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Cited by 293Human Behavior and MotivationEducation, Achievement, and GiftednessMotivation and Self-Concept in Sports

Theories of motivation: A comprehensive analysis of human behavior drivers

Open access
Bandhu, Din, Mohan, M. Murali, Nittala, Noel Anurag Prashanth, Jadhav, Pravin, Bhadauria, Alok, Saxena, Kuldeep K.·2024·Acta Psychologica
DOI 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104177
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Abstract

This paper explores theories of motivation, including instinct theory, arousal theory, incentive theory, intrinsic theory, extrinsic theory, the ARCS model, self-determination theory, expectancy-value theory, and goal-orientation theory. Each theory is described in detail, along with its key concepts, assumptions, and implications for behavior. Intrinsic theory suggests that individuals are motivated by internal factors like enjoyment and satisfaction, while extrinsic theory suggests that external factors like rewards and social pressure drive behavior. Arousal theory says that to feel motivated, people try to keep an optimal level of activation or excitement. Incentive theory suggests that behavior is driven by the promise of rewards or the threat of punishment. The ARCS model, designed to motivate learners, incorporates elements of attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction. Self-determination theory proposes that individuals are motivated by their needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The expectation-value theory suggests that behavior is influenced by individuals' beliefs about their ability to succeed and the value they place on the task. The goal-orientation theory suggests that individuals have different goals for engaging in a behavior. By understanding these different theories of motivation, educators, coaches, managers, and individuals may analyze what drives behavior and how to harness it to achieve their goals. In essence, a nuanced comprehension of these diverse motivation theories equips individuals across varied domains with a strategic toolkit to navigate the complex landscape of human behavior, fostering a more profound understanding of what propels actions and how to channel these insights toward the attainment of overarching goals.

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Authors
Bandhu, D., Mohan, M. M., Nittala, N. A. P., Jadhav, P., Bhadauria, A., & Saxena, K. K.
Affiliations
  • Manipal Academy of Higher Education (IN)
  • Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing, Kurnool
  • Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management (IN)
  • Lovely Professional University (IN)
Corresponding author
Bhadauria, Alok
ORCID
Venue
Acta Psychologica
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2024-04
Volume
244
Pages
104177
ISSN
0001-6918 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104177
OpenAlex
W4391776447
Semantic Scholar
9b0d9c2fe887fed4b510ecdb34ecc2d2b11b4f64
Cited by
293
References
103
Citations by year
2026: 121 · 2025: 127 · 2024: 44 · 2022: 1
FWCI
106.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Acta Psychologica (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Behavior and Motivation
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Education, Achievement, and Giftedness
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Keywords
motivation theories, instinct theory, arousal theory, incentive theory, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, ARCS model, self-determination theory, expectancy-value theory, goal theory, reward and punishment, autonomy, competence, relatedness, student motivation
MeSH terms
Humans, Motivation, Punishment, Reward, Social Behavior, Personal Autonomy

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