Non-pharmacological Treatment Options in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus

Raveendran, Arkiath V

doi:10.17925/ee.2018.14.2.31

Cited by 122Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsDiabetes Treatment and ManagementBariatric Surgery and Outcomes

Non-pharmacological Treatment Options in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus

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Raveendran, Arkiath V·2018·European Endocrinology

DOI 10.17925/ee.2018.14.2.31PMC PMC6182920

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Abstract

The global prevalence of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus, has reached epidemic proportions in the last few decades of the 20th century because of the obesity pandemic resulting from adverse lifestyles. Diabetes as a consequence of obesity (diabesity), continues to increase exponentially in the 21st century. Although there are a multitude of drugs for the effective management of diabesity with modest benefits, most patients will require insulin for control of diabetes at some stage that would worsen obesity, and thereby diabesity. Therefore, effective non-pharmacological therapy needs to be expedited in all patients with diabesity. These measures include medical nutrition interventions, change of lifestyles and bariatric surgery. Non-pharmacological interventions are also useful for the effective management of even type 1 diabetes mellitus when used along with insulin therapy especially in those with obesity. This review summarises the current evidence base for the non-pharmacological interventions in the management of diabetes.

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Diabetes is directly influenced by various lifestyle factors, and lifestyle modifications are the cornerstones of nonpharmacological management of T2DM.
“Given that diabetes is directly influenced by various lifestyle factors, lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes, weight management, increased physical activity, smoking cessation, and psychological support, are the cornerstones of nonpharmacological management of the condition [4,6-10].”
From Evaluation of the Impact of Mobile Health App Vitadio in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Randomized Controlled Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
The Abstract links adverse lifestyles to type 2 diabetes and identifies nutrition and lifestyle changes as non-pharmacological measures. The Dietary interventions and Physical activity sections support diet, weight management and exercise. The cited paper does not establish smoking cessation or psychological support as cornerstones of diabetes management, so the full cited sentence goes beyond it. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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[79]Liou AP Paziuk M Luevano JM Jr Conserved shifts in the gut microbiota due to gastric bypass reduce host weight and adiposity Sci Transl Med 2013 27 5 178ra41 PMC3652229 23536013

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Authors: Raveendran, A. V.
Affiliations: University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Corresponding author: Raveendran, Arkiath V
ORCID: Raveendran, Arkiath V
Venue: European Endocrinology
Publisher: Touch Medical Media, Ltd.
Published: 2018
Volume: 14
Issue: 2
Pages: 31
ISSN: 1758-3772 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.17925/ee.2018.14.2.31
PMC: PMC6182920
OpenAlex: W2891475665
Cited by: 122
References: 118
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8
FWCI: 1.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: diamond
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (vor, 46 d)
Locations: touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
Keywords: non-pharmacological treatment, diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes, obesity, diabesity, medical nutrition therapy, lifestyle modification, bariatric surgery, insulin therapy, obesity treatment

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Non-pharmacological Treatment Options in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus

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