Counteracting Loneliness: On the Restorative Function of Nostalgia
Open accessAbstract
Four studies tested whether nostalgia can counteract reductions in perceived social support caused by loneliness. Loneliness reduced perceptions of social support but increased nostalgia. Nostalgia, in turn, increased perceptions of social support. Thus, loneliness affected perceived social support in two distinct ways. Whereas the direct effect of loneliness was to reduce perceived social support, the indirect effect of loneliness was to increase perceived social support via nostalgia. This restorative function of nostalgia was particularly apparent among resilient persons. Nostalgia is a psychological resource that protects and fosters mental health.
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Nostalgia counteracts aversive states.
“In turn, nostalgia counteracts these aversive states.”
From The mnemonic mover: Nostalgia regulates avoidance and approach motivation (2014) · cites this paper as Zhou et al., 2008
The Abstract reports that nostalgia counteracted loneliness-related reductions in perceived social support, and the General Discussion describes it as partially ameliorating the harmful repercussions of loneliness. The paper does not establish that nostalgia counteracts aversive states generally; its tested outcome was perceived social support. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAversive stimuli trigger nostalgia.
“There is growing evidence that aversive stimuli trigger nostalgia.”
From The mnemonic mover: Nostalgia regulates avoidance and approach motivation (2014) · cites this paper as Zhou et al., 2008
The Results and Discussion (page unavailable) report that experimentally induced loneliness increased nostalgia. Loneliness is an aversive experience, but the paper does not establish that aversive stimuli generally trigger nostalgia. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSocial disconnectedness leads to nostalgia.
“Studies in which researchers have experimentally induced loneliness [28,12] and belongingness deficits [29] have confirmed that social disconnectedness leads to nostalgia.”
From Nostalgia: An impactful social emotion (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
Nostalgia induced by loneliness predicts increased perceptions of social support.
“Congruent with the notion that social disconnectedness leads to nostalgia because nostalgia has the capacity to restore connectedness, nostalgia induced by loneliness predicts increased perceptions of social support [28].”
From Nostalgia: An impactful social emotion (2023) · cites this paper as [28]
In Eastern cultures, nostalgia is triggered by loneliness, food, and cold temperatures in China, and by adverts in China and Japan.
“Some of the above fi ndings have been replicated in Eastern cultures. For example, nostalgia is triggered by loneliness (Zhou et al., 2008, 2021), food (Zhou et al., 2019), and cold temperatures (Zhou et al., 2012) in China, as well as by adverts in China (Zhou et al., 2012) and Japan (Kusumi et al., 2010).”
From Nostalgia across cultures (2022) · cites this paper as Zhou et al., 2008
Experimentally induced loneliness leads to nostalgia and lack of social support; nostalgia linked to stronger social support.
“Lonely participants reported feeling nostalgic but also lacking in social support. Nostalgia, in turn, was linked to stronger social support, thus countering the negative impact of loneliness.”
From Nostalgia across cultures (2022) · cites this paper as Zhou et al. (2008)
In Chinese samples, loneliness is positively related to nostalgia, negatively to social support, and nostalgia positively associated with social support, counteracting negative influence.
“Loneliness was positively related to nostalgia. However, loneliness was also linked to lack of social support. Finally, nostalgia was positively associated with social support, thus counteracting the negative in fl uence of loneliness.”
From Nostalgia across cultures (2022) · cites this paper as Zhou et al. (2008)
Nostalgia is experienced among older children and teenagers in Chinese samples.
“nostalgia is experienced not only among adults of all ages (in UK and US samples; Hepper, Robertson, et al., 2014;Routledge et al., 2011) but also among older children and teenagers (in Chinese samples; Zhou et al., 2008).”
From To Nostalgize (2015) · cites this paper as Zhou et al., 2008
Nostalgia increases perceived social support.
“Chinese undergraduates who brought to mind a nostalgic (vs.ordinary) event manifested stronger perceptions of social support.”
From To Nostalgize (2015) · cites this paper as Zhou et al., 2008
Lonely participants perceived little social support, but they were also prone to nostalgia.
“Lonely participants perceived little social support, but they were also prone to nostalgia.”
From To Nostalgize (2015) · cites this paper as Zhou et al., 2008, Study 1
Nostalgia augmented lonely participants' perceptions of social support, thereby countering the negative impact of loneliness.
“In turn, nostalgia augmented their perceptions of social support, thereby countering the negative impact of loneliness.”
From To Nostalgize (2015) · cites this paper as Zhou et al., 2008, Study 1
Nostalgic reflection increases social connectedness.
“social connectedness (i.e., a sense of acceptance, inclusion, and belongingness; Wildschut, Sedikides, Routledge, Arndt, & Cordaro, 2010;Zhou, Sedikides, Wildschut, & Gao, 2008)”
From Nostalgia-Evoked Inspiration: Mediating Mechanisms and Motivational Implications (2015) · cites this paper as Zhou, Sedikides, Wildschut, & Gao, 2008
Nostalgia predicted increased perceived social support after a loneliness induction.
“Nostalgia, in turn, predicted increased perceived social support.”
From The mnemonic mover: Nostalgia regulates avoidance and approach motivation (2014) · cites this paper as Zhou et al., 2008
A loneliness induction decreased perceived social support.
“Zhou et al. (2008, Study 2) found, for instance, that a loneliness induction decreased perceived social support.”
From The mnemonic mover: Nostalgia regulates avoidance and approach motivation (2014) · cites this paper as Zhou et al., 2008
Nostalgia counteracted the negative effect of loneliness on perceived social support.
“Nostalgia, then, counteracted the negative effect of loneliness on perceived social support.”
From The mnemonic mover: Nostalgia regulates avoidance and approach motivation (2014) · cites this paper as Zhou et al., 2008
A loneliness induction increased nostalgia.
“At the same time, the loneliness induction increased nostalgia.”
From The mnemonic mover: Nostalgia regulates avoidance and approach motivation (2014) · cites this paper as Zhou et al., 2008
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Dropping the weight stigma: Nostalgia improves attitudes toward persons who are overweight
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Self-citationConsumer–Brand Relationships: A Contrast of Nostalgic and Non‐Nostalgic Brands
Kessous, A., Roux, E., & Chandon, J. (2015) · Psychology & Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20772 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Exploring nostalgia's influence on psychological growth
Baldwin, M., & Landau, M. J. (2014) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2013.772320 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Nostalgia motivates pursuit of important goals by increasing meaning in life
Sedikides, C., Cheung, W., Wildschut, T., Hepper, E. G., Baldursson, E. B., & Pedersen, B. T. (2017) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2318 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, X., Sedikides, C., Mo, T., Li, W., Hong, E. K., & Wildschut, T. (2022) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506211041830 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationIndividual differences in nostalgia proneness: The integrating role of the need to belong
Seehusen, J., Cordaro, F., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Routledge, C., Blackhart, G. C., Epstude, K., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.020 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationSchäfer, K., Saarikallio, S. H., & Eerola, T. (2020) · Music & Science · doi:10.1177/2059204320935709 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Past-focused temporal communication overcomes conservatives’ resistance to liberal political ideas.
Lammers, J., & Baldwin, M. W. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000121 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The motivational potency of nostalgia: The future is called yesterday
Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2019) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2019.05.001 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationNostalgia: Retreat or Support in Difficult Times?
Batcho, K. I. (2013) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.126.3.0355 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Schäfer, K., & Eerola, T. (2018) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735618795036 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
How Strong is the Pull of the Past?
Merchant, A., LaTour, K. A., Ford, J. B., & LaTour, M. S. (2013) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.2501/jar-53-2-150-165 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Coping with loneliness through consumption
Shrum, L. J., Fumagalli, E., & Lowrey, T. M. (2022) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1329 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The role of the interface of sport and tourism in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic
Weed, M. (2020) · Journal of Sport & Tourism · doi:10.1080/14775085.2020.1794351 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
When bittersweet turns sour: Adverse effects of nostalgia on habitual worriers
Verplanken, B. (2012) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1852 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The mnemonic muse: Nostalgia fosters creativity through openness to experience
van Tilburg, W. A. P., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2015.02.002 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationLook on the Bright Side (of Media Effects): Pokémon Go as a Catalyst for Positive Life Experiences
Bonus, J. A., Peebles, A. L., Mares, M., & Sarmiento, I. G. (2017) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2017.1305280 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
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Self-citationThe effect of nostalgia on hotel brand attachment
Li, Y. “., Lu, C., Bogicevic, V., & Bujisic, M. (2019) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-12-2017-0797 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Nostalgia confers psychological wellbeing by increasing authenticity
Kelley, N. J., Davis, W. E., Dang, J., Liu, L., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2022.104379 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationLoh, H. S., Gaur, S. S., & Sharma, P. (2021) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21452 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Juhl, J., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Diebel, T., Cheung, W., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12505 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationBittersweet: The Neuroscience of Ambivalent Affect
Vaccaro, A. G., Kaplan, J., & Damásio, A. R. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620927708 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Nostalgic marketing, perceived self-continuity, and consumer decisions.
Ju, I., Kim, J., Chang, M., & Bluck, S. (2016) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-11-2015-0501 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
An explainable multi-attribute decision model based on argumentation
Zhong, Q., Fan, X., Luo, X., & Toni, F. (2018) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2018.09.038 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The psychological benefits of music-evoked nostalgia
Sedikides, C., Leunissen, J., & Wildschut, T. (2022) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356211064641 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationNostalgia: An impactful social emotion
Juhl, J., & Biskas, M. (2023) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101545 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Nostalgic recollections of high and low narcissists
Hart, C. M., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Arndt, J., Routledge, C., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2011) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.01.002 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationSedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2022) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909221091649 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citation‘The good old days’: An examination of nostalgia in Facebook posts
Davalos, S. V., Merchant, A., Rose, G. M., Lessley, B. J., & Teredesai, A. M. (2015) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2015.05.009 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Hungering for the past: Nostalgic food labels increase purchase intentions and actual consumption
Zhou, X., van Tilburg, W. A. P., Mei, D., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.007 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationTourism experiences as the remedy to nostalgia: conceptualizing the nostalgia and tourism nexus
Christou, P. (2018) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2018.1548582 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Reid, C. A., Green, J. D., Buchmaier, S., McSween, D. K., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2023) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2022.2142525 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationNostalgia promotes intrinsic motivation and effort in the presence of low interactional justice
van Dijke, M., Leunissen, J. M., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2019) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.12.003 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationCombating the mental health stigma with nostalgia
Turner, R. N., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Gheorghiu, M. (2013) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1952 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationGibbs, H. J., & Egermann, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647891 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Nostalgia and Self-Enhancement
Luo, Y. L. L., Liu, Y., Cai, H., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2016) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550616660158 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationLeunissen, J. M., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Cohen, T. R. (2016) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000059 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citation<i>Hanin</i>: Nostalgia among Syrian refugees
Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Alowidy, D. (2019) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2590 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationNostalgia buffers the negative impact of low procedural justice on cooperation
van Dijke, M., Wildschut, T., Leunissen, J. M., & Sedikides, C. (2015) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.11.005 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationConsumer insecurity and preference for nostalgic products: Evidence from China
Ling, Z., Wang, T., Zhang, Q., & Mou, Y. (2013) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.05.027 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Memory lane and morality: How childhood memories promote prosocial behavior.
Francesca Gino, B., & Desai, S. D. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026565 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Nostalgia and consumer preference for indulgent foods: The role of social connectedness
Wang, X., Keh, H. T., & Chao, C. (2018) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12419 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Constructing nostalgia in tourism: A comparison analysis of genuine and artificial approaches
Shi, Y., Bettache, K., Zhang, N., & Xue, L. (2020) · Journal of Destination Marketing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100488 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Barrett, F. S., & Janata, P. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.08.012 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Psychological and Mnemonic Benefits of Nostalgia for People with Dementia
Ismail, S. U., Christopher, G., Dodd, E., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Ingram, T. A., Jones, R. W., Noonan, K. A., Tingley, D., & Cheston, R. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180075 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationGu, Q., Li, M., & Kim, S. (2021) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102955 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Promoting through Consumer Nostalgia: A Conceptual Framework and Future Research Agenda
Rana, S., Raut, S. K., Prashar, S., & Hamid, A. B. A. (2020) · Journal of Promotion Management · doi:10.1080/10496491.2020.1829773 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Cordaro, F. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6953-8_5 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment and validation of the Personal Nostalgia Scale
Marchegiani, C., & Phau, I. (2011) · Journal of Marketing Communications · doi:10.1080/13527266.2010.542078 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Sociality and intergenerational transfer of older adults' nostalgia
Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Robertson, S. (2018) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2018.1470645 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationAdverse Weather Evokes Nostalgia
van Tilburg, W. A. P., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218756030 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationOnce upon a game: Exploring video game nostalgia and its impact on well-being.
Wulf, T., Bowman, N. D., Velez, J. A., & Breuer, J. (2018) · Psychology of Popular Media · doi:10.1037/ppm0000208 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Hepper, E. G., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Cheung, W., Abakoumkin, G., Arıkan, G., Aveyard, M. E., Baldursson, E. B., Białobrzeska, O., Bouamama, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001521 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationRosenstreich, E., & Margalit, M. (2015) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874350101508010138 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Effects of Chronic and State Loneliness on Heart Rate Variability in Women
Roddick, C. M., & Chen, F. S. (2020) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaaa065 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zhou, X., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Gao, D.-G.
- Affiliations
- Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1023-1029
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2112062218
- Cited by
- 468
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 11.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Nostalgia and Consumer Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- nostalgia, loneliness, perceived social support, resilience, mental health, psychological resources
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Affect, Child, Female, Humans, Individuality, Interpersonal Relations, Life Change Events, Loneliness, Male, Motivation, Personality Inventory, Mental Recall, Social Perception, Social Support, Resilience, Psychological
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