S-(2-Succinyl)cysteine: A novel chemical modification of tissue proteins by a Krebs cycle intermediate
Abstract
S-(2-Succinyl)cysteine (2SC) has been identified as a chemical modification in plasma proteins, in the non-mercaptalbumin fraction of human plasma albumin, in human skin collagen, and in rat skeletal muscle proteins and urine. 2SC increases in human skin collagen with age and is increased in muscle protein of diabetic vs. control rats. The concentration of 2SC in skin collagen and muscle protein correlated strongly with that of the advanced glycation/lipoxidation end-product (AGE/ALE), N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML). 2SC is formed by a Michael addition reaction of cysteine sulfhydryl groups with fumarate at physiological pH. Fumarate, but not succinate, inactivates the sulfhydryl enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in vitro, in concert with formation of 2SC. 2SC is the first example of spontaneous chemical modification of protein by a metabolic intermediate in the Krebs cycle. These observations identify fumarate as an endogenous electrophile and suggest a role for fumarate in regulation of metabolism.
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Fumarate can be used to chemically modify cysteine residues of proteins, resulting in the formation of S-(2-succinyl)cysteine or succinylation of these residues.
“For example, fumarate can be used to chemically modify cysteine residues of proteins, resulting in the formation of S-(2-succinyl)cysteine or succinylation of these residues (93).”
From Fueling Immunity: Insights into Metabolism and Lymphocyte Function (2013) · cites this paper as [93]
High levels of fumarate can modify cysteine residues through succination, converting sulfhydryl groups on cysteine to S-(2-succinyl)-cysteine (2SC), in some cases interfering with protein function.
“Interestingly, because of its electrophilic properties, high levels of fumarate can modify cysteine residues through a process termed succination. This process converts sulfhydryl groups on cysteine to S-(2-succinyl)-cysteine (2SC), in some cases interfering with protein function (Alderson et al., 2006).”
From Cellular Metabolism and Disease: What Do Metabolic Outliers Teach Us? (2012) · cites this paper as Alderson et al., 2006
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Alderson, N. L., Wang, Y., Blatnik, M., Frizzell, N., Walla, M. D., Lyons, T. J., Alt, N., Carson, J. A., Nagai, R., Thorpe, S. R., & Baynes, J. W.
- Affiliations
- University of South Carolina (US)
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center (US)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Baynes, John W.
- Venue
- Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-06
- Volume
- 450
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-8
- ISSN
- 0003-9861 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1964116613
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-19971)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Advanced Glycation End Products research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Sulfur Compounds in Biology
- Keywords
- fumarate, Krebs cycle intermediates, protein chemical modification, Michael addition, cysteine sulfhydryl groups, advanced glycation end products, carboxymethyllysine, serum albumin
- MeSH terms
- Serum Albumin, Human, Animals, Citric Acid Cycle, Collagen, Cysteine, Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, Female, Fumarates, Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases, Humans, Insulin, Muscle Proteins, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Radiation-Protective Agents, Serum Albumin, Skin, Anticarcinogenic Agents, Glycation End Products, Advanced, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Succinic Acid, Insulin, Long-Acting, Rats, Insulin, Regular, Human
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