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Exercise and Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Open accessAbstract
Carbohydrates are the preferred substrate for contracting skeletal muscles during high-intensity exercise and are also readily utilized during moderate intensity exercise. This use of carbohydrates during physical activity likely played an important role during the survival of early Homo sapiens, and genes and traits regulating physical activity, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy storage have undoubtedly been selected throughout evolution. In contrast to the life of early H. sapiens, modern lifestyles are predominantly sedentary. As a result, intake of excessive amounts of carbohydrates due to the easy and continuous accessibility to modern high-energy food and drinks has not only become unnecessary but also led to metabolic diseases in the face of physical inactivity. A resulting metabolic disease is type 2 diabetes, a complex endocrine disorder characterized by abnormally high concentrations of circulating glucose. This disease now affects millions of people worldwide. Exercise has beneficial effects to help control impaired glucose homeostasis with metabolic disease, and is a well-established tool to prevent and combat type 2 diabetes. This chapter focuses on the effects of exercise on carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle and systemic glucose homeostasis. We will also focus on the molecular mechanisms that mediate the effects of exercise to increase glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. It is now well established that there are different proximal signaling pathways that mediate the effects of exercise and insulin on glucose uptake, and these distinct mechanisms are consistent with the ability of exercise to increase glucose uptake in the face of insulin resistance in people with type 2 diabetes. Ongoing research in this area is aimed at defining the precise mechanism by which exercise increases glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity and the types of exercise necessary for these important health benefits.
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“Additionally, resistance exercise activates the insulin signaling pathway, which plays a crucial role in glucose uptake.”
From Diet and physical exercise as key players to tackle MASLD through improvement of insulin resistance and metabolic flexibility (2024) · cites this paper as [94]
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“It has been demonstrated that muscular contraction stimulates the vesicle-associated SNARE proteins, facilitating the merging of GLUT4-containing vesicles with the cellular surface membrane (94).”
From Diet and physical exercise as key players to tackle MASLD through improvement of insulin resistance and metabolic flexibility (2024) · cites this paper as [94]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mul, J. D., Stanford, K. I., Hirshman, M. F., & Goodyear, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Joslin Diabetes Center (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Progress in molecular biology and translational science
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 135
- Pages
- 17-37
- ISSN
- 1877-1173 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4727532
- OpenAlex
- W1788679022
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 10.62
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Progress in molecular biology and translational science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K01DK105109, 5 P30 DK-36836, R01DK101043, P30DK036836, R01DK099511)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR042238, R01-AR-42238)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- physical activity, carbohydrate metabolism, skeletal muscle, glucose uptake, glucose homeostasis, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, insulin signaling, exercise training, physical inactivity, energy storage
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glucose, Humans, Insulin, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Carbohydrate Metabolism
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