sustains meaning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nostalgia increased subjective vitality in participants with meaning deficits but not in participants with meaning surfeits.

    “Nostalgia increased subjective vitality in participants with meaning deficits (but not with meaning surfeits).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Routledge et al., 2011, Study 5 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The utility of nostalgia is moderated by narcissism, attachment avoidance, and perceptions of meaning in life.

    “The utility of nostalgia is moderated by narcissism, attachment avoidance, and perceptions of meaning in life.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Low- and high-avoidants are equally likely to benefit from nostalgia in self-positivity; reflecting on a nostalgic (vs. ordinary) event raised their self-esteem to a comparable extent.

    “Nevertheless, low-and high-avoidants are equally likely to benefit from nostalgia in regards self-positivity: reflecting on a nostalgic (vs.ordinary) event raised their self-esteem to a comparable extent.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wildschut et al., 2010, Study 4 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Nostalgia fosters sociality, such as increases in social connectedness, empathy, or perceived interpersonal competence, and decreases in attachment avoidance and anxiety.

    “We have shown that nostalgia fosters sociality, such as increases in social connectedness (i.e., being loved, protected, connected to others, and trusting of others), empathy, or perceived interpersonal competence, and decreases in attachment avoidance and anxiety.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premiseown data

    Control participants reported greater willingness for religious self-sacrifice when death-thought accessibility was high compared to low, but for nostalgics death-thought accessibility did not predict greater willingness to self-sacrifice.

    “Control participants reported greater willingness for religious self-sacrifice when death-thought accessibility was high (compared to low), but for nostalgics death-thought accessibility did not predict greater willingness to self-sacrifice.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Routledge et al., 2014, Study 2 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    A noxious stimulus or aversive psychological/physiological state negatively influences an outcome but also triggers nostalgia, and nostalgia alleviates this negative influence.

    “A noxious stimulus or aversive psychological/physiological state will have a negative influence on an outcome (e.g., function), but it will also trigger nostalgia.Nostalgia, in turn, will alleviate this negative influence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Participants in the mortality-salience condition (relative to controls) manifested greater death anxiety, but only if they were low on nostalgia.

    “Participants in the mortality-salience condition (relative to controls) manifested greater death anxiety, but only if they were low on nostalgia.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Juhl et al., 2010, Study 2 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These findings are generally consistent with the regulatory model: loneliness evokes nostalgia, which then augments sociality.

    “These findings are generally consistent with our regulatory model: loneliness evokes nostalgia, which then augments sociality.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    These occurrences are recounted with rose-colored glasses, are redemptive, and may be longed for in the midst of sentimentality and joy.

    “These occurrences are recounted with rose-colored glasses, are redemptive, and may be longed for in the midst of sentimentality and joy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Our regulatory model posits that a noxious stimulus will impact negatively on a psychological outcome while also triggering nostalgia, and nostalgia will exert a palliative influence, softening the negative impact of the stimulus.

    “Our regulatory model posits that a noxious stimulus will impact negatively on a psychological outcome (e.g., function) while also triggering nostalgia.In turn, nostalgia will exert a palliative influence, softening the negative impact of the stimulus.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Persons with unhappy childhoods, as well as habitual worriers, can benefit from nostalgia.

    “We argue that persons with unhappy childhoods, as well as habitual worriers, can benefit from nostalgia.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: All persons, regardless of circumstances surrounding their upbringing and regardless of personality characteristics, have a certain store of positive, atypical events from which they can draw nostalgically in times of need.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Nostalgia is a self-conscious, social, mostly positive, and past-oriented emotion that is elicited by a variety of external or internal triggers.

    “More formally, our research established that nostalgia is a self-conscious, social, mostly positive, and past-oriented emotion that is elicited by a variety of external (e.g., music, song lyrics, smells, tastes, physical coldness) or internal (e.g., negative affect, loneliness, meaninglessness, existential terror, boredom) triggers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Nostalgia is a necessity, not a luxury.

    “Sentimental longing is meaningful, not meaningless; nostalgia is a necessity, not a luxury; and nostalgia occurs frequently, not rarely.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    These functional benefits are typically obtained regardless of the presence or absence of positive affect, and they generalize across age and gender.

    “In addition, these functional benefits are typically obtained regardless of the presence or absence of positive affect, and they generalize across age and gender.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Nostalgia was associated with the bodily sensation of warmth and led to the estimation of higher ambient warmth.

    “As hypothesized, nostalgia was associated with the bodily sensation of warmth and led to the estimation of higher ambient warmth.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Our nostalgia manipulations were minimal, yet they produced powerful and reliable effects; on that basis, our research may have underestimated the prevalence and functional potency of nostalgia.

    “Arguably, then, our nostalgia manipulations were minimal.Yet, they produced powerful and reliable effects.On that basis, our research may have underestimated the prevalence and functional potency of nostalgia.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Colder temperatures were linked with and contributed to greater nostalgia.

    “As hypothesized, colder temperatures were linked with and contributed to greater nostalgia.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    We have proposed and validated a general regulatory model, which specifies a cycle: a noxious stimulus exerts a negative influence on an outcome, elicits nostalgia, and nostalgia alleviates the negative influence.

    “We have proposed and validated a general regulatory model, which specifies the following cycle.First, a noxious stimulus exerts a negative influence on an outcome (e.g., function).The stimulus can range from avoidance motivation to self-threat (negative performance feedback), existential threat (meaninglessness, mortality awareness), social threat (loneliness), well-being threat (stress, boredom),”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Boredom is an unpleasant emotion marked by negative affect, dissatisfaction, anxiety, and a sense of purposelessness.

    “Boredom is an unpleasant emotion marked by negative affect, dissatisfaction, anxiety, and a sense of purposelessness (Van Tilburg & Igou, 2012a).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Van Tilburg & Igou, 2012a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationnone given

    Nostalgia involves revisiting personally relevant and fond occurrences that highlight gist elements of one's childhood, close relationships, or critical periods in one's lives.

    “Nostalgia involves revisiting personally relevant and fond occurrences that highlight gist elements of one's childhood, close relationships, or critical periods in one's lives.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The content of past reflection is important and merits continuing research.

    “In this way, the content of past reflection is important and merits continuing research.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Emotions act as homeostatic correctives via two pathways: direct influence on physiological condition (body loop) and simulating a felicitous body state (as-if body loop).

    “This latter literature suggests that emotions act as homeostatic correctives via two pathways.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Craig, 2009 source
    • cites Damasio et al., 2000 source
    • cites Damasio, 1993

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Nostalgia provokes socially oriented action tendencies and prosocial behavior.

    “Further, nostalgia provokes socially oriented action tendencies (perceived interpersonal competence, charitable intentions, reduced desire for money, intergroup contact intentions) and prosocial behavior (physical proximity, helping, monetary donations).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If a person reflects back on the negative experiences of childhood, or reflects on their past in a way that primarily reinforces a discontent with the present, this is a different breed of nostalgia, if nostalgia at all, and beneficial outcomes will be less likely.

    “If a person reflects back on the negative experiences of childhood, or reflects on their past in a way that primarily reinforces a discontent with the present, we suggest this is a different breed of nostalgia, if nostalgia at all, and beneficial outcomes will be less likely.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Nostalgia-incited sociality mediates the self-oriented and existential functions, while individual differences moderate some functions.

    “Critically, nostalgia-incited sociality mediates the self-oriented and existential functions, while individual differences (narcissism, attachment avoidance, perceptions of meaning) moderate some functions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Nostalgia facilitates psychological homeostasis, sharing a key attribute with other positive emotions.

    “Nostalgia facilitates psychological homeostasis, sharing a key attribute with other positive emotions (DeWall & Baumeister, 2007;Manstead, Frijda, & Fischer, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites DeWall & Baumeister, 2007 source
    • cites Manstead, Frijda, & Fischer, 2004 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Nostalgia enables a self-oriented function, as it fosters self-positivity and strengthens perceptions of a positive future.

    “Nostalgia enables a self-oriented function, as it fosters self-positivity (positive self-attribute activation, self-esteem) and strengthens perceptions of a positive future (optimism, psychological growth).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Nostalgia occurs frequently, not rarely.

    “Sentimental longing is meaningful, not meaningless; nostalgia is a necessity, not a luxury; and nostalgia occurs frequently, not rarely.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Nostalgia facilitates physiological homeostasis.

    “We propose a broader role of nostalgia, which include its facilitation of physiological homeostasis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Nostalgia will likely confer relational advantages.

    “As such, it will likely confer relational advantages.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Nostalgia is a fundamentally social emotion.

    “Nostalgia is a fundamentally social emotion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Both nostalgia and self-affirmation feature a key role of the self and engage relational security as a key catalyst of downstream effects.

    “Both processes feature a key role of the self and engage relational security as a key catalyst of downstream effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adversity can occur throughout life, and it can be transient even in the case of chronic illness.

    “Adversity can occur throughout life, and it can be transient even in the case of chronic illness.For example, there is evidence indicating that depressed person differ from nondepressed ones in terms of the frequency of episodes of negative affect rather than the continuity of negative affect (Morrow & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Morrow & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Individuals can engage in nostalgic reflection when feeling the blues, lacking in meaning, or feeling lonely, when they need optimism for the pursuit of a challenging goal, or when they strive to overcome their prejudicial reactions.

    “Regardless, individuals, for example, can engage in nostalgic reflection when feeling the blues, lacking in meaning, or feeling lonely, when they need optimism for the pursuit of a challenging goal (e.g., in the middle of a difficult exam; Sweeny & Krizan, 2013), or when they strive to overcome their prejudicial reactions (Monteith, Mark, & Ashburn-Nardo, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Sweeny & Krizan, 2013 source
    • cites Monteith, Mark, & Ashburn-Nardo, 2010 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    These benefits may be only transient.

    “We have shown that nostalgia increases self-positivity, strengthens meaningfulness, fosters sociality, and assuages existential anxiety, but these benefits may be only transient.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Nostalgia may promote longevity and reduce mortality risk by instantiating meaningfulness.

    “it may do so by instantiating meaningfulness”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The infusion of nostalgia is not a one-off state of affairs; individuals can regulate, or can learn to regulate, nostalgic infusion in the face of adversity.

    “We emphasize that the infusion of nostalgia is not a one-off state of affairs.In fact, individuals can regulate, or can learn to regulate, nostalgic infusion in the face of adversity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
95 of 95

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 18 countries sampled are representative of all cultures, allowing generalization to panculturality.

    “We (Hepper, Wildschut, et al., 2014) gauged the equivalence of prototypical conceptions of nostalgia in a range of cultures that spanned 18 countries (e.g., Australia, Chile, China, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Japan, Uganda, Romania, United States) across five continents.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    University students are representative of their cultures for lay conceptions of nostalgia.

    “We confined our participant recruitment to university students for the purpose of maintaining consistency in sample educational attainment and age (Van de Vijver & Leung, 1997).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Nostalgia is a profoundly social emotion.

    “Nostalgia is a profoundly social emotion, and, as such, it will be often elicited during social encounters or conversations with close others.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Findings from the cited samples generalize to the general population.

    “Taken together, these findings establish that nostalgia elevates selfesteem.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The content of nostalgic narratives reflects the nature of nostalgic experience.

    “Nostalgic accounts are, for the most part, redemptive.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    A longer wait implies stronger willingness to suffer for the gain.

    “We assumed that a longer wait implies stronger willingness to suffer for the gain.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Students have a good deal of educational accomplishments, personal milestones, and relational goals to which to look forward.

    “Students have a good deal of educational accomplishments (e.g., achieving good grades, graduating), personal milestones (e.g., getting a job, living alone), and relational goals (e.g., getting married, having children) to which to look forward.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Momentous life events entail textured, personally important experiences that, when contemplated, may serve as a platform for reassuring the individual of presence of meaning in life.

    “Such occurrences entail textured, personally important experiences that, when contemplated upon, may serve as a platform for reassuring the individual of presence of meaning in their life.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Nostalgia fortifies the self-system.

    “Assuming that nostalgia fortifies the self-system (Routledge et al., 2011, Study 5;Vess et al., 2012, Experiment 1), a nostalgia infusion will decrease the need to respond defensively to meaning threat.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Some persons are more likely than others to endure meaning deficits.

    “Some persons are more likely than others to endure meaning deficits, and, to the extent that nostalgia imbues life with meaning, it should help to offset this void.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    All persons, regardless of circumstances surrounding their upbringing and regardless of personality characteristics, have a certain store of positive, atypical events from which they can draw nostalgically in times of need.

    “Our argument is based on the supposition that all persons, regardless of circumstances surrounding their upbringing and regardless of personality characteristics, have a certain store of positive, atypical events from which they can draw nostalgically in times of need.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Boredom signals lack of meaningful engagement.

    “Boredom signals lack of meaningful engagement.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Nostalgia is a positive emotion.

    “As a positive emotion”
13 of 13

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Experiments mostly involving American and British participants demonstrated that nostalgizing (vs. control) increases positive, but not negative, affect.

    “Lastly, a large number of experiments, mostly involving American and British participants, demonstrated that nostalgizing (vs. control) increases positive, but not negative, affect (Sedikides, Wildschut, Routledge, Arndt, Hepper, Zhou, 2015; Sedikides et al., 2021).”

    From Nostalgia across cultures (2022) · cites this paper as Sedikides, Wildschut, Routledge, Arndt, Hepper, Zhou, 2015

    Section 4.4 (page unavailable) reviews numerous experiments and reports that nostalgia often increases positive affect relative to control, though some experiments found no difference. It says nostalgia generally does not *decrease* negative affect; that does not establish the claim that it does not *increase* negative affect. The copy discusses UK and US samples, but the passages do not establish that most participants in the affect experiments were American or British. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Experimentally induced nostalgia (via the Event Reflection Task, songs, or music) augments social connectedness.

    “A sizeable literature documented that experimentally induced nostalgia (via the Event Re fl ection Task, songs, or music) augments social connectedness (Sedikides, Wildschut, Routledge, Arndt, Hepper, Zhou, 2015; Frankenbach et al., 2021).”

    From Nostalgia across cultures (2022) · cites this paper as Sedikides, Wildschut, Routledge, Arndt, Hepper, Zhou, 2015

    Sections 4.3.1 and 4.3.3 report that nostalgia increases social connectedness, including after induction with the Event Reflection Task or song lyrics. Section 4.3.3.2 links music-evoked nostalgia to feeling loved, but its song-listening study rated how nostalgic each song felt rather than experimentally assigning nostalgic versus control music. The copy therefore does not establish the claim’s experimental qualifier for music. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Compared with self-continuity, negative self-discontinuity, but not positive self-discontinuity, significantly increased nostalgia.

    “We hypothesized and found that, compared with self-continuity, negative self-discontinuity (but not positive self-discontinuity) significantly increased nostalgia.”

    From Water From the Lake of Memory: The Regulatory Model of Nostalgia (2023) · cites this paper as Sedikides, Wildschut, Routledge, & Arndt, 2015

    Section 3.2.4, “Triggers of nostalgia” (page unavailable), identifies discontinuity between one’s past and present as a trigger of nostalgia. It does not report a comparison with self-continuity or distinguish the effects of negative and positive self-discontinuity, so the claimed significant result is not established by this copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Nostalgia is a self-relevant, social, and predominantly positive emotion serving key psychological functions, including PA, social connectedness, and self-esteem.

    “We conceptualized nostalgia as a self-relevant, social, and predominantly positive emotion serving key psychological functions.These functions include (but are not limited to) PA, social connectedness, and self-esteem (Sedikides et al., 2015).”

    From Nostalgia-Evoked Inspiration: Mediating Mechanisms and Motivational Implications (2015) · cites this paper as Sedikides et al., 2015

    The Abstract describes nostalgia as predominantly positive and fundamentally social, while §4.4 identifies social connectedness and self-esteem as functions. Section 4.4 also says nostalgia can increase positive affect (PA), but distinguishes that affective effect from its psychological functions; §6.1 says those functions can occur regardless of positive affect. Thus, listing PA as a function overstates the source. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Evidence points to nostalgia being a moral emotion, given that it involves others and encourages sociomoral attitudes and behaviors.

    “In summary, evidence points to nostalgia being a moral emotion, given that it involves others, and encourages sociomoral attitudes and behaviors59–61.”

    From Nostalgia increases punitiveness by intensifying moral concern (2024) · cites this paper as [61]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Features called central are listed as peripheral

    Minor

    The text identifies change and desire as central features, but Table 1 places change and wishing/desire among the peripheral features. Future is not listed as a feature in the table.

  • Five continents become all continents

    Minor

    The cross-cultural samples are described as spanning five continents, but the later summary says the countries span all continents.

  • The future-event prompt asks participants to recall the past

    Minor

    The quoted control prompt asks for a future positive event, then immediately specifies a past event. Those instructions give incompatible time frames for the same event.

  • One study is assigned two different nostalgia inductions

    Minor

    Routledge et al. (2011, Study 2) is described first as exposing participants to previously identified nostalgic lyrics and later as inducing nostalgia with the Event Reflection Task. The accounts conflict about which procedure induced nostalgia in that study.

4 of 4

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

35 of the 353 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Cutrona, 1987, The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress, Vol. 1, 37
  2. Hofer, 1934, Medical dissertation on nostalgia (C.K. Anspach, Trans.), Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 2, 376
  3. Lears, 1998, Looking backward: In defense of nostalgia, Lingua Franca, 59
  4. Schäfer, 2014, Nostalgie: Warum ein bisschen Wehmut uns guttut, Psychologie Heute, 30
  5. Sohn, 1983, Nostalgia, International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 64, 203
  6. Wildschut, 2009, Nostalgia, Vol. 2, 1168

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Hepper, E. G., & Zhou, X.
Affiliations
  • University of Southampton (GB)
  • North Dakota State University (US)
  • University of Missouri (US)
  • University of Surrey (GB)
  • Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
Corresponding author
Sedikides, Constantine
ORCID
Venue
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
Publisher
Elsevier
Published
2015
Pages
189-273
ISSN
0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/bs.aesp.2014.10.001
OpenAlex
W55904690
Semantic Scholar
1c2954d45d3433ac47986ec8b9ead8a9b5694bb0
Cited by
348
References
353
Citations by year
2026: 26 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 3
FWCI
62.89
Type
book chapter
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
  • ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Nostalgia and Consumer Behavior
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords
nostalgia, functions of emotions, self-positivity, existential meaning, social connectedness, prosocial behavior, avoidance motivation, approach motivation, loneliness, social exclusion, stress, boredom, death awareness, meaninglessness, homeostasis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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